I länder som Afghanistan och Somalia är kvinnor rättsligt underordnade män och har sällan möjlighet att erhålla statligt skydd mot könsrelaterad förföljelse. I dessa länder är kvinnors skydd och överlevnad i stor utsträckning beroende av att det i sitt hemland har tillgång till ett manligt nätverk. En kvinna som saknar ett manligt nätverk i hemlandet löper stor risk att utsättas för könsrelaterad förföljelse vid ett återvändande till hemlandet. Enligt den svenska utlänningslagen beaktas kön som en förföljelsegrund som ska kunna grunda rätt till uppehållstillstånd i Sverige. Trots den svenska lagbestämmelsen nekas kvinnor som åberopat skyddsgrunden könsrelaterad förföljelse sin rätt till asyl i Sverige. I vissa fall avslås ansökan med hänvisning till att kvinnan vid ett återvändande ska vända sig till manligt nätverk för skydd mot könsrelaterad förföljelse.                                                                         Syftet med uppsatsen är att genomföra en kritisk analys av Migrationsverkets och Migrationsdomstolens praxis att hänvisa kvinnliga asylsökande till manligt nätverk i hemlandet.  För att uppnå studiens syfte har jag studerat asylbeslut som avser kvinnor från Somalia och Afghanistan. Studien visar på att kvinnors tillgång respektive avsaknad av manligt nätverk i hemlandet har betydelse för rättsinsatsernas skyddsbedömning. Min ambition med denna framställning är att i dialog med postkolonial teori kring den subalterna kvinnans dubbelutsatthet och rättighetsdiskursens begränsade effekt att motverka diskriminering problematisera rättsinstansernas hänvisning till det manliga nätverket. / In countries such as Afghanistan and Somalia, women are legally subordinate to men. Due to womens subordinated role, women are depended on their access to a male network in order to secure their protection and survival in their home country. An asylum seeking women without a male network is at high risk of being subjected to gender related persecution when being sent her country of origin.  The Swedish Aliens Act Utlänningslag states that fear of gender-based persecution is considered as a base for asylum claim. However, it has shown that asylum seeking women claiming fear of gender-related persecution are denied their right to asylum in Sweden. In some cases the Swedish Migration Board direct the applicant to seek protection within her male network in the applicant’s country.                The aim of this thesis is to conduct a critical analysis of the Swedish Migration Board and Migration Court's practice of referring female asylum seekers to their "male network". I have studied asylum decisions made by Swedish Migration Board and Migration Court's regarding women from Somalia and Afghanistan. The study shows that women's access and lack of male network in their country of origin is crucial for the Swedish judicial assessments in establishing whether the women is considered to be in need of protection. My goal with this study is to problematize this issue by implementing a postcolonial theory of the subaltern women’s two folded oppression and the limited effect of the legal discourse to eliminate discrimination.

A violência contra a mulher é fenômeno universal que atinge todas as classes sociais, etnias, religiões e culturas, ocorrendo em populações de diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento econômico e social. As mulheres que sofrem violência física perpetrada por parceiros íntimos também estão sob risco da violência sexual, indicando uma relação entre a violência física e psicológica. No Brasil, o tema ainda é pouco estudado; existem poucos dados confiáveis da violência sexual no país. A notificação, ponto de partida para a investigação, é muito inferior ao número de agressões que acorrem pelo fato de que muitas vítimas evitam a exposição pública. Mediante esse cenário, o estudo teve como objetivo principal caracterizar o perfil epidemiológico dos casos de violência sexual contra mulheres com idade igual ou superior a 14 anos, registrados na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto - SP. Trata-se de um estudo de caráter descritivo tipo levantamento, no período de 2006 a 2008. Foram consideradas 245 notificações as quais indicaram que 71,84% dos casos registrados eram de mulheres abaixo dos 30 anos, brancas (62,4%), solteiras (68,6%), com um nível educacional baixo (59,2%) e sem nenhuma deficiência descrita (84,9%). O agressor, na maioria dos casos, foi classificado como desconhecido (43,3%), o estupro foi o agravo mais acometido (69%), sendo a residência (33,5%) o local mais frequente em que aconteceu a violência. Sabe-se que à violência sexual, na maioria das vezes, está associada a alguma outra. O presente estudo descreve que 67,8% dos casos registrados apresentavam a violência física associada, com valores similares à violência psicológica que representou 62% dos casos. Em 68% dos casos notificados foram encaminhados para Ambulatório. Como conclusão, o estudo teve como propósito contribuir como mais um instrumento no combate a violência sexual, mediante sua relevância para a Saúde Pública. / Violence against women is a universal phenomenon that affects all social classes, ethnicities, religions and cultures, occurring in populations of different levels of economic and social development. Women who suffer physical violence perpetrated by intimate partners are also at risk of sexual violence, indicating a relationship between physical violence and psychological violence. In Brazil, the subject is still tens studies, and reliable data from sexual violence. The notification, the starting point for research, is much lower than the number of attacks by the fact that many victims avoid public exposure. Under this scenario, the study aimed to characterize the epidemiological profile of cases of sexual violence against women aged 14 years, registered in the Municipal Health Department of Ribeirão Preto - SP. It is a descriptive study of such survey of the period 2006 to 2008. We considered 245 reports which indicated that 71.84% of reported cases were in women under age 30, White (62.4%), single (68.6%), with a low educational level (59.2%) and with no reported disability (84.9%). The attacker, in most cases was classified as unknown (43.3%), rape was most affected tort (69%), and the residence (33.5%) the most frequent site of violence happen. It is known that sexual violence, most often, is associated with some other violence. The present study describes that 67.8% of reported cases had associated physical violence, with values similar to psychological violence was 62% of cases. In 68% of the reported cases were referred to an outpatient clinic. In conclusion, the study aimed to contribute as one more as a tool in combating sexual violence by their relevance to public health.

Violence against women (VAW) is a global problem existing in all cultures. This study is performed because there is a lack of knowledge about how healthcare personnel treat VAW to promote health and to alleviate suffering. The aim is to describe how healthcare workers experience violence against women and how it influences the care. Qualitative semi structured individual interviews were made with three nurses and one medical student in Egypt. The interviews were taped and transcribed before the text was analyzed by qualitative content analysis. The result showed that women were subordinated and discriminated in Egypt and in the healthcare. The care for the abused women was focused on first aid, and the respondents expressed that it was the woman’s own decision and responsibility to report or do any further actions. Often the violence was ignored or silenced. Violence and threats was accepted by the society and individuals as a mean for handling conflicts and was used in the healthcare settings as well. The respondents expressed a need for change and a wish for decreasing the violence, work for equality and stressed the importance of education in society. They also emphasised the need for women to gain more economic independence. Attitudes of healthcare workers need to be addressed and further investigation is necessary to prevent VAW. / Program: Sjuksköterskeutbildning

A violência contra a mulher é fenômeno universal que atinge todas as classes sociais, etnias, religiões e culturas, ocorrendo em populações de diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento econômico e social. As mulheres que sofrem violência física perpetrada por parceiros íntimos também estão sob risco da violência sexual, indicando uma relação entre a violência física e psicológica. No Brasil, o tema ainda é pouco estudado; existem poucos dados confiáveis da violência sexual no país. A notificação, ponto de partida para a investigação, é muito inferior ao número de agressões que acorrem pelo fato de que muitas vítimas evitam a exposição pública. Mediante esse cenário, o estudo teve como objetivo principal caracterizar o perfil epidemiológico dos casos de violência sexual contra mulheres com idade igual ou superior a 14 anos, registrados na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Ribeirão Preto - SP. Trata-se de um estudo de caráter descritivo tipo levantamento, no período de 2006 a 2008. Foram consideradas 245 notificações as quais indicaram que 71,84% dos casos registrados eram de mulheres abaixo dos 30 anos, brancas (62,4%), solteiras (68,6%), com um nível educacional baixo (59,2%) e sem nenhuma deficiência descrita (84,9%). O agressor, na maioria dos casos, foi classificado como desconhecido (43,3%), o estupro foi o agravo mais acometido (69%), sendo a residência (33,5%) o local mais frequente em que aconteceu a violência. Sabe-se que à violência sexual, na maioria das vezes, está associada a alguma outra. O presente estudo descreve que 67,8% dos casos registrados apresentavam a violência física associada, com valores similares à violência psicológica que representou 62% dos casos. Em 68% dos casos notificados foram encaminhados para Ambulatório. Como conclusão, o estudo teve como propósito contribuir como mais um instrumento no combate a violência sexual, mediante sua relevância para a Saúde Pública. / Violence against women is a universal phenomenon that affects all social classes, ethnicities, religions and cultures, occurring in populations of different levels of economic and social development. Women who suffer physical violence perpetrated by intimate partners are also at risk of sexual violence, indicating a relationship between physical violence and psychological violence. In Brazil, the subject is still tens studies, and reliable data from sexual violence. The notification, the starting point for research, is much lower than the number of attacks by the fact that many victims avoid public exposure. Under this scenario, the study aimed to characterize the epidemiological profile of cases of sexual violence against women aged 14 years, registered in the Municipal Health Department of Ribeirão Preto - SP. It is a descriptive study of such survey of the period 2006 to 2008. We considered 245 reports which indicated that 71.84% of reported cases were in women under age 30, White (62.4%), single (68.6%), with a low educational level (59.2%) and with no reported disability (84.9%). The attacker, in most cases was classified as unknown (43.3%), rape was most affected tort (69%), and the residence (33.5%) the most frequent site of violence happen. It is known that sexual violence, most often, is associated with some other violence. The present study describes that 67.8% of reported cases had associated physical violence, with values similar to psychological violence was 62% of cases. In 68% of the reported cases were referred to an outpatient clinic. In conclusion, the study aimed to contribute as one more as a tool in combating sexual violence by their relevance to public health.

<p>The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with reporting incidents of sexual violence after seventy-two hours at the sexual assault service centre in Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal. This descriptive study was based on retrospective analysis of 534 medical records of victims of sexual violence at the Newcastle hospital between 2005 and 2009. A data collection sheet was designed to extract information from three sources namely: the victims‟ hospital files, J88 forms and specific hospital forms that were completed for sexual assault victims. The collected data were entered into and processed for analysis using EPI INFO statistical package. Frequencies, means and standard deviations were calculated for the data set. Test of significance was also done using the Chi-square test and presented using odds ratios with 95% CI and p-value of &lt / 0.05. The victims‟ age range was 2-81years (mean= 18.84, &sigma / =13.25). Approximately 87% were female and 59.4% of the victims were aged 0-17 years. One in five victims (19.7%) was HIV positive, and most (74.4%) reported rape with vaginal penetration. Fifty-nine percent reported within 72 hours of being assaulted. The most common reason for delayed reporting (21.5%) was fear of the perpetrator. Most of the sexual assaults were committed by male (96%) and single perpetrator (90%). Nearly a third (32.4%) of the sexual violence occurred within intimate relationships and more than two-thirds (68%) knew the perpetrators. In all, 35% sustained injuries during the assault and a third (34.5%) reported the use of weapons during the assault. Nearly half of the victims (48.7%) were referred to hospital by their relatives who also accompanied them to the facility (42.1%). Of the 198 victims that were offered post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), 87% collected the full 28-day course.</p>

ABSTRACT GENDER REPRESENTATIONS IN ELT COURSEBOOKS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY Yilmaz, Elvan M.A., Department of English Language Teaching Supervisor: Prof. Dr. H&uuml / sn&uuml / Enginarlar September 2012, 135 pages In all educational institutions ELT coursebooks are used as a guide to teach the language. However, the role of a coursebook as an agent of socialization and its effect on the development of gender roles is usually underestimated. Gender biased coursebooks might affect the learners in a negative way in the process of gender socialization. Most coursebook writers revise the first editions of the coursebooks in order to modernize them and to meet the needs of the learners in a changing world. The aim of this thesis is to investigate whether writers and publishers take the gender issue into consideration while they are revising the coursebooks. In order to address this issue, three recently revised English language coursebooks were compared with their first editions. To be able to compare the coursebooks, their contents were analyzed. Six operating areas of gender stereotypes were set as the categories of the content analysis / presence of female and male characters in the coursebooks, the number of characters represented as family members, distribution of occupational activities, division of household activities, variety of leisure activities and the adjectives used to describe each gender. Throughout the whole study it was observed that the representations of female and male characters in the first editions were closer to the stereotypical representations. By contrast, in the last editions the representations of the genders have ideally become more balanced in all investigated categories of gender stereotypes.

Colombia has been characterized by an internal armed conflict since the 1960s where several violations of the human rights have followed. Threats and violence against human rights defenders is one example and this is directed toward both men and women in an attempt to deter these brave individuals from continuing their work. This thesis focuses on the commitment of women’s human rights defenders in Colombia. Numerous international human rights organizations and institutions claim that women are a particularly vulnerable group, which is why I choose to focus on this group. Starting from different feminist theories and with regard to intersectional perspectives, I want to find out: What motivates women in Colombia to defend women’s human rights? Do they pursue any specifically important issues? How do they handle the obstacles they face in their work? These questions are posed in order to find out how these women’s human rights defenders work with human rights in relation to the obstacles that they face. I want to find out what strategies they use to handle the obstacles that they are faced with. The material of the thesis mostly consists of semi-structured interviews with women from domestic women’s human rights organizations in the capital of Colombia, Bogotá. The results show that women’s human rights defenders incentive is individual and cannot be too generalized. According to the common components in the women’s answers they are motivated by the need to fight injustices, mainly social- and political injustices in relation to being a woman and violations within the armed conflict. They are empowered to continue their work through each other, through the processes and the determination to not give up. There are many specifically important issues, for example land rights, gender-based violence and rights of the ethnic minorities. Some of these rights are even said to be today’s biggest challenge for the country. The women’s human right defenders handle the obstacles to their work through not giving up until the injustices are fought and through giving each other hope. They refuse to let the perpetrators win. / Colombia har präglats av en intern väpnad konflikt sedan 1960-talet där en rad kränkningar av de mänskliga rättigheterna har följt. Hot och våld mot människorättsförsvarare är ett exempel och detta riktas både mot kvinnor och män i ett försök att avskräcka dessa modiga människor från att fortsätta med sitt arbete. Den här uppsatsen fokuserar på kvinnorättsförsvarares engagemang i Colombia. Att fokus läggs på kvinnor beror på att flera internationella människorättsorganisationer och institutioner hävdar att kvinnor är en särskilt sårbar grupp. Med utgångspunkt i olika feministiska teorier och med hänsyn till intersektionella perspektiv ställer jag mig frågorna: Vad är det som motiverar kvinnor i Colombia att försvara kvinnors mänskliga rättigheter? Driver de några särskilt viktiga rättighetsfrågor? Hur hanterar de hindren som de möter i sitt arbete? Dessa frågor ställs för att ta reda på hur dessa kvinnorättsförsvarare arbetar med mänskliga rättigheter i förhållande till de hinder som de möter. Jag vill ta reda på vilka strategier de använder för att hantera dessa hinder. Uppsatsens material består till största del av semistrukturerade intervjuer med kvinnor från nationella kvinnorättsorganisationer i Colombias huvudstad, Bogotá. Uppsatsens resultat visar att kvinnorättsförsvarares motiv är individuellt och kan inte generaliseras för mycket. Enligt de gemensamma komponenterna i kvinnornas svar motiveras dessa kvinnor av behovet att bekämpa orättvisor, främst sociala- och politiska orättvisor i förhållande till att vara kvinna och kränkningar som den väpnade konflikten för med sig. De stärks i att fortsätta sitt arbete genom varandra och genom de förda processerna samt beslutsamheten att inte ge upp. Det finns flera särskilt viktiga frågor som drivs, exempelvis markrättigheter, könsbaserat våld och de etniska minoriteternas rättigheter. Några av dessa frågor anges dessutom vara dagens största utmaningar för landet. Kvinnorättsförsvararna hanterar hindren i sitt arbete genom att inte ge upp förrän orättvisorna har bekämpats och genom att ge varandra hopp. De vägrar att låta förövarna vinna.

Background: War disproportionately affects women and children, and gender based violence (GBV) has become an increasingly common means of fighting wars and targeting civilians. Such is the case in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), particularly in the eastern provinces, where among the multitude of human rights violations, sexual violence and abuses against women and girls are committed on a large scale. Documented efforts addressing GBV in refugee communities have mainly focused on medical, programmatic, and legal responses; few studies explore the prevalence of GBV among conflict-affected populations. Objective: To determine the prevalence and correlates of outsider violence during and after conflict, and lifetime and past year intimate partner violence (IPV). To determine differences in the proportions of violence victimizations, including the differences in the proportions of outsider violence during and after conflict, and the differences in the proportions of lifetime and past year IPV. To describe patterns of reporting and healthcare seeking related to violence victimization. Methods: Cross sectional data were obtained from a sample of 810 women of reproductive age (WRA) living in two Rwandese refugee camps. GBV was defined as physical violence, sexual violence, or controlling behavior that is committed by intimate partners (IPV) or persons outside the family (outsider violence). Univariate analysis was used to describe the study population as a whole. The chi-square test for independence was used to measure significant differences between women who had identified experiencing GBV and those who did not. A z-test was conducted to explore differences in the proportions of outsider violence during and after conflict, and lifetime and past year IPV. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to assess the unadjusted and adjusted associations between GBV and select variables of interest during and after conflict. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 14.0 Results: 434 WRA experienced GBV; of which 399 reported experiencing outsider violence before and after conflict, and 130 reported experiencing IPV. The logistical model indicated that there was a consistently significant association between a period of one to five years spent in a refugee camp and outsider violence during conflict (Adj.OR= 0.16; 95%CI:0.10-0.27; P <0.0001), lifetime IPV (Adj.OR=0.17;95%CI:0.10-0.32, p<0.0001), and IPV in the last year (Adj.OR= 0.15;95%CI:0.08-0.28, p<0.0001). Discussion: The results of this study illustrate the importance of assessing the impact of conflict on GBV among refugee and displaced populations. The high prevalence of GBV among this study population, with a prevalence of 53.3% for all forms of violence, is evidence of the great burden GBV poses on this population. Ongoing violence generated by conflict is a major public health concern that urgently requires effective interventions. For example, legal, health, and psycho-social services should be well integrated to adequately screen and address the needs of violence survivors.

<p>The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with reporting incidents of sexual violence after seventy-two hours at the sexual assault service centre in Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal. This descriptive study was based on retrospective analysis of 534 medical records of victims of sexual violence at the Newcastle hospital between 2005 and 2009. A data collection sheet was designed to extract information from three sources namely: the victims‟ hospital files, J88 forms and specific hospital forms that were completed for sexual assault victims. The collected data were entered into and processed for analysis using EPI INFO statistical package. Frequencies, means and standard deviations were calculated for the data set. Test of significance was also done using the Chi-square test and presented using odds ratios with 95% CI and p-value of &lt / 0.05. The victims‟ age range was 2-81years (mean= 18.84, &sigma / =13.25). Approximately 87% were female and 59.4% of the victims were aged 0-17 years. One in five victims (19.7%) was HIV positive, and most (74.4%) reported rape with vaginal penetration. Fifty-nine percent reported within 72 hours of being assaulted. The most common reason for delayed reporting (21.5%) was fear of the perpetrator. Most of the sexual assaults were committed by male (96%) and single perpetrator (90%). Nearly a third (32.4%) of the sexual violence occurred within intimate relationships and more than two-thirds (68%) knew the perpetrators. In all, 35% sustained injuries during the assault and a third (34.5%) reported the use of weapons during the assault. Nearly half of the victims (48.7%) were referred to hospital by their relatives who also accompanied them to the facility (42.1%). Of the 198 victims that were offered post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), 87% collected the full 28-day course.</p>

Violence against women is considered a global issue and it denies women their most basic human right, their health. The news media have been identified as an important factor in how violence against women is interpreted and perceived by society. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate how journalists and editors in Guyana, South America, work with the coverage of violence against women. Furthermore, this thesis examines what policies and views on news value that are prominent on the newspapers and what possibilities journalists and editors experience, to make an impact on society, through their reporting. Eight qualitative in-depth interviews were carried out with editors and reporters on the three most widely spread daily newspapers in Guyana. Also a quantitative content analysis, covering January-April 2014, was performed on the same newspapers. In total 159 articles that reported on cases of violence against women were found and coded. The result indicates that the reporting in Guyana conforms to previous research. The conclusion is that when it comes to context, language and sources used, the newspapers generally fail to work with violence against women adequately. The reporting preserves and reproduces patriarchal power structures by using victim blaming or perpetrator excusing language, not covering it as a social issue and overusing official sources. Furthermore, the result indicates that there are unwritten policies on the newspapers. However, these guidelines are not always followed. The study indicates that the reporting is not given enough resources in terms of time and money, which might be a result of that reporters and editors do not experience that readers are interested enough for the topic to get sufficient resources.