Interannual variability of Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas) occurrence in the northern California Current System is largely unknown. In Oregon, the distribution of this versatile predator and what is influencing their range expansion from Mexico is poorly understood due to the recent nature of their "invasion" and a lack of monitoring. Humboldt squid are large predators that have the potential to affect ecosystem structure and fisheries because of their high-energy demands and ability to exploit a variety of oceanographic conditions and prey sources. Developing baseline distribution information is a critical first step to assess their potential ecological, social, and economic impacts, and to develop models to predict future range expansion. This study has two main objectives: (1) to document where and when Humboldt squid have been present in Oregon through cooperative fisheries research, and (2) to correlate the sightings with oceanographic conditions using a geographic information system (GIS) and species distribution modeling (SDM). I conducted 54 interviews with local fishermen and aggregated their squid sightings with available fishery-independent survey and fishery-dependent observer data from the National Marine Fisheries Service. I compiled a total of 339 Humboldt squid sightings, reported for the years 2002-2011 from the Oregon coast to 131�� west longitude. Correlation analyses were performed for Humboldt squid sightings and sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll a content (chla), sea surface height anomalies (SSH), dissolved oxygen at 30 m depth (30 m DO), and sea surface salinity (SSS) using a GIS, nonparametric multiplicative regression (NPMR) habitat modeling, and maximum entropy modeling (Maxent). Results indicate that oceanographic conditions have the potential to influence Humboldt squid occurrence, and in Oregon, sightings vary temporally and spatially. Combining the sightings from fishermen and scientific surveys greatly enhanced the spatial extent of the data. Humboldt squid were most frequently observed between 124.4��W and 125��W in proximity to the shelf-break at the 200 m isobath, with peak sightings (116) recorded in 2009 and the fewest (6) reported in 2003 and 2011. The highest occurrence of Humboldt squid were observed at a SST of 10.5-13.0��C, 0.26-3.0 mg m����� chla content, -4.0-1.0 m SSH anomalies, 32.2-32.8 psu SSS, and at 3-4.5 ml L����� and 6-7 ml L����� 30 m depth DO. Maps of estimated likelihood of occurrence generated by NPMR were consistent with overlayed observations from fishermen, which were not used in the model because they were limited to presence-only information. An interdisciplinary approach that incorporates cooperative fisheries research and ecosystem-based management is necessary for monitoring Humboldt squid in Oregon. Traditional methods are insufficient because Humboldt squid are data-poor, highly migratory, and are main predators of many commercially important fisheries in Oregon. Based on my findings, sightings recorded by fishermen covered a much larger area over a longer time frame than the scientific survey and observer data, and excluding their knowledge would have led to a different interpretation of Humboldt squid distribution and environmental tolerances. Although there is uncertainty in the data from potential map bias or misidentification of smaller Humboldt squid, incorporating sightings from fishermen with traditional fisheries research increases the quantity and quality of information. Cooperative monitoring for Humboldt squid could include training in species identification and sea condition reporting in logbooks. Future "invasions" are likely, and more eyes on the water will improve our understanding of the behavior and impacts of Humboldt squid on coastal resources. / Graduation date: 2013

Dt. Titel: Vorhersagemodelle für den Einfluss von Süßwasser Einstrom auf Salzwasser Schichten, Wanderbewegung und Lebenszyklen des Zooplankton im Arktischen Ozean: Szenarien und Trends in der Zukunft

Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας έρευνας, μελετήθηκε η προστατευόμενη περιοχή του Οικολογικού Δικτύου Natura 2000: «Λιμνοθάλασσα Πύλου (Διβάρι), Νήσος Σφακτηρία, Αγ. Δημήτριος» με κωδικό GR2550004. Διεξάχθηκαν δύο εποχικές δειγματοληψίες, στις 31 Αυγούστου του 2012 και στις 21 Απριλίου του 2013. Η λιμνοθάλασσα της Γιάλοβας έχει έκταση περίπου 2,5 Km2, μέγιστο βάθος 1 m και επικοινωνεί με τον κόλπο του Ναυαρίνου μέσω ενός τεχνητού διαύλου. Αρχικά, πραγματοποιήθηκε η ηχοβολιστική αποτύπωση του πυθμένα, με χρήση ηχοβολιστή πλευρικής σάρωσης (Side Scan Sonar, SSS) με σκοπό να αποκαλυφθεί, τόσο η μορφολογία του βυθού, όσο και η παρουσία, η αφθονία και η χωρική κατανομή των υδρόβιων μακροφύτων. Κατόπιν, σε 9 προεπιλεγμένους δειγματοληπτικούς σταθμούς, πραγματοποιήθηκε καταγραφή των φυσικοχημικών παραμέτρων και συλλέχθηκαν δείγματα υδρόβιας χλωρίδας. Με τη βοήθεια του ηχοβολιστή πλευρικής σάρωσης μελετήθηκε, περίπου, το 37% της έκτασης της λιμνοθάλασσας. Μέσω αυτής της διαδικασίας, προέκυψαν 6 διαφορετικοί ακουστικοί τύποι που αντιστοιχούν σε 6 διαφορετικά ποσοστά φυτοκάλυψης: πυκνή (76-100%), λιγότερο πυκνή (51-75%), αραιή (26-50%), πολύ αραιή (6-25%), σπάνια (1-5%) και καθόλου (<1%). Αφού κατασκευάστηκε το μωσαϊκό του πυθμένα, με τη χρήση των λογισμικών Triton Isis και TritonMap (Delphmap) της Triton Imaging Inc., διαπιστώθηκε ότι, η λιμνοθάλασσα καλύπτεται από βλάστηση σε ποσοστό περίπου 25% ενώ, περίπου, το 75% δεν καταλαμβάνεται από κάποιο είδος υδρόβιας βλάστησης, και το υπόστρωμα είναι αμμώδες/ ιλυοαμμώδες (Μπούζος et al., 2002a). Τα αποτελέσματα του Αυγούστου έδειξαν ότι, η πυκνή φυτοκάλυψη φτάνει περίπου στο 2% της υπό μελέτη έκτασης, και χωρικά περιορίζεται κοντά στο δίαυλο επικοινωνίας με τη θάλασσα. Η υδρόβια χλωρίδα που απαντά στους σταθμούς αυτούς αποτελείται από τα είδη Ruppia cirrhosa σε μίξη με την Cymodocea nodosa, με κυρίαρχο είδος τη Ruppia cirrhosa. Όσο απομακρυνόμαστε από το δίαυλο, η πυκνή φυτοκάλυψη εναλλάσσεται με λιγότερο πυκνή, σε ποσοστό 1% επί του συνόλου, και αποτελείται από τα ίδια είδη. Η αραιή φυτοκάλυψη, απαντά σε ποσοστό 3% και χωρικά κατανέμεται στο δίαυλο επικοινωνίας, αλλά και στα νοτιοδυτικά της λιμνοθάλασσας, όπου, εκτός από τη Ruppia cirrhosa, απαντά και η Cladophora glomerata. To ποσοστό της πολύ αραιής φυτοκάλυψης κυμαίνεται γύρω στο 15% και χωρικά κατανέμεται, κυρίως, στα βορειοανατολικά της λιμνοθάλασσας, όπου απαντά μόνο η Ruppia cirrhosa, ενώ, σε ποσοστό 4%, η φυτοκάλυψη είναι σπάνια και απαντά στα βορειοδυτικά και στα κεντρικά σημεία της λιμνοθάλασσας. Τον Απρίλιο, η χωρική κατανομή των υδρόβιων μακροφύτων είναι ακόμα πιο περιορισμένη, με συμμετοχή μόνο της Ruppia cirrhosa, η οποία συγκεντρώνεται κυρίως, κοντά στο δίαυλο επικοινωνίας με τον κόλπο του Ναυαρίνου, καθώς εκεί ευνοείται η ανανέωση του νερού και οι περιβαλλοντικές συνθήκες είναι κατάλληλες για την ανάπτυξή τους. Τονίζεται επίσης ότι, τον Απρίλιο, συλλέχθηκε από τα βόρεια της λιμνοθάλασσας ένα είδος του γένους Ulva spp, που αποτελεί δείκτη ευτροφικών συνθηκών (Orfanidis et al., 2005, Aliaume et al., 2007). Γενικά, το κυρίαρχο είδος στη λιμνοθάλασσα, και τις δύο δειγματοληπτικές περιόδους, είναι το κοσμοπολίτικο είδος Ruppia cirrhosa το οποίο έχει καταγραφεί ξανά στην περιοχή (Tiniakos et al., 1997). Σε όλους τους δειγματοληπτικούς σταθμούς, καταγράφηκαν οι παράμετροι: θερμοκρασία, αλατότητα, pH και διαλυμένο οξυγόνο, αλλά και το βάθος της λιμνοθάλασσας, η διαφάνεια του νερού και η ένταση της φωτοσυνθετικά ενεργής ακτινοβολίας (PAR). Επιπλέον, υπολογίστηκαν οι συγκεντρώσεις της χλωροφύλλης-α, τα ολικά αιωρούμενα στερεά (TSS), οι συγκεντρώσεις των ανόργανων ενώσεων αζώτου και φωσφόρου, καθώς και τα επίπεδα της ολικής αλκαλικότητας των ανθρακικών και όξινων ανθρακικών ιόντων. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν χωρική και χρονική διακύμανση όλων των παραμέτρων, με πιο σημαντικές τις διακυμάνσεις της θερμοκρασίας, της αλατότητας και της συγκέντρωσης των θρεπτικών ενώσεων αζώτου και φωσφόρου. H εποχική διακύμανση των περιβαλλοντικών παραμέτρων προκαλεί φυσικό stress στους υδρόβιους οργανισμούς επηρεάζοντας την αφθονία και εξάπλωσή τους (Crouzet et al., 1999). O έλεγχος των στατιστικώς σημαντικών διαφορών των φυσικοχημικών παραμέτρων, πραγματοποιήθηκε με τον έλεγχο Mann-Whitney U, ο οποίος έδειξε ότι υπάρχουν στατιστικώς σημαντικές διαφορές, μεταξύ των δύο εποχών, που αφορούν στις παραμέτρους: διαφάνεια, αλατότητα, θερμοκρασία, pH, TSS, NO2, CO3ˉ και HCO3=. Αντίθετα, δεν εντοπίστηκαν στατιστικώς σημαντικές διαφορές μεταξύ των δύο εποχικών δειγματοληψιών στις παραμέτρους: βάθος, διαλυμένο οξυγόνο, χλωροφύλλη-α, NO3, NH4 και PO4. Ενδεικτικά, η θερμοκρασία παρουσίασε μεγάλη εποχική διακύμανση, σημειώνοντας πολύ υψηλές τιμές τον Αύγουστο (28,80 C - 30,50 C), και πολύ χαμηλότερες τον Απρίλιο (19,0 0C - 20,40C). Η αλατότητα παρουσίασε μεγάλες διακυμάνσεις από σταθμό σε σταθμό, κυρίως τον Αύγουστο, αλλά και από εποχή σε εποχή. Συγκεκριμένα τον Αύγουστο, κυμάνθηκε από 42,73‰ έως 54,42‰ ενώ τον Απρίλιο κυμάνθηκε γύρω στο 31‰ σε όλη την έκταση της λιμνοθάλασσας. Επιπρόσθετα, το pH παρουσίασε στατιστικώς σημαντικές διαφορές, καθώς τον Αύγουστο κυμάνθηκε στο 8,23 κατά μέσο όρο, αναφορικά για όλη τη λιμνοθάλασσα, ενώ τον Απρίλιο παρουσίασε πτωτική τάση, αφού η μέση του τιμή ήταν 6,99. Όσον αφορά στις συγκεντρώσεις των θρεπτικών, τα αμμωνιακά ιόντα ήταν η κυρίαρχη μορφή αζώτου, καθώς παρουσίασε υψηλές τιμές και τις δύο δειγματοληπτικές περιόδους, ενώ, τα νιτρώδη ιόντα, παρόλο που διέφεραν στατιστικώς σημαντικά, σε γενικές γραμμές, κυμάνθηκαν σε χαμηλά επίπεδα και τους δύο μήνες (έως 0,010 mg/l). Το διαλυμένο οξυγόνο παρέμεινε σε φυσιολογικά επίπεδα και τους δύο μήνες, όπου η μέση τιμή του ήταν 8 mg/l. Το βάθος δεν μεταβλήθηκε σημαντικά, ενώ τα επίπεδα της χλωροφύλλης-α, ήταν υψηλά και τις δύο χρονικές περιόδους. Η ανάλυση Spearman έδειξε σαφείς συσχετίσεις μεταξύ των περιβαλλοντικών παραμέτρων. Ανάμεσα στις πιο σημαντικές συγκαταλέγονται, η αρνητική συσχέτιση της διαφάνειας με την εποχή και το βάθος. Επιπλέον, σημαντική είναι η αρνητική συσχέτιση της αλατότητας και της θερμοκρασίας με την εποχή, αλλά και η θετική συσχέτιση μεταξύ των δύο πρώτων. Στη συνέχεια, εξίσου σημαντική είναι η θετική συσχέτιση του pH με την αλατότητα και τη θερμοκρασία, αλλά αξιοσημείωτες είναι και οι θετικές συσχετίσεις που παρουσιάζουν τα TSS με τη θερμοκρασία και το pH, και η χλωροφύλλη-α με τη διαφάνεια. Σύμφωνα με τα κριτήρια που έθεσε η Οργάνωση για Συνεργασία και Ανάπτυξη (ΟΕCD) για τα στάσιμα ύδατα, προέκυψε η τροφική κατάσταση της λιμνοθάλασσας, με βάση τις μέσες και οριακές τιμές των παραμέτρων: TP, χλωροφύλλη-α και διαφάνεια (Secchi depth) (OECD, 1982). Έτσι, με βάση τη μέση συγκέντρωση του ολικού φωσφόρου χαρακτηρίζεται ως υπερτροφική τον Αύγουστο και ως ευτροφική τον Απρίλιο. Όσον αφορά στη χλωροφύλλη-α, με βάση τις μέσες και μέγιστες τιμές που σημειώθηκαν τον Αύγουστο, η λιμνοθάλασσα χαρακτηρίζεται ως ευτροφική, ενώ τον Απρίλιο χαρακτηρίζεται ως ευτροφική, με βάση τη μέση τιμή, αλλά ως μεσοτροφική, με βάση τη μέγιστη τιμή που καταγράφηκε. Τέλος, όσον αφορά στη διαφάνεια, σύμφωνα με τις μέσες και ελάχιστες τιμές της, η λιμνοθάλασσα, και τους δύο μήνες, χαρακτηρίζεται ως υπερτροφική. Με χρήση των Γεωγραφικών Συστημάτων Πληροφοριών (ΓΣΠ), και με υπόβαθρο ένα μωσαϊκό ορθοφωτοχαρτών της Κτηματολόγιο Α.Ε., που αποκτήθηκαν κατά το διάστημα 2007-2009, κατασκευάστηκε ο χάρτης των καλύψεων/ χρήσεων γης του συστήματος ταξινόμησης Corine Land Cover 2000, για ολόκληρη την προστατευόμενη περιοχή. Ακολούθως, έγινε η αντιστοίχηση των κατηγοριών καλύψεων/ χρήσεων γης που προέκυψαν, με τους τύπους οικοτόπων του Παραρτήματος Ι της Οδηγίας 92/43/ΕΚ, στο 3ο επίπεδο ταξινόμησης. Επιπλέον, πραγματοποιήθηκε μια ποιοτική σύγκριση μεταξύ του νέου χάρτη και του χάρτη του Corine Land Cover, που κατασκευάστηκε για την περιοχή το 2000. Με βάση το χάρτη που κατασκευάστηκε διαπιστώθηκε ότι, υπάρχει ποικιλία φυσικών τύπων οικοτόπων, που προσδίδουν στην περιοχή ιδιαίτερη οικολογική και αισθητική αξία. Περιμετρικά της λιμνοθάλασσας απαντούν μεσογειακά αλίπεδα (Juncetalia maritimi), καλαμώνες, μεσογειακοί λειμώνες υψηλών χόρτων και βούρλων (Molinio Holochoenion), παρόχθια δάση-στοές και λόχμες (Nerio-Tamaricetea και Securinegion tinctoriae), σχηματισμοί με αρκεύθους (Juniperus spp.), υποτυπώδεις κινούμενες θίνες, κινούμενες θίνες της ακτογραμμής με Ammophila arenaria και μονοετή βλάστηση μεταξύ των ορίων πλημμυρίδας και αμπώτιδας. Επιπλέον, στη νήσο Σφακτηρία, στους λόφους του Παλαιόκαστρου και του Πετροχωρίου, απαντούν απόκρημνες βραχώδεις ακτές με βλάστηση στη Μεσόγειο (με ενδημικά Limonium spp.), Garrigues της Ανατολικής Μεσογείου και φρύγανα ενώ, οι όχθες του ποταμού Σελά χαρακτηρίζονται από δάση ανατολικής πλατάνου (Platanus orientalis). Τονίζεται η σημειακή συμμετοχή του τύπου προτεραιότητας των θινών των παραλιών με αρκεύθους (Juniperus spp). Επιπλέον, σε μεγάλη έκταση, απαντούν οι αγροτικές καλλιέργειες, με κυρίαρχους τους ελαιώνες, περιοχές αστικού πρασίνου, δρόμοι αλλά και οικισμοί. Τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας εργασίας όπως η αποτύπωση της μορφολογίας του πυθμένα της λιμνοθάλασσας και των καλύψεων/ χρήσεων γης, στα όρια της προστατευόμενης περιοχής και η περαιτέρω εκτίμηση της οικολογικής κατάστασης της λιμνοθάλασσας θα συμβάλλουν περαιτέρω στην ορθολογική διαχείριση της. / In the context of this research, the protected area of the «Natura 2000» ecological network: "Pylos Lagoon, Sfaktiria island, St. Dimitrios" with the sitecode GR2550004, has been studied. Two sampling campaigns were carried out, οn August 31st 2012 and on April 21st 2013. Gialova lagoon covers an area of 2.5 Km2 with a maximum depth of 1 m and is connected with the adjoining Navarino Bay, via a small channel. Firstly, side scan sonar bottom interpretation was carried out, in order to investigate, not only the morphology of the lagoon’s bottom, but also the presence, abundance and spatial distribution of aquatic macrophytes. In addition, physicochemical parameters were recorded in 9 different sampling stations. Furthermore, samplings of aquatic vegetation were carried out as well. Initially, with the use of SSS, roughly 37% of the lagoon’s surface has been studied. Side scan sonar imagery resulted in 6 different acoustic types, which correspond to 6 different percentages of plant cover: thick (76-100%), less than thick (51-75%), sparse (26-50%), too sparse (6-25%), rare (1-5%) and absent (<1%). Having built the mosaic of the bottom of the lagoon, with the use of software Triton Isis and Triton Map (Delphmap) of Triton Imaging Inc., it was found that, the lagoon is covered by vegetation at 25%, while 75% is not occupied by any kind of aquatic vegetation, but the substrate is sandy/mudsandy (Bouzos et al., 2002a). The results of August showed that the thick plant cover reaches approximately 2% of the study area, and it is spatially restricted near the communication channel with the sea. The aquatic flora which responds to these stations is Ruppia cirrhosa in mixing with the Cymodocea nodosa, with the Ruppia cirrhosa as the dominant species. When we move away from the communication channel, the thick plant cover alternates with less than thick, representing 1% of the total, and consists of the same species. The sparse plant cover responds to 3% and is spatially distributed in the communication channel, but also in the southwest of the lagoon, where, apart from the Ruppia cirrhosa, Cladophora glomerata is found as well. The percentage of too sparse vegetation is around 15%, and it is spatially distributed mainly in the north-east of the lagoon, where only Ruppia cirrhosa is found, while, the vegetation is rare at 4%, and responds to the northwest and the central points of the lagoon. In April, the spatial distribution of aquatic macrophytes is even more limited, involving only the Ruppia cirrhosa, which is mainly concentrated near the communication channel with the adjoining Navarino Bay, which favored the renewal of water and where the environmental conditions are suitable for their development. It should be also noted that, in April, an occasional species of the genus Ulva spp., was collected from the northern section of the lagoon. This species is an indicator of eutrophic conditions (Orfanidis et al., 2005, Aliaume et al., 2007). In general, the dominant species in the lagoon, in both sampling periods, is the cosmopolitan species Ruppia cirrhosa, which has been recorded before in the region (Tiniakos et al., 1997). The following parameters were recorded in all the sampling stations: temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen, but also the depth of the lagoon, the transparency of the water’s column and the volume of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Furthermore, chlorophyll-a, total suspended solids (TSS), inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, as well as the levels of total alkalinity of carbonates and acid carbonates were calculated. The results showed spatial and temporal variability of all parameters, and the most significant fluctuations were observed in temperature, salinity and in nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. This seasonal variation of environmental parameters causes natural stress on aquatic organisms affecting their abundance and their spatial distribution (Crouzet et al., 1999). The control of the statistically significant differences in physicochemical parameters was carried out with the Mann-Whitney U test, which has shown that, there are statistically significant differences between the two seasons, relating to parameters: transparency, salinity, temperature, pH, TSS, NO2, CO3ˉ and HCO3=. In contrast, there were not statistically significant differences between the two sampling periods for parameters: depth, dissolved oxygen, Chl-a, NO3, NH4 and PO4. More specifically, the temperature has large seasonal variation, noting very high values in August (28.8ᵒ C – 30.5ᵒ C) and much lower in April (19.0ᵒ C – 20.4ᵒ C). The salinity showed large fluctuations from station to station, especially in August, but also from season to season. Specifically in August, it ranged from 42.73‰ to 54.42‰ and in April fluctuated around 31‰ throughout the lagoon. In addition, the pH values presented statistically significant differences. In August, pH ranged from around 8.23 on average, with respect to the entire lagoon, while in April showed a downward trend, when the average value was around 6.99. With regard to the concentrations of nutrients, ammonium ions were the dominant form of nitrogen, as it presented high values in both sampling periods, while the nitrite ions, although differed statistically significantly, in general, varied in low levels both months. Dissolved oxygen, remained at normal levels in both sampling periods, where the average value was around 8 mg/l. The depth did not change significantly, while the levels of Chl-a, were very high in both time periods. The Spearman analysis showed clear correlations between environmental parameters. Among the most important is, the negative correlation of transparency with season and depth. In addition, significant is the negative correlation of salinity and temperature with season, but also the positive correlation between the first two. Of course, equally important is the positive correlation of pH with salinity and temperature, but also significant are the positive correlations of the TSS with temperature and pH, and Chl-a with transparency. Finally, it is mentioned that there is negative correlation of total phosphorus with season and acid carbonates, and positive correlation with salinity, temperature, pH and TSS. In accordance with the standards set by the Organization for Cooperation and Development (OECD) for stagnant water, the trophic status of the lagoon has been established, on the basis of the average and maximum values of parameters: TP, Chl-a and transparency (Secchi depth) (OECD, 1982). So, on the basis of the average concentration of total phosphorus, it is characterized as hypereutrophic in August and as eutrophic in April. As regards the Chl-a, on the basis of the average and maximum values occurred in August, the lagoon is characterised as eutrophic, while in April it is characterized as eutrophic, based on the average value, but as mesotrophic, on the basis of the maximum value recorded. Finally, with regard to transparency, in accordance with the average and minimum values, the lagoon is characterized as hypereutrophic in both seasons. With the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and with the help of ortho-corrected aerial photographs, acquired during 2007 and 2009, a Land Cover Land Use map was constructed. Subsequently, the categories of Corine Land Cover that came up, matched with the habitat types included in the Annex I of the Directive 92/43/EC, according to the 3rd classification level. Furthermore, the land cover/ land use categories of the new map compared with those of the map that constructed in 2000 for the same area, in order to estimate the changes during the years that have passed. The map, which was constructed in the context of this research, showed that there is a variety of natural habitat types, which gives the area special ecological and aesthetic value. In particular, around the lagoon, we found mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimi), reedbeds, mediterranean grassland with high grass and rush (Molinio Holochoenion), southern riparian forest-arcades and scrubs galleries (Nerio-tamaricetea and Securinegion tinctoriae), formations with juniper thickets (Juniperus spp.), embryonic dunes, shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila Arenaria and vegetation of drift lines. In addition, on the Sfaktiria island, in Paleokastro and Petrochori hills respond vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts (with endemic Limonium spp.), Garrigues of eastern Mediterranean and phrygana, while the banks of the river Selas are characterized by oriental plane woods (Platanus orientalis). The spot presence of dune juniper thickets is emphasized (Juniperus spp), which is a priority habitat. In addition, to a large extent, there are agricultural crops with olive groves, urban areas, roads and different kinds of settlements. The ultimate aim of this study is the visual interpretation of the morphology of the bottom of the lagoon and the Land Cover Land Uses, within the limits of the protected area and the further assessment of the ecological status of the lagoon.

Η παρούσα διατριβή πραγματοποιήθηκε στο πλαίσιο του ερευνητικού πεδίου της Γεωμυθολογίας. Σκοπός της είναι να αποτελέσει έναν εμπεριστατωμένο, επιστημονικό Άτλαντα της Γεωμυθολογίας της Πελοποννήσου. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, να συγκεντρώσει τα απαραίτητα δεδομένα που μπορούν να οδηγήσουν στην πληρέστερη ερμηνεία των αρχαίων ελληνικών μύθων υπό το πρίσμα της επιστήμης της Γεωλογίας. Η Γεωμυθολογία υποστηρίζει ότι οι γεωμύθοι ενός τόπου είναι πιθανό να έχουν προκύψει είτε γιατί οι αρχαίοι άνθρωποι ήταν μάρτυρες ενός γεωλογικού γεγονότος είτε γιατί ήθελαν να ερμηνεύσουν εκ των υστέρων την ιδιαίτερη γεωλογική πραγματικότητα που τους περιέβαλλε. Προκειμένου να συγκροτηθεί ο Άτλας Γεωμυθολογίας της Πελοποννήσου, αρχικά, συγκεντρώθηκαν και μελετήθηκαν οι μύθοι της Πελοποννήσου που αναφέρονται στα κλασικά κείμενα (Παυσανίας, Στράβωνας, Διόδωρος και Απολλόδωρος), καθώς και όλες οι αρχαιολογικές και γεωγραφικές πληροφορίες που μας παραδόθηκαν μέσω αυτών των κειμένων. Από το σύνολο των μύθων διακρίθηκαν οι γεωμύθοι, δηλαδή οι μύθοι που εμπεριέχουν γεωλογικές πληροφορίες. Στη συνέχεια έγινε συγκέντρωση ή/και διαμόρφωση όλων των διαθέσιμων σύγχρονων χαρτών της Πελοποννήσου που αφορούν σε γεωλογικά φαινόμενα (σπήλαια, θερμομεταλλικές πηγές, λίμνες, ποταμοί και ρήγματα) καθώς και των ορατών αρχαιολογικών μνημείων. Πραγματοποιήθηκε χωρική ανάλυση και στατιστική επεξεργασία όλων των δεδομένων, με σκοπό αυτή η μαθηματική διαδικασία, να προσδιορίσει και να κατηγοριοποιήσει τους γεωμυθότοπους. Τους τόπους δηλαδή, που συγκεντρώνουν γεωμυθολογικά, αρχαιολογικά και γεωλογικά δεδομένα, και αποτέλεσαν τον πραγματικό πυρήνα ενός γεωμύθου. Τα προαναφερθέντα δεδομένα μελετήθηκαν με δύο διαφορετικούς τρόπους: Πρώτα εξετάστηκαν κατά νομό. Για κάθε έναν νομό έγινε χαρτογράφηση των δεδομένων ξεχωριστά, ανά είδος, αλλά και συνδυαστικά. Απομονώθηκαν οι γεωμυθότοποι, μελετήθηκαν τα αποσπάσματα από την αρχαία ελληνική και τη λατινική γραμματεία που περιέχουν γεωλογικές πληροφορίες αλλά και η σύγχρονη βιβλιογραφία. Από το σύνολο της έρευνας προέκυψαν και καταγράφηκαν τα αποτελέσματα-ερμηνεία των γεωμύθων. Στη συνέχεια, έγιναν επιλεγμένες μελέτες περιπτώσεων, δηλαδή εξετάστηκαν θέματα με κεντρικό άξονα έναν Θεό ή ήρωα. Συνολικά, η έρευνα απέδειξε ότι σε ποσοστο 75% οι γεωμύθοι έχουν επηρεαστεί από το γεωλογικό περιβάλλον. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτά διευκολυνουν τη μελλοντική διαγνωστική και προγνωστική έρευνα, τόσο στο χώρο της γεωμυθολογίας, της γεωλογίας και της αρχαιολογίας, όσο και στο χώρο της ιστορίας και της λαογραφίας. / This thesis pertains to the scientific field of Geomythology. Its purpose is to contract a comprehensive, scientific Geomythological Atlas of the Peloponnese. Specifically, the research was carried out in order to gather the necessary data that can lead to a more complete interpretation of the ancient Greek myths, in the light of the science of Geology. Geomythology argues that the geomyths of a site are likely to have arisen either because the ancient people were witnesses of a geological event or because they wanted to explain, a posteriori, the special geological reality that surrounded them. To set up the Geomythological Atlas of Peloponnese, the Peloponnesian myths mentioned in classical texts (Pausanias, Strabo, Diodorus and Apollodorus) were gathered and studied and also, all the archaeological and geographical information, delivered to us through these texts. Among these myths, geomyths are distinguished, namely the myths involving geological information. Afterwards, a concentration and/or a configuration of all the available modern maps of the Peloponnese was conducted, related to geological phenomena (caves, thermal and mineral springs, lakes, rivers and faults) and the visible archaeological remains as well. Α spatial and statistical analysis of all the data was achieved, in order to determine and classify, by this mathematical process, the geomythological places (geomythotopoi). These are the sites who gather geomythological, archaeological and geological data that constitute the true core of a geomyth. The foregoing data were studied in two different ways: First, they were examined by counties. For each county the data was mapped separately by species, but also combined. The geomythotopoi were isolated, passages from ancient Greek and Latin literature containing geological information and the current literature were studied. The results-interpretations, that stem from the data study and were obtained and recorded. Then, were performed case studies, namely were studied themes around one god or hero. Overall, the study showed that 75% of the geomyths were affected by their geological environment. These results may facilitate future diagnostic and prognostic research, both in the field of geomythology, geology and archeology but also in history and folklore studies.

Η επιστήμη της τηλεπισκόπησης και τα δορυφορικά δεδομένα, αποτελούν σήμερα ένα σύγχρονο επιστημονικό εργαλείο, αφού παρέχουν πλήθος σημαντικών πληροφοριών διευκολύνοντας σημαντικά την έρευνα σε πολλά επιστημονικά πεδία. Στην παρούσα εργασία παρουσιάζεται ένα ολοκληρωμένο σύστημα διαχρονικής παρακολούθησης της βλάστησης και των ανθρώπινων επιδράσεων στην προστατευόμενη περιοχή του Δάσους της Στροφιλιάς – λιμνοθάλασσας Καλογριάς και Κοτυχίου με σύγχρονες μεθόδους Τηλεπισκόπησης και Τηλεμετρίας. Ειδικότερα χρησιμοποιήθηκαν αεροφωτογραφίες και εικόνες από το δορυφόρο Landsat για απεικόνιση των φασματικών υπογραφών και ανίχνευση των μεταβολών της βλάστησης και του τοπίου. Επίσης χρησιμοποιήθηκαν δεδομένα από αισθητήρες μέτρησης υδρολογικών παραμέτρων για να δείξουμε χρονικές μεταβολές. Τέλος δημιουργήθηκε μία on-line βάση δεδομένων με σκοπό να διευκολύνει την εργασία πεδίου αλλά και το χρόνο της καταχώρησης της δειγματοληψίας. / In nowadays the science of remote sensing and satellite data, represent a modern scientific tool, due to the fact that can provide plenty of important information making easier the research in a lot of scientific fields. In the present work we demonstrate a complete biomonitoring system of diachronic follow-up of vegetation and human effects in the protected region of Strofylia's Forest and the lagoons of Kalogrias and Kotyhi, with modern remote sensing methods and Telemetry. More specifically we used aerial photos and satellite images from the Landsat satellite in order to illustrate spectrum signatures and detection of changes. Also we analyzed data from sensors that measured environmental parameters in order to show time changes. Finally we created an online database so as to store all this important information that we produced but also to minimize the total time of registration and sampling.

The increasing demand of mankind by use of water quality and sufficient volume to meet their needs in their different uses, shows that water resources must be managed and preserved. A watershed is the physical unit that integrates the entire flow of water that makes up the hydrological cycle, but its use is being carried out in a disorderly way, without complying with the compliance of their characteristics and fragilities. Brazil has a very advanced legislation regarding the environment, especially related to water, and a growing awareness of the need to demarcate areas in order to safeguard the different ecosystems found in this vast territory. In Brazil, many of the areas selected to include environmental protection within its boundaries major resources stocks. However, deforestation and poor land use along these water resources may affect and jeopardize the supply and quality of water throughout their watersheds, affecting populations downstream. The purpose of this paper is to present an Integrated Information System, embodied in a Geographic Information System (GIS), which adds the elements required for management and conservation of water resources in protected areas. In the development of GIS will be used the new structure and Geographical Data Vector (EDGV) and the Geospatial Metadata Profile of Brazil (MGB), approved in 2008 by the National Cartography (Conc), aiming to standardize the structures spatial data, facilitating data sharing, interoperability and rationalization of resources among data producers and users of geospatial information. In the proposed system shows that the systematic organization into a Geographic Information System (GIS) of water resources and the various elements and factors about them impacting facilitates the analysis and subsequent management of water resources conservation units (CUs). Through these spatial analysis and comparative data were obtained as a result of the making of a final map containing an indication of inharmonious elements in the area. Indicated the best places to collect water in order to assess its quality and, eventually, we proposed a new limit for the conservation unit. The final map will serve as support for management to operate and monitor the areas according to their real possibilities and implement corrective measures and mitigation. Additionally, information based on the database associated with the GIS will enable the integration of various public and private entities that deal with specific issues, enabling interoperability and cooperation between them, as well as confirming that the use of Geotechnology is an appropriate option for the best management of the areas involved. The techniques and procedures used can be applied in the management of water resources from other areas. We used the União Biological Reserve - Rebio Union - located in the State of Rio de Janeiro, as a case study.

The knowledge about the physical-natural environment to be explored is extremely important for the correct development of human activities. The planning of land use and occupation minimizes the environmental impact, therefore, providing a balanced ecosystem in its different phases. The incorrect use of land can harm considerably the environment, which is many times irreversible. The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of land in different times, to study the natural vulnerability of aquifer systems and to evaluate the physical-chemical parameters of groundwater in the region of Vila Kramer, in the city of São Francisco de Assis, Rio Grande do Sul, State, Southern Brazil. A soil study was made, identifying and characterizing the different soil classes which occur in the area, using geoprocessing techniques. Different soil maps were made, such as: geological, hypsometrical, gradient index, land use in 1989, 1999 and 2009, Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs), agricultural sustainability, and adaptation of the soil use. There was also an identification of the areas with land use conflict. The tool used to study the natural vulnerability of aquifers (confined/not confined) was the DRASTIC and GOD methodology. In order to characterize the groundwater, an analysis of physical and chemical parameters was made using the water collected from the wells. The results showed that the natural forest cover presented a significant decrease between 1989 and 2009, which corresponds for 26.32% of the area. In the areas without forest there was not much difference between 1989 and 1999 considering this class of use. In 2009 there was an increase of 10.16% compared to the past decade. This increase is related mainly to the decrease in the areas used with crops. As a result we can highlight, in relation to the natural vulnerability of the aquifer area, that, the DRASTIC methodology ranged between vulnerable, high vulnerable, and extremely vulnerable area, while in the GOD methodology it ranged between negligible, low moderate, high and extreme. The DRASTIC and GOD methodologies provided approaches to identification of the vulnerability of the areas and the natural conditions of the aquifers, as well. From this point, it is possible to have the use of GIS, through the delineation of theme maps, which can be used to sustainably manage the hydric groundwaters resources. / O conhecimento do meio físico-natural a ser explorado é extremamente importante para o desenvolvimento correto das atividades humanas. O planejamento do uso e ocupação da terra acaba minimizando o impacto ambiental, assim garantindo um ecossistema equilibrado nas suas diversas fases. O manejo incorreto da terra pode trazer perdas consideráveis ao meio ambiente e muitas vezes irreversíveis. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o uso da terra em diferentes épocas, estudar a vulnerabilidade natural dos sistemas aquíferos e analisar os parâmetros físicoquímicos das águas subterrâneas na região da Vila Kramer, município de São Francisco de Assis, RS. Foi realizado um levantamento de solos, identificando e caracterizando as diferentes classes de solos que ocorrem na área, utilizando técnicas de geoprocessamento. Foram gerados mapas de solos, geológico, hipsométrico, de declividade, de uso das terras de 1989, 1999 e 2009, de Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs), de aptidão agrícola, de adequação de uso e identificadas as áreas de conflito do uso das terras. O recurso usado para estudar a vulnerabilidade natural dos aquíferos (confinado/não confinado) foi a metodologia DRASTIC e GOD. Para caracterizar as águas subterrâneas, fez-se análise de parâmetros físico-químicos em amostras coletadas dos poços. Os resultados mostraram que a floresta nativa apresentou um decréscimo relativo entre 1989 e 2009, onde atualmente corresponde a 26,32% da área. Nas áreas de campo, não houve muita diferença entre 1989 e 1999 nessa classe de uso, sendo que em 2009 ocorreu um aumento de 10,16% em relação à década passada. Esse aumento está relacionado principalmente à diminuição nas áreas utilizadas com culturas. Como resultado, pode-se destacar, em relação à vulnerabilidade natural dos aquíferos da área, que a metodologia DRASTIC variou entre área vulnerável, muito vulnerável e extremamente vulnerável, enquanto que na metodologia GOD variou de insignificante, baixa, média, alta e extrema. As metodologias DRASTIC e GOD proporcionaram a identificação das classes de vulnerabilidade e também as condições naturais dos aquíferos. A partir daí, pode-se ter a utilização dos SIGs, através da elaboração de mapas temáticos que podem ser usados para o gerenciamento de modo sustentável dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-10-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:03:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_mm_dr_rcla.pdf: 4660699 bytes, checksum: 1e1fd8359d9badea1885e0b19149653d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A gestão dos recursos hídricos, com vistas a garantir o suprimento de água em quantidade e qualidade suficientes para atender às necessidades da sociedade, da mesma forma que as questões ambientais em geral, deve ser sempre conduzida sob um enfoque sistêmico, considerando uma grande diversidade de parâmetros. Nesse sentido, com vistas à avaliação do uso atual e potencial das águas subterrâneas do Sistema Aquífero Guarani (SAG) no Estado de São Paulo, buscou-se levantar uma larga gama de informações sobre sua utilização e ocorrência. Assim, foram utilizados dados coletados em 1.389 poços que explotam o SAG, para os mais diversos tipos de usos, bem como informações constantes de relatórios oficiais sobre o sistema de abastecimento público nos municípios distribuídos no Estado de São Paulo. Para armazenagem, manipulação, visualização e análise de dados espaciais, utilizou-se o sistema de informações geográficas (SIG). Cerca de 65% dos poços cadastrados são utilizados para o consumo humano (público e doméstico). Em termos volumétricos, o consumo público representa 67% do total extraído, seguido pelos usos industrial, doméstico, rural e recreacional, com 21,7%, 6,1%, 2,8% e 0,6%, respectivamente. Em 2007, havia um total de 5.058.041 habitantes consumidores efetivos do SAG, que explotavam um volume anual estimado de aproximadamente 563 milhões de m3. Para a análise potencial do uso do SAG, foram simulados dois cenários. No primeiro, as projeções indicam que em 2020 os consumidores do sistema aquífero serão cerca de 5.830.011 habitantes, e sua explotação se dará a um volume aproximado de 6,4 x 108 m3/ano, ou 45% acima da reserva subterrânea ativa. No segundo cenário, simulado para as zonas ZA (zona de afloramentos) e ZC (zona de confinamento próxima à área aflorante), as projeções indicam uma população de 2.506.905 habitantes... / The management of groundwater resources needs a systemic analysis of variables to succeed. In this way, the evaluation of the current and potential usages of waters from Guarani Aquifer System (SAG) in São Paulo State, was based on a large amount of data from drilling wells and official reports.. The analysis was accomplished using information collected from a survey of 1.389 wells including the different types of water usages and from municipal records of groundwater production. The geographic information system (GIS) was used for storage, manipulation, visualization and analysis of georeferenced data. About 65% of water wells is presently used for human consumption (public and domestic usages); Volumetrically, public consumption peaks to 67%, remaining 21.7%, 6.1%, 2.8% and 0.6% for industrial, domestic, rural and recreational usages, respectively. About 5058041 inhabitants directly makes use of water produced from GAS with a consumption of approximately 563 million m3 of water/year. For the analysis of the potential use of waters from GAS two scenarios were simulated. In one, the projections indicate that by 2020 consumers of the aquifer will be 5830011, and the aquifer system will be exploited to a volume of about 6.4 x 108 m3/year, or 45% above its groundwater active reserve. The other scenario was simulated for the zones ZA (outcrop zone) and ZC (confinement zone close to ZA): the results indicate a population of 2506905 that will consume a volume of 4.1 x 108 m3 by 2020 or nearly 95% of all estimated active reserve of the aquifer.

Submitted by PAULO SÉRGIO MARTIN (paulosergiomartin@gmail.com) on 2018-07-14T03:59:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Martin_PS_Dissert_MP_Estradas_Rurais_2018.pdf: 5079449 bytes, checksum: 5b99661ef6b9e4b120ee8a099ee40004 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ALESSANDRA KUBA OSHIRO ASSUNÇÃO (alessandra@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-07-16T12:21:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 martin_ps_me_prud.pdf: 5079449 bytes, checksum: 5b99661ef6b9e4b120ee8a099ee40004 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-16T12:21:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 martin_ps_me_prud.pdf: 5079449 bytes, checksum: 5b99661ef6b9e4b120ee8a099ee40004 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-04 / Neste presente trabalho buscou-se identificar as diversas variáveis do potencial de perda de solo no município de Ouro Verde/SP, considerando como parâmetro a classificação de solos, geologia, relevo, precipitação pluvial, o uso e ocupação da terra, as práticas de manejo conservacionista, mapeando as áreas com potencial de erosão laminar dos solos e o cruzamento das informações com a situação atual das estradas rurais não pavimentadas. As estradas não pavimentadas foram classificadas em trechos-tipos, destacando-se algumas características importantes, como altura de barranco, se está “encaixada”. O uso do MDE (Modelo Digital de Elevação) possibilitou a representação do relevo da superfície terrestre e com os dados vetoriais do município de Ouro Verde, baixados através do site do IBGE, foi possível a interpretação visual da área de estudo, analisadas através das imagens do satélite Sentinel-2. O objetivo foi identificar as estradas rurais ou trechos prioritários para readequação, através do Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), com mapeamento das áreas do município e realizando o cruzamento de informações e, aplicação da Equação Universal de Perdas de Solo (USLE) e do programa InVEST®, estimando perdas de solo por erosão laminar. Servir de orientação para os gestores públicos (Prefeitura Municipal e FEHIDRO) na análise e tomada de decisão. Para determinação do Fator R para o município de Ouro Verde, a precipitação pluvial foi analisada através de uma série histórica, fornecida pelo Escritório de Desenvolvimento Rural de Dracena. Para determinação dos valores do fator R para os demais municípios que compõem as Unidades de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos 20 e 21, utilizou-se o software livre netErosividade SP. Para realização da priorização dos trechos críticos das estradas, foram utilizados os parâmetros (estruturas e situações), adaptado do Projeto de Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável – Microbacias Hidrográficas II – Acesso ao mercado, obtendo-se o enquadramento das Classes de priorização. O programa InVEST® possibilitou explorar cenários com resultados futuros prováveis, e assim foram gerados os diversos mapas de potencialidade de erosão para o município de Ouro Verde: Mapa de Susceptibilidade à Erosão Laminar, Mapa do Potencial à Erosão, Mapa do Potencial de Erosão Laminar Total por Microbacias Hidrográficas e Mapa final de Priorização das Estradas Não Pavimentadas. Obteve-se o Mapa Final de Priorização utilizando alguns parâmetros, mas é possível cruzar tantas informações quanto forem necessárias, subjetivas e objetivas, e assim chegar no objetivo, que é a priorização de trechos críticos de Estradas Rurais Não Pavimentadas. / This work aimed to identify the various variables of soil loss potential in the municipality of Ouro Verde / SP, considering as a parameter the classification of soils, geology, relief, rainfall, land use and occupation, management practices conservationist, mapping the areas with potential of laminar erosion of the soils and the crossing of the information with the current situation of the unpaved rural roads. Unpaved roads have been classified into parts-types, highlighting some important characteristics, such as height of ravine, if it is "docked". The use of the MDE (Digital Elevation Model) made possible the representation of the land surface and the vectorial data of the municipality of Ouro Verde, downloaded through the IBGE website, it was possible the visual interpretation of the study area, analyzed through the images of the Sentinel-2 satellite. The objective was to identify the rural roads or priority stretches for readjustment, through the Geographic Information System (GIS), with mapping of the areas of the municipality and carrying out the information crossing and, applying the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the InVEST® program, estimating soil losses due to laminar erosion. To serve as guidance for public managers (City Hall and FEHIDRO) in the analysis and decision making. To determine the R factor for the municipality of Ouro Verde, rainfall was analyzed through a historical series, provided by the Office of Rural Development of Dracena. To determine the R factor values for the other municipalities that make up the Water Resources Management Units 20 and 21, the free software netErosividade SP was used. For the prioritization of the critical stretches of the roads, the parameters (structures and situations), adapted from the Sustainable Rural Development Project - Hydrographic Microbasins II - Access to the market, were used to obtain the prioritization classes. The InVEST® program made it possible to explore scenarios with probable future results, thus generating the various erosion potential maps for the municipality of Ouro Verde: Laminar Erosion Susceptibility Map, Erosion Potential Map, Total Laminar Erosion Potential Map by Hydrographic Microbasins and Final Map of Prioritization of Non-Paved Roads. The final Prioritization Map was obtained using some parameters, but it is possible to cross as much information as necessary, subjective and objective, and thus reach the objective, which is the prioritization of critical sections of Non-Paved Rural Roads.

Orientador: Maria Rita Caetano Chang / Banca: André Celligoi / Banca: Didier Gastmans / Banca: José Luiz Albuquerque / Banca: Marcos Massoli / Acompanha CD-ROM com os anexos da obra / Resumo: A gestão dos recursos hídricos, com vistas a garantir o suprimento de água em quantidade e qualidade suficientes para atender às necessidades da sociedade, da mesma forma que as questões ambientais em geral, deve ser sempre conduzida sob um enfoque sistêmico, considerando uma grande diversidade de parâmetros. Nesse sentido, com vistas à avaliação do uso atual e potencial das águas subterrâneas do Sistema Aquífero Guarani (SAG) no Estado de São Paulo, buscou-se levantar uma larga gama de informações sobre sua utilização e ocorrência. Assim, foram utilizados dados coletados em 1.389 poços que explotam o SAG, para os mais diversos tipos de usos, bem como informações constantes de relatórios oficiais sobre o sistema de abastecimento público nos municípios distribuídos no Estado de São Paulo. Para armazenagem, manipulação, visualização e análise de dados espaciais, utilizou-se o sistema de informações geográficas (SIG). Cerca de 65% dos poços cadastrados são utilizados para o consumo humano (público e doméstico). Em termos volumétricos, o consumo público representa 67% do total extraído, seguido pelos usos industrial, doméstico, rural e recreacional, com 21,7%, 6,1%, 2,8% e 0,6%, respectivamente. Em 2007, havia um total de 5.058.041 habitantes consumidores efetivos do SAG, que explotavam um volume anual estimado de aproximadamente 563 milhões de m3. Para a análise potencial do uso do SAG, foram simulados dois cenários. No primeiro, as projeções indicam que em 2020 os consumidores do sistema aquífero serão cerca de 5.830.011 habitantes, e sua explotação se dará a um volume aproximado de 6,4 x 108 m3/ano, ou 45% acima da reserva subterrânea ativa. No segundo cenário, simulado para as zonas ZA (zona de afloramentos) e ZC (zona de confinamento próxima à área aflorante), as projeções indicam uma população de 2.506.905 habitantes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The management of groundwater resources needs a systemic analysis of variables to succeed. In this way, the evaluation of the current and potential usages of waters from Guarani Aquifer System (SAG) in São Paulo State, was based on a large amount of data from drilling wells and official reports.. The analysis was accomplished using information collected from a survey of 1.389 wells including the different types of water usages and from municipal records of groundwater production. The geographic information system (GIS) was used for storage, manipulation, visualization and analysis of georeferenced data. About 65% of water wells is presently used for human consumption (public and domestic usages); Volumetrically, public consumption peaks to 67%, remaining 21.7%, 6.1%, 2.8% and 0.6% for industrial, domestic, rural and recreational usages, respectively. About 5058041 inhabitants directly makes use of water produced from GAS with a consumption of approximately 563 million m3 of water/year. For the analysis of the potential use of waters from GAS two scenarios were simulated. In one, the projections indicate that by 2020 consumers of the aquifer will be 5830011, and the aquifer system will be exploited to a volume of about 6.4 x 108 m3/year, or 45% above its groundwater active reserve. The other scenario was simulated for the zones ZA (outcrop zone) and ZC (confinement zone close to ZA): the results indicate a population of 2506905 that will consume a volume of 4.1 x 108 m3 by 2020 or nearly 95% of all estimated active reserve of the aquifer. / Doutor