• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 101
  • 39
  • 15
  • 13
  • 9
  • 7
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 222
  • 34
  • 31
  • 26
  • 26
  • 25
  • 22
  • 20
  • 20
  • 19
  • 16
  • 16
  • 16
  • 15
  • 15
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Einfluss von Geschlechtshormonen auf die Volumenregulation von Müllerzellen

Neumann, Florian 21 February 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Osmotic swelling of glial cells may contribute to the development of retinal edema. We investigated whether sex steroids inhibit the swelling of glial somata in acutely isolated retinal slices and glial cells of the rat. Superfusion of retinal slices or cells from control animals with a hypoosmolar solution did not induce glial swelling, whereas glial swelling was observed in slices of postis- chemic and diabetic retinas. Progesterone, testosterone, estriol, and 17ß-estradiol prevented glial swelling with half-maximal effects at approximately 0.3, 0.6, 6, and 20 lM, respectively. The effect of progesterone was apparently mediated by transactivation of metabotropic glutamate receptors, P2Y1, and adenosine A1 receptors. The data suggest that sex steroids may inhibit cytotoxic edema in the retina.
42

Quantitative Aspekte der Astrozyten von Wildtyp- und GFAP-/- VIM-/- Labormäusen

Tackenberg, Mark 10 June 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Astrozyten erfüllen unverzichtbare Aufgaben im ZNS. Sie sorgen im Normalfall unter anderem für eine ausgewogene K+/H2O-Clearence, regulieren den Gefäßdurchmesser, bilden die Blut-/Hirnschranke, betreiben “Transmitter-Recycling” und modulieren die interneuronale Signalweitergabe durch prä- und postsynaptische Mechanismen. Die Funktionen und Einflüsse dieser zentralnervösen Gliazellen unter pathologischen Bedingungen im ZNS sind bei weitem nicht so gut untersucht, aber ebenso vielfältig. Eine ganz entscheidende Frage stellt sowohl unter physiologischen wie auch pathologischen Bedingungen das Vorliegen eines Überlappungsfaktors des von benachbarten Astrozyten okkupierten Areals dar. Betrüge ein solcher Faktor ! 1, könnten mehrere Gliazellen das gleiche Areal auch unter pathologischen Bedingungen durch ihre vielfältigen Funktionen unterstützen. Dahingegen würde das Ausbleiben eines Überlappungsgrades ! 1 bedeuten, dass bestimmte Gebiete im Neuropil anfälliger gegen Noxen oder degenerative Veränderungen wären. Um diesen Überlappungsgrad zu untersuchen, wurden Hirnschnitte von Labormäusen mittels einer geeigneten Methodenkombination untersucht. Dabei wurde das durchschnittliche Volumen der Astrozyten im motorischen Kortex durch Golgi- Färbung, sowie deren Zellzahl pro Volumeneinheit durch immunhistochemische Färbungen untersucht und mittels konfokaler Laserscanning-Mikroskopie dokumentiert. Aus diesen Parametern ließ sich ferner der durchschnittliche Überlappungsfaktor im beschriebenen Areal berechnen. Im Interesse dieser Arbeit standen dabei neben dem Unterschied im Überlappungsfaktor der Astrozyten zwischen Wildtyp- und GFAP-/- VIM-/- Knockout- Mäusen, als Beispiel für ein genetisch bedingtes Fehlen dieser Intermediärfilamente, auch der Einfluss des fortschreitenden Lebensalters, so dass für beide Genotypen sowohl junge- als auch alte Tiere untersucht wurden. Folgende Ergebnisse lassen sich zusammenfassen: 1. Das Vorhandensein der Intermediärfilamente GFAP und Vimentin scheint keinen Einfluss auf das Volumen der Astrozyten im motorischen Kortex zu haben. 2. Das Lebensalter der V ersuchstiere steht mit dem V olumen der Astrozyten signifikant in Zusammenhang. Das von Astrozytenfortsätzen der knapp zwei Jahre alten Tiere okkupierte Volumen betrug mit durchschnittlich ca. 61.000 !m3 gut das Doppelte des Volumens in jungen Mäusen (ca. 28.000 !m3). 3. Die Zellzahl der Astrozyten im motorischen Kortex wird offenbar weder vom Lebensalter, noch vom Vorhandensein der Intermediärfilamente GFAP und Vimentin signifikant beeinflusst. 4. Der Überlappungsfaktor der Astrozyten im motorischen Kortex lag bei den jungen Kontroll-Tieren bei 0,87 und bei den jungen DKO-Tieren bei 0,96. 5. Der Überlappungsfaktor der Astrozyten im motorischen Kortex lag bei den alten Kontroll-Tieren bei 2,22 und bei den alten DKO-Tieren bei 2,10. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Fehlen der Intermediärfilamente GFAP und Vimentin keinen Einfluss auf den Überlappungsgrad der Astrozyten im motorischen Kortex hat. Die Ursache für phänotypisch manifeste Erkrankungen, wie z.B. der Alexander Krankheit, welche durch ein fehlerhaft exprimiertes GFAP in Astrozyten hervorgerufen wird, ist demnach in anderen Mechanismen zu suchen. Großen Einfluss auf den Überlappungsfaktor der Astrozyten hatte dagegen das Lebensalter der Versuchstiere, was sich mit neueren Erkenntnissen zur Funktion der Astrozyten im Hinblick auf Lernvorgänge, aber auch auf degenerative Prozesse, in Zusammenhang bringen lässt.
43

Distribuição da caspase-3 clivada no cerebelo de ratos durante o desenvolvimento em um modelo de hipóxia-isquemia sistêmica pré-natal / Distribution of cleaved caspase-3 in the developing rat cerebellum in a systemic prenatal hypoxia-ischemia model

Alan Pereira da Costa 05 March 2015 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A Hipóxia-isquemia (HI) perinatal é um problema de saúde pública, e ocorrem aproximadamente 1,5 casos de encefalopatias por HI por 1000 nascidos vivos. Dos que sobrevivem 25-60% sofrem de deficiências permanentes do desenvolvimento neurológico, incluindo paralisia cerebral, convulsões, retardo mental, e dificuldade de aprender. Neurônios e oligodendrócitos, especialmente os progenitores, são os mais afetados pela HI. Existem vários modelos de HI, no entanto, poucos levam em consideração as intercorrências maternas, a importância da atividade placentária, e as trocas entre mãe-filho, que são clinicamente observadas em humanos. Robinson estabeleceu um modelo de HI sistêmica pré-natal transitório, onde o fluxo das artérias uterinas da rata grávida era obstruído por 45 minutos no décimo oitavo dia (E18) de gestação. Neste modelo foram observadas alterações que são similares às observadas em cérebros humanos que passaram por hipóxia perinatal, dentre as quais foram relatados aumento no nível de apoptose. Caspase-3 é descrita como uma enzima que atua na apoptose, e é amplamente utilizada como marcador para células apoptóticas. Vários autores vêm mostrando, entretanto, que a enzima caspase-3 pode estar ativada para fins não apoptóticos. No modelo de HI sistêmica pré-natal, foram observados astrogliose na substância branca, morte de oligodendrócitos, lesão em axônios tanto na substância branca como no córtex cerebral, e danos motores. Pouco se sabe da influencia do insulto HI no desenvolvimento do cerebelo, considerando que o cerebelo junto com o córtex motor, contribui para o controle motor. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a distribuição da caspase-3 clivada durante o desenvolvimento do cerebelo em um modelo de HI pré-natal. Os resultados deste trabalho demonstram que as células caspase-3 clivadas apresentaram duas morfologias distintas em ambos os grupos. Uma onde a caspase-3 foi observada apenas no núcleo, oscilando entre células com imunorreatividade fraca a intensa, e de células com a presença da caspase-3 no corpo celular, nos prolongamentos condensados e presença de fragmentos ao redor do soma, morfologia típica de célula em apoptose. A HI pré-natal, assim como nos hemisférios cerebrais, levou ao aumento de células caspase-3 clivadas com morfologia de progenitores de oligodendrócitos no cerebelo do grupo HI em P2, mas não em P9 e P23. Também foi demonstrado que a HI pré-natal não levou a uma ativação da apoptose em oligodendrócitos, neurônios e microglia (identificados por seus respectivos marcadores, CNPase, NeuN e ED1) apresentando marcação no núcleos de células GFAP+, na substância branca, camada granular e nas células da glia de Bergmann, em P9 e P23 no cerebelo. Podemos concluir que a HI pré-natal aumentou o número de células imunorreativas para a caspase-3 em um período crítico do desenvolvimento da oligodendroglia no cerebelo, e que a diminuição de progenitores de oligodendrócitos no cerebelo decorrente do insulto pré-natal visto em trabalhos anteriores, pode estar relacionada a morte celular por apoptose, embora não se possa descartar a hipótese da participação dessas células que apresentam caspase-3 clivada em outros eventos não apoptóticos desencadeados pela hipóxia-isquemia. / Perinatal hypoxia ischemia (HI) is a public health problem: about 1.5 cases of encephalopathy occurred per 1000 newborn alive. Those who survive 25-60% suffered permanent deficiencies in neurological development, including cerebral palsy seizures, mental retardation and learning difficulties. Neurons and oligodendrocytes, especially the progenitors were the more affected in an HI insult. There are many HI models; however, few of them taken in account the maternal status, the placental activity and the transport of substances between mother and fetus that are clinically observed in humans. Robinson described a model of transitory prenatal systemic HI, in that uterine arteries were clamped for 45 minutes in the eighteenth gestational day (E18). In this model many impairments very similar to those observed in human brain that suffered HI were showed, between them the increase in apoptosis levels. Caspase-3 is related to apoptosis and is largely used as a marker for apoptotic cells. However, many authors have shown that caspase-3 activation may be related not only with apoptosis. In the prenatal systemic HI model were observed white matter astrogliosis, oligodendroglial death, axonal lesion both in white matter as in cerebral cortex as also motor deficits. Little is known about the effects of HI insult in developing cerebellum, which is a region that, together with motor cortex, participates in motor control. The aim of this work was to evaluate cleaved caspase-3 distribution during cerebellar development in a model of prenatal HI. Our results showed that cleaved caspase-3 positive cells showed two different pattern of distribution in both groups. One of them where the caspase-3 was observed only in the nucleus, presenting both low or intense immunoreactivity, and another one presenting the caspase-3 distributed in the cell bodies and in the condensed processes as also the presence of fragments around the soma, a typical morphology of apoptotic cell. Prenatal HI, as also in the cerebral hemispheres leads to an increase in the number of cleaved caspase-3 positive cells that showed oligodendroglial progenitor cell phenotype in the P2 cerebellum, but not in P9 or P23, in HI group. It was also showed that prenatal HI do not leads to Caspase-3 distribution in oligodendrocytes, neurons or microglia (identified by their respective markers, CNPase, NeuN and ED1) however is present in the nucleus of GFAP+ cells, in the white matter, granular layer and in Bergmann Glia at P9 an P23. We may conclude that prenatal HI increased the number of caspase-3 imunorreactive cells in a critical period for oligodendroglial differentiation in developing cerebellum, and that the oligodendroglial progenitors decrease previously showed in the cerebellum as consequence of HI insult may be related to apoptotic cell death, although we may not discard the hypothesis of caspase-3 immunoreactive cells may be related with non apoptotic events triggered by hypoxia-ischemia.
44

Distribuição da caspase-3 clivada no cerebelo de ratos durante o desenvolvimento em um modelo de hipóxia-isquemia sistêmica pré-natal / Distribution of cleaved caspase-3 in the developing rat cerebellum in a systemic prenatal hypoxia-ischemia model

Alan Pereira da Costa 05 March 2015 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A Hipóxia-isquemia (HI) perinatal é um problema de saúde pública, e ocorrem aproximadamente 1,5 casos de encefalopatias por HI por 1000 nascidos vivos. Dos que sobrevivem 25-60% sofrem de deficiências permanentes do desenvolvimento neurológico, incluindo paralisia cerebral, convulsões, retardo mental, e dificuldade de aprender. Neurônios e oligodendrócitos, especialmente os progenitores, são os mais afetados pela HI. Existem vários modelos de HI, no entanto, poucos levam em consideração as intercorrências maternas, a importância da atividade placentária, e as trocas entre mãe-filho, que são clinicamente observadas em humanos. Robinson estabeleceu um modelo de HI sistêmica pré-natal transitório, onde o fluxo das artérias uterinas da rata grávida era obstruído por 45 minutos no décimo oitavo dia (E18) de gestação. Neste modelo foram observadas alterações que são similares às observadas em cérebros humanos que passaram por hipóxia perinatal, dentre as quais foram relatados aumento no nível de apoptose. Caspase-3 é descrita como uma enzima que atua na apoptose, e é amplamente utilizada como marcador para células apoptóticas. Vários autores vêm mostrando, entretanto, que a enzima caspase-3 pode estar ativada para fins não apoptóticos. No modelo de HI sistêmica pré-natal, foram observados astrogliose na substância branca, morte de oligodendrócitos, lesão em axônios tanto na substância branca como no córtex cerebral, e danos motores. Pouco se sabe da influencia do insulto HI no desenvolvimento do cerebelo, considerando que o cerebelo junto com o córtex motor, contribui para o controle motor. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a distribuição da caspase-3 clivada durante o desenvolvimento do cerebelo em um modelo de HI pré-natal. Os resultados deste trabalho demonstram que as células caspase-3 clivadas apresentaram duas morfologias distintas em ambos os grupos. Uma onde a caspase-3 foi observada apenas no núcleo, oscilando entre células com imunorreatividade fraca a intensa, e de células com a presença da caspase-3 no corpo celular, nos prolongamentos condensados e presença de fragmentos ao redor do soma, morfologia típica de célula em apoptose. A HI pré-natal, assim como nos hemisférios cerebrais, levou ao aumento de células caspase-3 clivadas com morfologia de progenitores de oligodendrócitos no cerebelo do grupo HI em P2, mas não em P9 e P23. Também foi demonstrado que a HI pré-natal não levou a uma ativação da apoptose em oligodendrócitos, neurônios e microglia (identificados por seus respectivos marcadores, CNPase, NeuN e ED1) apresentando marcação no núcleos de células GFAP+, na substância branca, camada granular e nas células da glia de Bergmann, em P9 e P23 no cerebelo. Podemos concluir que a HI pré-natal aumentou o número de células imunorreativas para a caspase-3 em um período crítico do desenvolvimento da oligodendroglia no cerebelo, e que a diminuição de progenitores de oligodendrócitos no cerebelo decorrente do insulto pré-natal visto em trabalhos anteriores, pode estar relacionada a morte celular por apoptose, embora não se possa descartar a hipótese da participação dessas células que apresentam caspase-3 clivada em outros eventos não apoptóticos desencadeados pela hipóxia-isquemia. / Perinatal hypoxia ischemia (HI) is a public health problem: about 1.5 cases of encephalopathy occurred per 1000 newborn alive. Those who survive 25-60% suffered permanent deficiencies in neurological development, including cerebral palsy seizures, mental retardation and learning difficulties. Neurons and oligodendrocytes, especially the progenitors were the more affected in an HI insult. There are many HI models; however, few of them taken in account the maternal status, the placental activity and the transport of substances between mother and fetus that are clinically observed in humans. Robinson described a model of transitory prenatal systemic HI, in that uterine arteries were clamped for 45 minutes in the eighteenth gestational day (E18). In this model many impairments very similar to those observed in human brain that suffered HI were showed, between them the increase in apoptosis levels. Caspase-3 is related to apoptosis and is largely used as a marker for apoptotic cells. However, many authors have shown that caspase-3 activation may be related not only with apoptosis. In the prenatal systemic HI model were observed white matter astrogliosis, oligodendroglial death, axonal lesion both in white matter as in cerebral cortex as also motor deficits. Little is known about the effects of HI insult in developing cerebellum, which is a region that, together with motor cortex, participates in motor control. The aim of this work was to evaluate cleaved caspase-3 distribution during cerebellar development in a model of prenatal HI. Our results showed that cleaved caspase-3 positive cells showed two different pattern of distribution in both groups. One of them where the caspase-3 was observed only in the nucleus, presenting both low or intense immunoreactivity, and another one presenting the caspase-3 distributed in the cell bodies and in the condensed processes as also the presence of fragments around the soma, a typical morphology of apoptotic cell. Prenatal HI, as also in the cerebral hemispheres leads to an increase in the number of cleaved caspase-3 positive cells that showed oligodendroglial progenitor cell phenotype in the P2 cerebellum, but not in P9 or P23, in HI group. It was also showed that prenatal HI do not leads to Caspase-3 distribution in oligodendrocytes, neurons or microglia (identified by their respective markers, CNPase, NeuN and ED1) however is present in the nucleus of GFAP+ cells, in the white matter, granular layer and in Bergmann Glia at P9 an P23. We may conclude that prenatal HI increased the number of caspase-3 imunorreactive cells in a critical period for oligodendroglial differentiation in developing cerebellum, and that the oligodendroglial progenitors decrease previously showed in the cerebellum as consequence of HI insult may be related to apoptotic cell death, although we may not discard the hypothesis of caspase-3 immunoreactive cells may be related with non apoptotic events triggered by hypoxia-ischemia.
45

Estudo dos receptores purinérgicos em células gliais do glânglio da raiz dorsal. / Study of purinergic receptors in glial cells from dorsal root ganglia.

Daniel Rodrigo Batista 17 November 2008 (has links)
Receptores purinérgicos são expressos em neurônios e glia e, por certo, participam dos processos de sinalização entre estes células. Nos gânglios da raiz dorsal o soma dos neurônios sensoriais é envolto por uma camada de células satélites (CSt), que são células de glia, cuja função é desconhecida. Até o momento a natureza dos receptores purinérgicos presentes nas células satélites foi pouco investigada. No presente trabalho demonstra-se a presença dos receptores P2Y1, P2Y2 e/ou P2Y4 e P2Y6 nas CSt de gânglios da raiz dorsal de ratos recém-nascidos. A prova da existência dos receptores foi a elevação na concentração intracelular do Ca2+, induzida pela aplicação de um agonista dos receptores. Nas culturas de mais de 24 horas, estimuladas por soro bovino fetal, proliferam de forma notável células de glia de aspecto predominantemente fusiforme. Determinou-se que as células fusiformes expressam receptores P2Y1, P2Y2 e/ou P2Y4 e P2Y6. As informações obtidas contribuem para o esclarecimento da sinalização entre neurônios e glia nos gânglios sensoriais da raiz dorsal. / Purinergic receptors are expressed and play role in the sinalization between neurons and glia. In dorsal root ganglia the soma of the sensory neurons is surrounded by a layer of satellite glial cells, whose function is unclear. There are evidences that ATP is released by neurons to act on receptors in satellite cells. So far, the nature of the purinergic receptors of satellite cells was not fully investigated. This study shows the presence of metabotropics purinergic receptors P2Y1, P2Y2 and/or P2Y4, e P2Y6 in satellite cells from dorsal root ganglia of newborn rats. The demonstration was carried on following the transient increases in intracellular calcium concentration induced by a purinergic agonist. As time goes by, in the presence of fetal bovine serum, there is a remarkable proliferation of glial cells, with predominant fusiform shapes. The fusiform cells also express P2Y1, P2Y2 and/or P2Y4, e P2Y6 receptors. These informations add on the understanding of the complex phenomena of neuron-glia interaction.
46

Efeitos da programação nutricional neonatal em células da glia hipotalâmica em ratos juvenis e adultos / Effects of neonatal nutritional programming on hypothalamic glial cells in juvenile and adult rats

Lucas Kniess Debarba 29 June 2017 (has links)
As alterações nutricionais no período neonatal são capazes de comprometer o controle hipotalâmico da ingestão alimentar e o metabolismo do indivíduo em fases posteriores do desenvolvimento. Avaliamos as alterações decorrentes do modelo de programação nutricional neonatal em células gliais hipotalâmicas, devido ao seu importante papel na homeostase energética. Os astrócitos possuem função metabólica ativa, e por sua vez, fornecem substrato energético aos neurônios por meio das conexinas 30 (CX30) e 43 (CX43). A CX30, por sua vez, exerce função, também, na manutenção morfológica astrocitária, contribuindo na inserção astrocitária na fenda sináptica, portanto interferindo na neurotransmissão. A TCPTP (T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase) proteína contra-reguladora da sinalização celular da leptina e a insulina participam nos mecanismos de resistência a esses hormônios e está presente em células da glia e possui ação moduladora na atividade de CX43. Sendo assim, a hipótese do presente trabalho é de que alterações em células da glia no hipotálamo participam nos efeitos da programação nutricional neonatal na modulação do balanço energético na vida juvenil e adulta. Para investigarmos essa hipótese, utilizamos o modelo de programação nutricional neonatal de alteração do tamanho da ninhada, sendo a quantidade de filhotes por lactante formada da seguinte maneira: 3 filhotes, ninhada pequena (SL), 10 filhotes, ninhada normal (NL) e de 16 filhotes, ninhada grande (LL). O peso corporal da ninhada foi verificado semanalmente até o desmame, realizado no 21º dia de vida (PN21). Após o desmame, o peso corporal foi verificado a cada cinco dias até o 60º dia de vida (PN60). A ingestão alimentar individual foi determinada entre o PN50 e PN60. Os animais SL apresentaram maior peso corporal (72,3 ± 2,08g) ao desmame, quando comparados aos grupos NL (57,2 ± 3,5g) e LL (36,3 ± 1,8g) e essa diferença entre os grupos foi mantida até o PN60. Observou-se, porém, que a ingestão alimentar dos animais adultos SL, não foi diferente do grupo NL. Todavia, os animais LL apresentaram um ganho de peso reduzido ao desmame, porém, esses animais alcançaram o ganho de peso corporal dos animais NL (NL: 165 ± 3,97g; LL: 145,4 ± 4,5g), a partir do PN35, fenômeno esse associado ao comportamento hiperfágico. No PN21, observou-se no grupo SL um aumento nas concentrações plasmáticas de leptina (6,4 ? 0,9ng/ml) e insulina (1,9 ? 0,15 ng/ml), quando comparado aos grupos NL (leptina: 3,8 ? 0,3ng/ml; insulina: 1,3 ? 0,2 ng/ml) e LL (leptina: 1,2 ? 0,1ng/ml; 9 insulina: 1,0 ? 0,1ng/ml). No PN60, ambos os grupos SL (leptina: 5,2 ? 1,15ng/ml; insulina: 2,5 ? 0,4ng/ml) e LL (leptina: 4,3 ? 0,5ng/ml; insulina: 3,4 ? 0,5ng/ml) apresentaram aumento nas concentrações plasmáticas de leptina e insulina, comparados ao grupo NL (leptina: 1,8 ? 0,4ng/ml; insulina: 1,2 ? 0,1ng/ml). Quando avaliada a expressão do RNAm de Ptpn2, gene que codifica TCPTP, e a expressão dessa proteína no núcleo arqueado (ARC), observamos um aumento no PN21 no grupo SL e em ambos os grupos no PN60, quando comparados ao grupo NL. O grupo SL apresentou aumento na imunorreatividade para GFAP no PN21 e ambos os grupos apresentaram essa mesma resposta no PN60. O mesmo resultado foi observado na imunorreatividade para a molécula adaptadora ligante de cálcio inonizado-1 (IBA-1) no PN21 e PN60 nos grupos SL e LL. Houve colocalização da TCPTP com GFAP, porém não com IBA-1. A TCPTP possui ação demonstrada na modulação de CX43, ao investigá-la observou-se no PN21, um aumento na expressão do RNAm de Gja1, gene que codifica CX43, assim como na imunorreatividade para CX43 apenas no grupo SL. No PN21 e PN60 observou-se redução da expressão do RNAm de Gja6, gene que codifica CX30, em ambos os grupos SL e LL. Observou-se redução na imunorreatividade de CX30 em ambos os grupos, SL e LL no PN60. No PN21, a expressão do RNAm de Il1b aumentou no ARC em ambos os grupos SL e LL. No entanto, no PN60, apenas o grupo LL apresentou um aumento da expressão do RNAm de Il1b. Adicionalmente, no PN60 ambos os grupos SL e LL apresentaram um aumento na expressão do RNAm de Tnfa no ARC. Na análise morfológica das células da glia, no PN21, observou-se no grupo SL um aumento na imunorreatividade do soma da microglia e do astrócito, assim como, nos processos de extensão de ambas as células. No PN60 ambos os grupos apresentaram um aumento na imunorreatividade do soma e dos processos de extensão astrocitários, no entanto, apenas o grupo SL apresentou um aumento na imunorreatividade do soma microglial. Para analisarmos o efeito da leptina na morfologia dos astrócitos e a participação da TCPTP nesse processo, realizamos a cultura primária de astrócitos hipotalâmicos de ratos neonatos que foram estimulados com leptina [1000ng/ml], [5000ng/ml] e LPS [500ng/ml]. O LPS foi utilizado como controle positivo do protocolo. Observamos que os estímulos com leptina e LPS, aumentaram a expressão do RNAm de Ptpn2, a imunorreatividade para TCPTP e a área astrocitária. O tratamento com LPS foi capaz de promover um aumento na expressão do RNAm de Gja1 e o inverso foi observado na expressão de Gja6. Todavia, tanto o tratamento com leptina e LPS promoveu aumento na imunorreatividade para CX43 e o inverso observou-se na imunorreatividade para CX30. Para avaliarmos a participação da TCPTP nos efeitos da leptina na morfologia dos astrócitos, realizamos o silenciamento de seu gene, utilizando o siRNA Ptpn2. O silenciamento de Ptpn2 foi capaz de reverter os efeitos da leptina tanto na expressão gênica, na imunorreatividade assim como na morfologia astrocitária. O silenciamento de Ptpn2 reverteu também as respostas de redução de CX30 e o aumento de CX43 promovidas pelo LPS pela leptina. De maneira inédita esses dados sugerem a importância da TCPTP na modulação das conexinas nos efeitos da leptina e LPS na morfologia astrocitária hipotalâmica. Observamos que apenas o tratamento com LPS foi capaz de promover um aumento na expressão do RNAm de Ptpn1, e o silenciamento de Ptpn2 intensificou esse aumento da expressão de Ptpn1, demonstrando de forma inédita 10 que a TCPTP exerce ação contra regulatória sobre a PTP1B. Como esperado o estímulo dos astrócitos com LPS aumentou a expressão do RNAm de Il6, Il1b e Tnfa. Interessantemente, o silenciamento de Ptpn2 intensificou esse aumento da expressão do RNAm de Il6, Il1b e Tnfa, demonstrando desse modo que a TCPTP possui ação contra regulatória na secreção dessas citocinas. O conjunto de dados demonstra que a alteração nutricional neonatal é capaz de promover alterações no balanço energético na vida juvenil e adulta. Estas alterações estão associadas a modificações morfológicas das células da glia e ao aumento de citocinas inflamatórias, caracterizando um estado reativo glial. Adicionalmente, demonstramos em cultura primária de astrócitos hipotalâmicos que a leptina altera a morfologia destas células e pela primeira vez demonstramos, também, que a TCPTP modula esses efeitos da leptina, por meio de suas ações na conexina CX30. A CX30 participa na modulação da morfologia dos astrócitos e sua redução está associada ao aumento na área e nos processos de extensão destas células. Em conclusão, o presente estudo demonstra que alterações na disponibilidade nutricional na vida neonatal acarretam alterações no comportamento alimentar e no peso corporal na vida juvenil e adulta em ratos. Demonstramos, também, que tais alterações nutricionais neonatais estão associadas a alterações em células da glia. A leptina induz alterações morfológicas em astrócitos, sendo este efeito mediado pela TCPTP e sua regulação sobre a expressão da proteína CX30. O conjunto dos dados indica a importância das células não neuronais no controle central da homeostase energética em modelo de programação nutricional neonatal. / Nutritional changes in the neonatal period can affect the hypothalamic control of food intake and metabolism in later life. We evaluated the influence of the neonatal nutritional programming on hypothalamic glial cells, known to play an important role in the energy homeostasis. Astrocytes have active metabolic function and provide energy substrate for the neurons through connexin 43 (CX43). CX30 is important in the maintenance of astrocyte morphology, contributing to the insertion of its process into the synaptic cleft. The TCPTP (T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase) is a counterregulator of cellular signaling of leptin and insulin, contributing to the molecular mechanisms of resistance to these hormones and it is expressed in glial and modulates CX43 activity. We hypothesized that alterations in the hypothalamic glial cells participate in the long-lasting effects on energy balance induced by neonatal nutritional programming. For this purpose, we used the model of neonatal nutritional programming induced by changing the litter size, according to the number of offspring per dam: 3 offsprings, small litter (SL), 10 offsprings, normal litter (NL) and 16 offsprings, large litter (LL). The body weight of the litter was determined weekly until weaning on the 21st day of life (PN21). After weaning, body weight was determined every five days until the 60th day of life (PN60). Individual dietary intake was determined between PN50 and PN60. The SL animals presented higher body weight (72.3 ± 2.08g) at weaning, when compared with the NL (57.19 ± 3.49g) and LL (36.27 ± 1.79g) groups and the difference between these groups were maintained until the PN60. However, the food intake of adult SL animals was not different from the NL group. On the other hand, LL animals presented a reduced weight gain at weaning but they had a catch up of reaching the vody weight of NL animals (NL: 165 ± 3.97g; LL: 145.42 ± 4.55g) from PN35 on, and this response was associated with higher food inatke. At PN21, there was an increase in plasma leptin (6.41 ± 0.90 ng/ml) and insulin (1.97 ± 0.11ng/ml) concentrations in the SL group, when compared with the NL group (leptin: 3.79 ± 0,35ng/ml; insulin: 1.32 ± 0.21ng/ml) and LL (leptin: 1.23 ± 0.10ng/ml; insulin: 0.99 ± 0.10 ng/ml). At PN60, both SL (leptin: 5,26 ± 1.15ng/ml, insulin: 2,53 ± 0,36ng/ml) and LL (leptin: 4.30 ± 0.51ng/ml, insulin: 3.39 ± 0.47ng/ml) groups presented increased plasma leptin and insulin concentrations compared with the group NL (leptin: 1.79 ± 0.41ng/ml; insulin: 1.19 ± 0.09ng/ml). The mRNA expression of Ptpn2 mRNA, gene encoding TCPTP, and its protein in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) was increase at PN21 in the SL group and in both groups at PN60, compared with the NL group. The SL group showed an increased immunoreactivity for GFAP at PN21 and 12 both groups showed this increased response at PN60. Similar response was observed for ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA-1) immunoreactivity at PN21 and PN60. There was an overlap of TCPTP with GFAP immunoreactivity, but not with IBA-1. At PN21 there was an increase in the mRNA expression of Gja1, gene coding for CX43, as well as in the immunoreactivity of CX43 in the SL group only. At PN21 and PN60, mRNA expression of the Gja6, gene encoding for CX30, was reduced in both SL and LL groups. However, at PN60 it was reduction of CX30 immunoreactivity in both groups, SL and LL. At PN21, Il1b mRNA expression was increased in the ARC in both SL and LL groups. However, at PN60, only the LL group showed an increased Il1b mRNA expression. Additionally, at PN60 both SL and LL groups showed an increase in the Tnfa mRNA expression in the ARC. In the morphological analysis of glia cells, at PN21, there was an increase in the immunoreactivity of the microglia and astrocyte in the SL group, as well as in the extension processes of both cells. At PN60, both groups showed an increase in the soma immunoreactivity and astrocytic processe extension, however, only the SL group showed an increase in the immunoreactivity of the microglial soma. To analyze the effect of leptin on astrocyte morphology and the participation of TCPTP in this process, we performed the primary culture of hypothalamic astrocytes from neonatal rats that were stimulated with leptin [1000ng/ml], [5000ng/ml] and LPS [500ng /ml]. The LPS was used as a positive control of the protocol. We observed that the leptin and LPS stimuli increased the Ptpn2 mRNA expression, the TCPTP immunoreactivity and the astrocyte area. The LPS treatment increased the Gja1 mRNA expression and the opposite was observed in the Gja6 expression. On the other hand, both treatment with leptin and LPS increased the immunoreactivity for CX43 and the opposite was observed for the CX30 immunoreactivity. In order to evaluate the participation of TCPTP in the effects of leptin on the astrocyte morphology, we performed the silencing of its gene using the siRNA Ptpn2. The silencing of Ptpn2 was able to reverse the effects of leptin and LPS on gene expression, immunoreactivity as well as astrocyte morphology. The silencing of Ptpn2 was able to revert the reduction of CX30 and the increase of CX43 immunoreactivity and the its gene expression promoted by LPS leptin. These data are the first to show the importance of TCPTP in the modulation of connexins on the leptin and LPS effects on the morphology of hypothalamic astrocytes. Additionally, only LPS treatment was able to promote an increase in the Ptpn1 mRNA expression and Ptpn2 silencing enhanced this increase in Ptpn1 mRNA expression.These data demonstrate an unprecedented way that Ptpn2 exerts regulatory action against Ptpn1. As expected, the stimulation with LPS increased the mRNA expression of the Il6, Il1b and Tnfa. The silencing of Ptpn2 amplified this effect of LPS on cytokine gene expression, demonstrating that TCPTP has a counterregulatory action on the secretion of IL6, IL1? and Tnf?. Taken together these data demonstrate that the neonatal nutritional changes are able to promote alterations in the energy balance in the juvenile and adult life. These effects are associated with morphological changes in glial cells and increase of inflammatory cytokines, characterizing a glial reactive state. Additionally, using primary cell culture, we demonstrated that leptin alters the morphology of hypothalamic astrocytes. We also demonstrate for the first time that TCPTP modulates these effects of 13 leptin, through its actions regulating the expression of CX30. The data shown indicate the importance of non-neuronal cells in the central control of energy homeostasis in a model of neonatal nutritional programming.
47

Up-regulation of antioxidants in the glia protects Drosophila from oxidative stress

Iftekharuddin, Nadia 06 1900 (has links)
In Drosophila melanogaster oxidative stress (OS) decreases lifespan and motor function (Coulom & Birman, 2004; Hosamani, 2013) through degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons (Brooks et al., 1999). The mitogen-activated protein kinases, P38, c-JUN-NH2 terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular-signal related kinase (ERK) are activated in response to OS (Apel & Hirt, 2004). My thesis investigated the protective role of up-regulation of the antioxidants superoxide dismutase (Sod) and catalase (Cat) in the glia of Drosophila against oxidative stress induced by paraquat (PQ). Exposure to PQ killed ~20-80% of flies and impacted motor functions as measured in a negative geotaxis assay. Pan-glial expression of Sod2 using Repo-GAL4 did not reduce the lethality caused by PQ exposure. These flies displayed a marked reduction in locomotion even when not exposed to PQ. However, their motor functions were not affected by PQ exposure. Pan-glial expression of Cat was not sufficient to prevent the negative effects of PQ exposure (viability and locomotion). Pan-neuronal expression of Sod2 using Elav-GAL4 protected the locomotive ability but not the lethality caused by PQ exposure. Pan-neuronal up-regulation of Cat protected against both the lethality and motor defects caused by PQ exposure. Over-expression of Sod2 and Cat in all sub-perineurial glial (SPG) cells using NP2276-GAL4 protected the motor function from exposure to PQ. Up-regulation of Sod1 and Sod2 in the SPG cells that form the blood brain barrier (BBB) using Spg Moody-GAL4 protected the motor function but not the lethality caused by PQ exposure. Over-expression of Sod2 in the SPG cells that form the BBB protected DA neurons from the deleterious effects of PQ exposure. A cluster of DA neurons, the paired posterior lateral 1 (PPL1), was identified as important for motor function. In both the parental lines and in flies in which Sod2 was up-regulated at the SPG cells, phospho-JNK and phospho-ERK were detected after 1h, 6h and 24h of PQ exposure by Western blot. Phospho-P38 levels were markedly reduced after 24h exposure to PQ in the parental controls. During all time points of PQ exposure, phosphorylated form of P38 was detected when Sod2 was up-regulated at the BBB. In conclusion, up-regulation of Sod2 in the SPG cells forming the BBB protects DA neurons from PQ exposure, maintains the phosphorylation status of P38, which may ultimately translate into protection of the motor function. It is possible that increased Sod2 expression at the BBB sustains phospho-P38 levels which may play a role in increasing the tolerance of the flies to oxidative stress induced by PQ. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)
48

Control of Drosophila Eye Specification, Patterning and Function by the Transcription Factors prospero and Pax2

Charlton-Perkins, Mark 13 October 2014 (has links)
No description available.
49

Wirkung von Osteopontin auf die osmotische Volumenregulation von Müller- und Bipolarzellen der Rattennetzhaut

Wahl, Vincent 29 February 2016 (has links) (PDF)
Die Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Anschwellen von Neuronen und Gliazellen der Netzhaut, was einen wichtigen pathogenetischen Faktor des Netzhautödems darstellt. Osteopontin ist ein neuroprotektiver Faktor, der durch GDNF-Stimulation (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor) aus Müllerzellen ausgeschüttet wird. Die durch Osteopontin vermittelte Inhibition der osmotischen Zellschwellung von Müllerzellen der Ratte in Anwesenheit von Bariumionen oder H2O2 wird beschrieben und es wird dargestellt, dass Osteopontin keinen Einfluss auf die osmotische Zellschwellung der Bipolarzellen hat. Der für Müllerzellen beschriebene Effekt war dosisabhängig mit einer mittleren effektiven Konzentration von ca. 0,6 ng/ml. Durch den Einsatz pharmakologischer Rezeptor- oder Enzymblocker bzw. Antikörper werden die Schritte der Osteopontinwirkung identifiziert. Osteopontin induziert die Freisetzung von VEGF, Glutamat, ATP und Adenosin aus Müllerzellen. Die Osteopontinwirkung wurde verhindert durch die Blockade von spannungsabhängigen Natriumkanälen, T-Typ Calciumkanälen, Kalium- und Chloridkanälen. Der Effekt ist außerdem abhängig von einem intrazellulären Calciumsignal, der Aktivierung der Phospholipase C und der Proteinkinase C und der vesikulären Exozytose von Glutamat. Die Arbeit kommt zu dem Schluss, dass der neuroprotektive Effekt von Osteopontin teilweise durch das Verhindern eines Anschwellens der Müllerzellen und durch die Induktion einer Freisetzung von VEGF und Adenosin vermittelt wird.
50

Translational research of the quaking gene : Focusing on the conjunction between development and disease

Farnsworth, Bryn January 2016 (has links)
Quaking (QKI) is an RNA binding protein involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Originally identified as the cause of hypomyelination in a mouse mutant, it has since been consistently implicated in a wide range of neurological diseases. As a gene exclusively expressed in glial cells of the central nervous system, such associations emphasise the importance of an indirect, or non-neuronal link to aberrant neural function. A role in early neural development has also been suggested from the viable and embryonic lethal mouse mutants, yet detailed and in vivo study has been precluded thus far by the murine uterine gestation, and mutant lethality prior to oligodendrogenesis. This thesis examines the role of QKI in human neurological disease, and explores the use of the zebrafish as a model organism to allow the unimpeded study of neural development. We first examined the expression of QKI in human post-mortem brain samples, in separate studies of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and schizophrenia. In AD we found that QKI and the splice variants QKI5, QKI6, and QKI7 were all significantly upregulated, and were additionally implicated in the regulation of genes related to AD pathogenesis. Within schizophrenic samples, we explored the expression of QKI6B, a newly identified splice variant of QKI, alongside GFAP. We found that both were significantly upregulated, and a previously implicated regulation of GFAP by QKI was supported. In order to advance investigations of the potential of QKI to disturb neural development, we established the suitability of zebrafish for studying qki. This was achieved through phylogenetic and syntenic analysis, coupled with examination of the qki genes expression patterns. We found that qkib and qki2 are orthologues of human QKI, and both have distinct, yet overlapping expression patterns in neural progenitors, and are not found in differentiated neurons. Following from this, we explored the effects of knockdown to qkib and qki2, finding that qkib exclusively led to aberrant motor neuron development, cerebellar abnormalities, and alterations to the progenitor domain. This clearly demonstrated the crucial role of qki in early neural development, and confirms a previously speculated, yet occluded, function prior to oligodendrogenesis.

Page generated in 0.0166 seconds