O estudo visou elucidar o desenvolvimento embrionário e fetal de pacas (Agouti paca) e demarcação dos sítios germinativos nos embriões em diferentes estágios. Foram utilizados sete espécimes de Agouti paca, sendo dois embriões e três fetos doados do pacário mantido pela UNESP - Jaboticabal e, dois doados do acervo da FMVZ-USP. Os fetos 1 e 2 apresentaram imaturidade facial acentuada, olhos recobertos por uma lente proeminente e lóbulos das orelhas; os fetos 3 e 4, mostravam-se com orelhas bem desenvolvidas, membros torácicos e pélvicos em grau equalitário de desenvolvimento, como vibrissas ao redor das bordas nasais e olhos também protegidos; no feto 5, haviam pêlos distribuídos por todo o corpo, membros torácicos e pélvicos com garras, vibrissas na face, olhos proeminentes e orelhas bem desenvolvidas. O embrião 1, apresentou a vesícula óptica com pigmentação da retina, o quarto ventrículo encefálico e curvatura cervical acentuada e broto dos membros em desenvolvimento; o embrião 2, possuiu divisão dos arcos branquiais e neuróporo cranial aberto; presença da área cardíaca e fígado; vesícula óptica sem pigmentação da retina, abertura do tubo neural na região do quarto ventrículo encefálico, rombencéfalo e mesencéfalo em desenvolvimento. Na microscopia de luz, visualizamos a medula espinhal, abertura do 4º ventrículo encefálico, presença das vesículas encefálicas (prosencéfalo, mesencéfalo e rombencéfalo), coluna vertebral, hipófise, cavidades oral e nasal, olho, átrio e ventrículo cardíacos, pulmão e diafragma, além das cristas metanéfrica e mesonéfrica, fígado, intestino e pedículo umbilical. Nas reações de imunohistoquímicas para OCT-4 não houve marcação expressiva em órgãos tais como pulmão, intestino e somitos, o coração apresentou uma leve positividade à reação, enquanto que nas cristas meso e metanéfrica e fígado obtiveram uma marcação expressiva, sendo mais acentuada no último. Nos testes com vimentina todos os órgãos mostraram-se imunopositivos em diferentes áreas; e em se tratando da reação a testes com actina apenas a região de somitos não obteve marcação positiva. Concluímos que o período embrionário/fetal da paca não pode ser comparado com o modelo clássico de roedor; sua embriogênese pode ser comparada à de ratos, Guinea pig, coelhos e humanos. A imunolocalização positiva de OCT-4 apresenta diferenças de acordo com a idade gestacional, devido às mudanças embriológicas dos tecidos. A imunolocalização positiva de OCT-4 apresenta diferenças de acordo com a idade gestacional, devido às mudanças embriológicas dos tecidos. A vimentina como marcador de mesênquima se expressou positivamente em todos os órgãos do embrião de paca. A actina como imunomarcador de músculo liso foi expressiva nas áreas contendo musculatura. / The study aimed elucidates the development of embryonic and fetal of pacas (Agouti paca) and demarcation of the germ sites in embryos at different stages. Seven specimens were used; two embryos and three fetuses from UNESP- Jaboticabal and other two fetuses were from FMVZ-USP collection. The fetuses 1 and 2 showed immaturity facial sharp, eyes covered by a lens and prominent lobes of the ears, the fetuses 3 and 4, showed up with well-developed ears, members thoracic and pelvic in equal level of development, vibrisses around the nasal edges and eye also protected;. The fetus 5 had hairs distributed throughout the body, members thoracic and pelvic with claws, vibrisses on the face, prominent eyes and ears well developed. The embryo 1, presented the optic vesicle with pigmentation of the retina, the fourth encephalic ventricle and cervical curvature and button members in development. The embryo 2, had split the branchial arches and open neuropore cranial; heart and liver were identified, optical vesicle without pigmentation of the retina, the neural tube was opening in the region of the fourth encephalic ventricle, rombencephalon and mesencephalon were in development. Light microscopy, shows the spinal cord, 4 th encephalic ventricle, resence of encephalic vesicles (prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rombencephalon), vertebral column, pituitary gland, oral and nasal cavities, eye, atrium and ventricle heart, lung and diaphragm, as well the metanephron and mesonephron, liver, intestine and mbilical pedicle. The immunohistochemical reactions for OCT-4 were non expressive in organs such as lung, intestine and somites; heart presented a discrete positive reaction, while kidneys and liver obtained an expressive expression, more pronounced in the last one. Vimentina\'s tests showed that all organs stained in different areas, and the reaction whit the actin was negative just in the region of somites. We conclude that the period embryonic/fetal of paca can not be compared with the classical model of rodents; its embryogenesis can be compared with the rats, Guinea pig, rabbits and humans ones. The positive immunolocalization of OCT-4 presents differences according to the gestational age, due to changes embryological tissue. The vimentine as a mesenchyme marker is expressed positively in all organs of the embryo of paca. The actin as immunomarker of smooth muscle was expressive in areas containing muscles.

O transplante de células germinativas tem sido uma importante abordagem experimental para o estudo da preservação genética de espécies ameaçadas de extinção ou economicamente importantes. A técnica consiste na remoção das células germinativas indiferenciadas das gônadas do animal doador e na transferência das mesmas para a gônada de um indivíduo receptor. A fim de aumentar a eficiência da técnica, a identificação prévia das células germinativas a serem transplantadas torna-se preferível, visto que a cavidade que as receberá apresenta tamanho limitado. Sendo assim, é importante o desenvolvimento de marcadores moleculares que identifiquem precisamente as células a serem transplantadas na cavidade do individuo receptor, e os genes mais utilizados para esta finalidade são o dead end e o gene vasa, os quais são expressos apenas nas células da linhagem germinativa. Devido à importância do Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui) para a economia brasileira, esta espécie foi escolhida como uma espécie modelo de preservação para este estudo. Através do isolamento e sequenciamento dos genes dead end e vasa, desenvolvemos sondas de hibridização capazes de reconhecer as células onde estes genes são expressos e estudar o seu padrão de expressão nas gônadas. Ambos os genes apresentaram intensa expressão nos oócitos pré-vitelogênicos e fraca expressão em algumas espermatogônias. Pela primeira vez na literatura, diferentes isoformas causadas por splicing alternativo foram identificadas no gene dead end. A quantificação da expressão temporal dos diferentes transcritos mostrou que o padrão de expressão da sequência completa do gene teve uma tendência distintiva comparada ao padrão dos transcritos curtos, sugerindo que as diferentes isoformas desempenham papéis específicos e importantes para o desenvolvimento da linha germinativa nesta espécie. / Germ cell transplantation has been an important experimental approach to the study of the genetic preservation of endangered or economically important species. The technique consists in removing undifferentiated germ cells from the donor animal's gonads and transferring them to the gonad of a recipient individual. In order to increase the efficiency of the technique, the prior identification of the germ cells to be transplanted becomes preferable, since the receiving cavity presents limited size. Therefore, it is important to develop molecular markers to precisely identify the cells to be implanted in the recipient cavity, and the genes most used for this purpose are the dead end and the vasa genes, which are expressed only in germline cells. Due to the importance of Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui) for the Brazilian economy, this species was chosen as a model species for preservation in this study. By isolating and sequencing the dead end and vasa genes, we developed hybridization probes capable of recognizing the cells where these genes are expressed and better studying their expression pattern in the gonads. Both genes presented intense expression in pre-vitellogenic oocytes and poor expression in some spermatogonia. For the first time in the literature, different isoforms caused by alternative splicing were identified in the dead end gene. Quantification of the temporal expression of the different transcripts showed that the expression pattern of the full-length sequence had a distinctive tendency compared to the short transcripts pattern, suggesting that the different isoforms play specific roles for the germline development in this species.

Répression des genes par le dépôt de la marque H3K27me3. Divers cofacteurs contrôlent sa fonction dans des cellules de différentes origines, comme les gametes. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai utilisé des modèles murins ou un tag a été introduit dans les gènes Ezh2 et Ezh1, j'ai isolé des extraits nucléaires de testicules adultes entiers et identifié un nouveau polypeptide interagissant avec PRC2. Ce dernier est spécifiquement exprimé dans les gonades et sa fonction est inconnue. J'ai confirmé son interaction avec PRC2 et montré qu'il pourrait recruter PRC2 à la chromatine. Grâce à un modèle de souris knock-out, j'ai démontré que la protéine est nécessaire pour la fertilité féminine, alors que son ablation apporte une augmentation globale de la marque associée à PRC2, dans les cellules germinales masculines avec peu de conséquences sur la fertilité. J'ai également contribué à la caractérisation de l'interaction entre le long ARN non-codant HOTAIR et PRC2. Nombreux ARNnc ont été proposés pour moduler l'action des complexes modifiant la chromatine. Avec l'aide d'un nouveau système de recrutement artificiel d'ARN, l'expression induite par HOTAIR provoque une répression transgénique indépendamment de PRC2. La surexpression forcée de HOTAIR a également peu d'impact sur le transcriptome dans des cellules cancéreuses. En conclusion, la liaison PRC2 à l'ARN n'est pas requise pour le ciblage de la chromatine. / The Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) plays an essential role in development by maintaining gene repression through the deposition of H3K27me3. A variety of cofactors have been shown to control its function in cells of various origins however little is known about PRC2 regulation during gametogenesis. During my PhD, I took advantage of murine models where Ezh2 and Ezh1 were knocked-in, I isolated nuclear extracts from whole adult testis and, identified a new polypeptide interacting with PRC2. This protein is specifically expressed in gonads, is of unknown function and does not contain any conserved domain. I have confirmed its interaction with PRC2, identified the domain of interaction with PRC2 and shown that it could tether PRC2 to chromatin. Thanks to a knockout mouse model, I demonstrated that the protein is required for female fertility, whereas its ablation brings to a global increase of H3K27me3 PRC2-associated mark in male germ cells with little consequences on male fertility. I also contributed to the characterization of the interplay between the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) HOTAIR and PRC2 complex. Many lncRNAs have been proposed to modulate chromatin-modifying complexes action on chromatin. With the help of novel RNA-tethering system, HOTAIR inducible expression causes transgene repression independently from PRC2. Forced overexpression of HOTAIR also has little impact on transcriptome in breast cancer cells. Generally, PRC2 binding to RNA is not required for chromatin targeting. Taken together these results shed light to the mechanism of a new-identified cofactor regulating PRC2 in the gonads and contribute to dissect PRC2-RNA relationship at molecular level.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 49-59). Also available online.

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 49-59). Also available in print.

published_or_final_version / Biological Sciences / Master / Master of Philosophy

This dissertation investigates the embryonic specification of a specific group of cells: the germ cells. Germ cells, which give rise to sperm and egg, are the only cells in sexually-reproducing animals that directly contribute hereditary information to the next generation. Germ cells are therefore a universal cell type across animals, and represent a profound novelty that likely arose near the base of the animal phylogeny. Yet despite their conserved, essential function in all animals, there is surprising diversity in the mechanisms that specify these cells during embryonic development. In this dissertation, I address the diversity of germ cell specification mechanisms in insects. I focus on two species, the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus (Hemiptera) and the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera), which both branch basally to the Holometabola (those insects which undergo metamorphosis, including the well-studied fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster), and thus provide important phylogenetic breadth to our understanding of germ cell specification across insects. Using functional genetic approaches, I show that germ cell specification in both Oncopeltus and Gryllus differs fundamentally from germ cell specification in Drosophila. Specifically, I provide evidence that germ cells arise via inductive cell signaling during mid-embryogenesis, rather than via maternally-supplied cytoplasmic determinants localized in the oocyte, as is the case for Drosophila. These data suggest that Drosophila employs an evolutionarily derived mode of germ cell specification. In further support of this hypothesis, I show that several of the genes required for Drosophila germ cell specification perform other functions in both Oncopeltus and Gryllus. I demonstrate that one of these genes, oskar, which is the only gene both necessary and sufficient for germ cell specification in Drosophila, instead functions in nervous system of the cricket, both during embryonic development and in the adult brain. I suggest that the evolution of the derived mode of germ cell specification seen in Drosophila may have involved co-opting oskar into the germ cell specification pathway from an ancestral role in the nervous system.

published_or_final_version / Zoology / Master / Master of Philosophy

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Also available online.