The Disneyprincesses-phenomenon is wide known in the world today and Disney has also received a lot of criticism for their representation of gender and gender roles in their movies. In the earlier eras the princesses and princes were represented with a lot of traditional stereotypes. Because the target group for Disney often is kids and families it’s likely that this can influence kids and affect their behaviors to others and also their interpretation on gender roles in the society. The aim for this study is to find out to which extent Disney’s latest princessmovie, Raya and the last dragon, corresponds to the stereotypical gender representations in Disney’s previous princess movies that previous research has identified. The study also aims to create an understanding of how gender is represented in Disney’s latest princess movie and to which extent it differs from earlier movies. By using several previous studies and relevant theories, like the representation theory, social role theory and gender theories, these questions are answered and discussed. Despite that earlier research has identified a lot of differences in Disney’s representation of gender and some researchers mean that the representation in the movies does not correspond to the social reality that we live in, in Raya and the last dragon several of these representations have improved and come a long way if we compare to the earlier movies and has also improved significantly from the later movies.

This essay argues that the patriarchy is pervasive throughout George Orwell’s novella Animal Farm. By providing examples of narrative events and character actions, the essay aims to make evident the ways in which the patriarchy is represented throughout the novella. The concept of patriarchy is defined, and characters and events that take place within the narrative of Animal Farm are analyzed through the lens of traditional gender roles and toxic masculinity. Both male and female characters are included to present the ways in which society in Animal Farm is patriarchal and the essay argues that the presence of the patriarchy pervades the narrative. The presence of patriarchal structures can be seen throughout the narrative, including characters, character’s actions and how events are portrayed. To conclude, discussing the novella from a feminist theoretical perspective is good for understanding the work in a way that is different from most other analyses in academia and this essay argues that the patriarchy indeed is present throughout the narrative of Animal Farm.

The purpose of this study, which adapts a critical feminist perspective, has been to examine the views of men convicted of sexual offenses on the issues of masculinity, sex and the male norm. The study was based on a qualitative approach - seven interviews were conducted with men who were incarcerated for sexual offenses. The interviews focused on each man’s life story and explored their perspective on the male norm and the resulting impact on them in social, relational and sexual contexts. The theoretical framework consisted of four concepts; Millett and Walby’s concept of patriarchy, the concepts of sex and gender, Connells concept of hegemonic masculinity, and Butlers concept of the heterosexual matrix. Using these concepts, the content of each interview was interpreted using qualitative content analysis. The results show that men hold positions of power in heterosexual interaction, and gender roles dictate women to be emotional and caring whilst men should be mentally strong and provide financially for the family. Men are expected to live up to a certain manly standard, which rarely correspond with the man they want to be. The results also show that the participating men in the study places responsibility for their crime away from themselves, with each man reducing the severity of both their crime and the concept of rape.

Nike has long been considered in the sports and advertising world as being a “champion” for women’s empowerment. Since their shift towards female-centred marketing for their sub-brand in 1987, Nike has been at the forefront of women-specific sports products and advertising, and has received many accolades for their female-centred advertising messages (Flynn, 2015). In this paper, critical feminist discourse analyse techniques are used to analyse two of Nike’s video advertisements centred around the United States Women’s National Soccer Team in the World Cup year 2019 . “Dream with Us” released just before the tournament, and their minute-long ad “Never Stop Winning” celebrating the USWNT 2019 World Cup victory, provide valuable insights into the ways in which Nike is evoking and engaging with the socio-political climate surrounding the team and surrounding discourses of women’s empowerment. Nike’s advertisements have been greatly influenced by “femvertising” and the move by brands to engage in more politically and socially active roles, while using the outspoken and relevant image of the USWNT as a platform. These two advertisements, both varied in nature, employ strong femvertising techniques that are direct responses to traditional media’s gender-biases and are rooted in post-feminist discourses like intersectionality, sexual identification and political activism.

With the highest representation of female parliamentarians in the world, Rwanda is a frequently reoccurring case when studying the impact of increased female representation. In this debate, little attention has been given to symbolic representation and particularly to the concept of the Role Model Effect. To bridge this gap, the purpose is to provide insights to how the Role Model Effect operates in a rural, non-quota context, separated from high politics. Consequently, the thesis seeks to examine how female board members in Rwandan agricultural cooperatives affect the willingness of female members to obtain board positions. The data was collected through a qualitative field study where 44 respondents in three different cooperatives in Rwanda were interviewed. Respondents were chosen through a combination of strategic selection and snowball sampling. The thesis found that the Role Model Effect required two conditions to be fulfilled before it could be manifested: geographical proximity and trust. If these criteria were met, both female board members and female leaders of lower ranks were found to explicitly and implicitly increase the willingness to obtain leading positions among female members, thus altering ruling gender roles.

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El poder de los medios para crear discursos acerca de un hecho noticioso es bastante conocido. El tratamiento que un medio periodístico le de a una noticia es la forma en la que los ciudadanos reciben y perciben esta información. Muchas veces, la prensa, cae en prácticas que se alejan de la ética periodística como es la transformación de un hecho a un espectáculo. Asimismo, replican en estos discursos representaciones y estereotipos que se originan en la sociedad y que son llevados a los medios de comunicación. En la siguiente investigación abordaremos estas cuestiones analizando lo ocurrido en el caso de Ciro Castillo y Rosario Ponce acerca de procesos de espectacularización de la noticia y roles de género. Para ello, se ha realizado un estudio cualitatitvo en el que se analizarán desde la perspectiva del discurso periodístico las notas web publicadas en el portal de Diario Ojo acerca del caso. Los principales hallazgos recaen en la forma en la que se construyó la imagen de Rosario en la prensa basado en cuestiones morales y de género, y en la subordinación del rol femenino a la figura masculina. También, reflexionaremos acerca de las implicancias tanto sociales como periodísticas que llevan consigo la espectacularización de un hecho y cómo se va desestimando el valor del rigor en el ejercicio periodístico. / The power of the media to create discourses about a news event is well known. The treatment that a press media gives to a news is the way in which citizens receive and perceive this information. Many times, the press falls into practices that are far from journalistic ethics, such as the transformation of a fact into a show. Also, representations and stereotypes that originate in society, are carried to the media and they are also replicated in these discourses. In the following investigation, we will address these problems by analyzing what happened in the case of Ciro Castillo and Rosario Ponce about the process of news spectacularization and gender roles. For this, a qualitative study was carried out in which the web notes published on the Diario Ojo portal on the case will be analyzed from the perspective of the journalistic discourse. The main findings of this work are the way Rosario's image was built in the press based on moral and gender issues, and also in the subordination of the female role to the male figure. In addition, we will reflect on the social and journalistic implications that the spectacularization of information entails and how the value of rigor in journalistic practice is discarded. / Trabajo de investigación

Datorspel har växt i popularitet för vart år som gått och involverar idag flera miljarder aktiva spelare världen över. Idag visar statistik på en nästintill jämlik fördelning av män och kvinnor som spelar men ändå anses fortfarande den stereotypiska gamern som manlig. Detta har lett till att det finns problem med representativa kvinnliga spelkaraktärer i många spel då problem kring hypersexualiserade karaktärer, karaktärer i stereotypiska könsroller samt även exkludering av kvinnliga karaktärer har förekommit under många år. Detta kan till viss del tänkas vara på grund av att spelindustrin länge varit fylld av en majoritet av manliga utvecklare och arbetare som även utvecklar spelkaraktärer gentemot en manlig publik. Men i och med vikten av karaktärs identifiering när de kommer till en bra spelupplevelse är de viktigt att ta reda på var kvinnliga gamers anser är bra kvinnliga spelkaraktärer och vilka attribut som borde fokuserar på vid utvecklingen av kvinnliga spelkaraktärer. Genom en webbenkät som riktade sig mot kvinnliga gamers världen över och frågeställningen “Vad kännetecknar bra kvinnliga spelkaraktärer enligt kvinnliga gamers?” samlades kvalitativ data in som gav djupare insikt i vad som krävs i den framtida utvecklingen av kvinnliga spelkaraktärer. I resultatet finns trender om vikten av välskrivna, utvecklade och mångfaldiga karaktärer men även att karaktärernas personlighet och roll verkar ha större betydelse än dess utseende när det kommer till aspekter om vad som gör en bra spelkaraktär. Det uttrycktes många åsikter om att översexualisering av kvinnliga karaktärer inte är önskvärd. Däremot tyckte majoriteten att en förbättring skett inom spelindustrin de senaste åren när det kommer till kvinnliga representation men att det finns mycket som fortfarande måste göras på den fronten. Därför rekommenderas det med framtida studier inom området för att ytterligare navigera vad som kan göras för att förbättra spelindustrin i samband med spelkaraktärer. / Videogames grow in popularity every year and today there are several billion active users around the world. Todays statistics show an almost equal distribution between men and women that play videogames but the stereotypical gamer is still seen as male. This has lead to some representative problems for women in videogames where, for many years, many games have female characters that are oversexualised, in stereotypical gender roles or even exclude female characters all together.This can partially be because of the fact that the gaming industry have been dominated by male developers for many years and they develop games to a generally male audience. With the importance of character identification when it comes to a good gaming experience and the negative effects these representation issues can have on girls and women it is now important that we find out what female gamers considers make a good female game character and what attributes should be the focus when developing good female game characters. With the help of a web survey, a target of female gamers around the world and the research question “What characterizes good female game characters according to female gamers?” qualitative data was collected that gave a deeper insight into what it takes to develop good female game characters. The results show trends about the importance of well written, developed and diverse characters but also the fact that the characters personality and role is more important than their appearance when it comes to making good female game characters. Many opinions on oversexualisation were expressed and the fact that this was not a desirable trait for female characters. Many also expressed the opinion that the female representation in videogames has become better in the last couple of years but that there is still a long way still until it can be considered good. That is why future research within the field is encouraged so that we can navigate what it takes to improve the gaming industry when it comes to game characters.

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