Derzeit gibt es eine intensive Debatte über die Notwendigkeit, Variationen der relativen biologischen Wirksamkeit (RBE) in der Protonentherapie zu berücksichtigen. Hier wurde die Variabilität der RBE für späte strahleninduzierte Hirnverletzungen (RIBI) untersucht, die nach einer Protonentherapie von Gliom-Hirntumorpatienten diagnostiziert wurden. Eine Gliomkohorte wurde definiert und auf späte RIBI untersucht, die in der Patienten-Nachsorge beobachtet wurden. Die RIBI Läsionen wurden mit linearen Energietransfer- und variablen RBE-Verteilungen korreliert, die unter Verwendung eines etablierten Monte-Carlo Frameworks berechnet wurden. Ein klinisches RBE Modell wurde erstellt und zur Evaluierung neuartiger Behandlungsstrategien angewendet. Die periventrikuläre Region wurde als anatomischer Risikofaktor für RIBI identifiziert und als neues Risikoorgan in die Protonenbehandlungsplanung an der Universitäts Protonen Therapie Dresden aufgenommen. Die Arbeit demonstriert die klinische Relevanz und präsentiert erste translatorische Schritte hin zur biologisch optimierten Protonentherapie unter Verwendung einer variablen RBE. / Currently, there is an intense debate on the need to consider variations in relative biological effectiveness (RBE) in proton therapy. Here, the variability of RBE was investigated for late radiation-induced brain injuries (RIBI) observed after proton therapy in glioma brain tumor patients. A glioma cohort was defined and evaluated for late RIBI observed in patient follow-up. Injury lesions were correlated to linear energy transfer and variable RBE distributions simulated using an established Monte-Carlo framework. A clinical RBE model was established and applied in treatment response assessment of novel treatment strategies. The periventricular region was identified as an anatomical risk factor for RIBI and incorporated as a new organ at risk in proton treatment planning at University Proton Therapy Dresden. The thesis demonstrates the clinical relevance and presents first translational steps towards biologically optimized proton therapy using a variable RBE.

Glioma therapy relies on induction of cytotoxicity; however, the current combination of surgery, irradiation (IR) and temozolomide (TMZ) treatment does not result in a long-term cure. Our lab previously demonstrated that a small population of glioma cells enters a transient cell cycle arrest in response to chemotherapy. Treatment with TMZ significantly decreases initial neurosphere formation; however, after a short recovery period, a small number of cells resume neurosphere formation and repopulate the culture. This recovery of neurosphere growth recapitulates the inevitable glioma recurrence in the clinic. The focus of our laboratory is to study direct-target therapies that can be combined with TMZ to inhibit neurosphere recovery. The Notch pathway is a promising target because it is involved in cell growth and survival. Here, we demonstrate that blocking the Notch pathway using gamma-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) enhances TMZ treatment. The combination of TMZ and GSI treatments targets the cells capable of recovery. TMZ + GSI treated cells do not recover and are no longer capable of self-renewal. Interestingly, recovery is inhibited when the GSI is administered 24 hrs after TMZ treatment, demonstrating a sequence-dependent mechanism. TMZ + GSI treatment also decreases tumorigenicity. When glioma cell lines were treated in vitro and implanted in NU/NU nude mice, TMZ + GSI treatment extended latency and greatly increased survival. In addition, in vivo TMZ + GSI treatment completely blocked tumor progression and resulted in the loss of a palpable tumor in 50% of mice, while none of the TMZ-only treated mice survived. TMZ + GSI treated cultures and xenografts display a senescent phenotype. Cultures treated with TMZ + GSI have decreased proliferation, but no increase in cell death. We observed an increase in the number of cells expressing senescence-associated β-galactosidase in vitro and in vivo. This demonstrates that inhibition of the Notch pathway shifts TMZ-treated cells from a transient cell cycle arrest into a permanent senescent state. Senescent cells can stimulate the innate immune system. Here we demonstrate that TMZ + GSI treatment increases phagocytosis in vitro. New therapy combinations, such as TMZ + GSI, are arising in the field of therapy-induced senescence (TIS). Overall, this data demonstrates the importance of the Notch pathway in chemoprotection and maintenance of TMZ-treated gliomas. The addition of GSIs to current treatments is a promising target-directed therapy to decrease the rate of brain tumor recurrence by inducing senescence and tumor clearance.

No description available.

No description available.

<p>Mass spectrometry (MS) can provide rapid, sensitive, and specific analysis, making it a valuable tool to characterize biomolecules, especially their dynamic changes when involved in significant processes.  Compared to other analytical techniques, which mostly focus on solution-phase or solid-phase characterization, MS enjoys a more general and efficient detection of gas-phase analytes since it ultimately measures abundances of bare ions in vacuum. This unique detection capability of MS has been demonstrated, in this dissertation, by characterizing the neutral serine octamer, a gas-phase amino acid cluster that has been detected by MS only so far. Besides its existence, the progress of chiral enrichment has also been monitored and quantified by MS during octamer formation. The acquired MS data is crucial to interpreting the mechanism of chiral enrichment achieved by serine octamer and might suggest its involvement in the prebiotic world to eventually achieve biohomochirality. The work also showcases the capability of detecting neutral compounds by MS, which breaks the stereotype that MS is exclusively an ion-based technique. </p> <p><br></p> <p>Besides process monitoring in the open air, MS also monitors the highly complicated metabolism processes inside biosamples, primarily benefiting from its excellent sensitivity, specificity, and throughput of ion detection. Since altered cellular metabolism is being recognized as a hallmark of cancer, MS is suitable for cancer diagnostics, whose performance of diagnosing glioma, a common brain cancer, has been tested.  Desorption electrospray ionization(DESI) has been used as it avoids sample preparation and allows direct characterization of raw tissue, therefore well suited for on-site analysis such as in the operating room. In short, we have applied intraoperative DESI-MS analysis on raw brain biopsies to provide glioma diagnostics within 5 min. Specifically, the molecular features revealed by MS are translated into pathological information of analyzed tissue, like genetic mutations and tumor concentrations, which is highly desired during surgeries to guide tumor resection and improve patient management. </p> <p><br></p> <p>Knowledge of diagnostic biomarkers is essential to the translation from MS data to pathology, which can be obtained by metabolic profiling using MS. Despite the tradeoff between comprehensive characterization and analysis time, we have extensively explored endogenous metabolites by using tandem MS and expedited analysis by avoiding the use of chromatography. After fast profiling, statistical analysis of all MS features has been applied to discover diagnostic markers to distinguish healthy brain tissue from cancerous tissue. DESI-MS methods have been developed to facilitate a simple and rapid characterization of these biomarkers in tissue for a smooth clinical transition. </p> <p><br></p> <p>However, the complete characterization of endogenous metabolites in a complicated biomixture, like tissue, is challenging, especially without the orthogonal separation provided by chromatography. This unmet demand calls for the development of novel MS scans to improve the metabolite coverage. For lipidomics by direct infusion MS, the MS scans used for lipid profiling have not been greatly expanded since its introduction. These conventionalMS scans only target one structural moiety of lipids and leave the rest unresolved, which limits the structure elucidation and biological interpretation of diagnostic lipids. We have introduced additional lipid scans that target both the lipid headgroup and one fatty acyl chain, leaving the other fatty acyl chain flexible. These scans with higher specificity can further alleviate the matrix effect by uncovering fewer ions in each scan and provide more structural information to support lipid identification. As a proof-of-concept, we have used them to profile both common phospholipids and the rarer ether lipids that display significant variations between healthy mice tissue and those with metabolic syndrome. The additional structural information provided by these scans ensures a clear message expressed by the disease metabolism and potentially indicates invention points and therapeutic candidates.</p>

<p>Microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) is an experimental radiotherapy concept that has been primarily developed for the treatment of malignant brain tumours. MRT uses high flux synchrotron x-rays delivered as an array of parallel microbeams in high doses of irradiation in fractions of seconds. The aims of this study were to 1) investigate the induction of bystander effects after normal and tumour-bearing rat brains were exposed to MRT and homogenous radiation; 2) validate a brain bystander proteome by detecting protein expression throughout immunohistochemistry: and 3) to investigate whether communication of bystander signals can be produced between animals.</p> <p>Healthy and tumour-bearing Wistar rats were exposed to 17.5, 35, 70 or 350 Gy of MRT or homogenous field of synchrotron radiation to the right brain hemisphere. To study the communication of bystander effects between animals, irradiated rats shared the same cage with non-irradiated rats over a period of 48 hours. After euthanasia of the animals, brains and bladders were dissected, and samples for immunohistochemistry and bystander clonogenic assays were set up.</p> <p>Clonogenic survival of the reporter HPVG cells showed that bystander effects occurred in both the non-irradiated hemisphere and bladder of normal and tumour-bearing rats, while the irradiated hemisphere showed the direct effects of radiation. Moreover, communication of bystander signals was confirmed in the non-irradiated rats.</p> <p>In conclusion, the results suggest that the MRT and homogenous radiation of unilateral normal and tumour-bearing rat brains produce bystander signals that affect the whole organism and that those signals also can be transmitted to non-irradiated animals.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and deadliest of the malignant primary brain tumors in humans, with a reported 5-year survival rate of only 6.8% despite years of extensive research. Failure to improve local tumor control rates and overall patient outcome is attributed to GBM's inherent therapeutic resistance. Marked heterogeneity, extensive local invasion within the brain parenchyma, and profound immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment (TME) are some of the unique features that drive GBM therapeutic resistance. Furthermore, tumor cells are sequestered behind the blood-brain barrier (BBB), limiting delivery of effective therapeutics and immune cell infiltration into the local tumor. Electroporation-based therapies, such as irreversible electroporation (IRE) and second generation, high-frequency IRE (H-FIRE) represent attractive alternative approaches to standard GBM therapy given their ability to induce transient BBB disruption (BBBD), achieve non-thermal tumor cell ablation and stimulate local and systemic anti-tumor immune responses without significant morbidity. The following work explores the use of H-FIRE to overcome GBM-induced therapeutic resistance and improve treatment success. Chapter 1 opens with an overview of GBM and known barriers to treatment success. Here, we emphasize the utility of spontaneous canine gliomas as an ideal translational model for investigations into novel treatment approaches. Chapter 2 introduces novel ablation methods (i.e. IRE/H-FIRE) capable of targeting treatment-resistant cancer stem cells. The focus of Chapter 3 is to highlight IRE applications in a variety of spontaneous tumor types. In Chapter 4, we investigate the feasibility and local immunologic response of percutaneous H-FIRE for treatment of primary liver tumors using a spontaneous canine hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model. In chapter 5, we characterize the mechanisms of H-FIRE-mediated BBBD in an in vivo healthy rodent model. In Chapter 6, we characterize the local and systemic immune responses to intracranial H-FIRE in rodent and canine glioma models to enhance the translational value of our work. Collectively, our work demonstrates the potential for H-FIRE to overcome therapeutic resistance in GBM, thereby supporting its use as a novel, alternative treatment approach to standard therapy. / Doctor of Philosophy / Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and deadliest form of primary brain cancer in humans, with only 6.8% of people surviving 5-years after their diagnosis. GBM is characterized by a number of unique features that make it resistant to standard treatments, such as surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Examples include: (1) extensive invasion of tumor cells into the brain, making complete removal via surgery very difficult; (2) tumor cells are protected by a structure called the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which restricts the entry of most drugs (i.e. chemotherapy) and many immune cells, into the brain, thereby preventing them from reaching tumor cells; (3) tumor cells produce substances that block the immune system from being able to detect the tumor itself, which allows it to continue to grow undetected. High-frequency irreversible electroporation (H-FIRE) represents a new approach for the treatment of GBM. H-FIRE uses electric pulses to temporarily or permanently injure cell membranes without the use of heat, which allows for very precise treatment. The following work explores the ways in which H-FIRE can interfere with specific GBM features that drive its resistance to treatment. Here, we demonstrate that H-FIRE is capable of temporarily disrupting the BBB and characterize the mechanisms by which this occurs. This allows for drugs and immune cells within the blood to enter the brain and access the tumor cells, particularly those extending beyond the visible tumor mass and invading the brain. We also illustrate the potential for H-FIRE treatment within the brain to stimulate local and systemic immune responses by causing the release of proteins from injured cells. Similar to a vaccine, these proteins are recognized by the immune system, which becomes primed to help fight off cancer cells within the body. The end result is an anti-tumor immune response. Collectively, this work supports the use of H-FIRE as an alternative treatment approach to standard therapy for GBM given its potential to overcome certain causes of treatment resistance.

O desenvolvimento e invasão de tumores cerebrais primários são diretamente influenciados pela matriz extracelular. Considerando que lisil oxidase (LOX) e os demais membros da família das lisil oxidases (LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3 e LOXL4) apresentam complexidade tanto estrutural quanto funcional e estão envolvidos em processos biológicos vitais, como motilidade celular, sinalização celular e regulação gênica, a desregulação da expressão destas proteínas pode levar à gênese e progressão tumoral. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar os níveis de expressão dos genes que codificam todos os membros da família das lisil oxidases em astrocitomas de diferentes graus de malignidade e correlacionar com a expressão de BMP1 e HIF1A, mutação de IDH1 e tempo de sobrevida total dos pacientes. Adicionalmente, as expressões das proteínas codificadas por estes genes foram também realizadas, além de um estudo funcional in vitro do papel de LOX em astrocitomas. A análise da expressão dos genes foi realizada por PCR quantitativa em tempo real numa série de 153 astrocitomas e 22 amostras de tecido cerebral não neoplásico. A expressão proteica foi conduzida por imuno-histoquímica em amostras de astrocitomas. O silenciamento da expressão de LOX foi realizado em linhagens celulares de glioblastoma humano U87MG e A172 transfectadas com o siRNA para os ensaios funcionais. A expressão de todos os genes (LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3, LOXL4, BMP1 e HIF1A) aumentou com o grau de malignidade dos astrocitomas, com maiores níveis nos casos de glioblastoma. Foi encontrada uma correlação positiva nos valores de expressão dos genes principalmente nos glioblastomas. Somente a expressão de LOXL3 teve um impacto na sobrevida dos casos com GBM. Pacientes com maior expressão apresentaram maior sobrevida em relação aos com menor expressão de LOXL3. Os casos de astrocitoma grau II com mutação de IDH1 apresentaram menor expressão de LOXL1 e de LOXL4 quando comparados com os casos sem mutação. Os casos de GBM com mutação de IDH1, por sua vez, apresentaram menores níveis de expressão de LOX e de LOXL1 do que os casos sem IDH1 mutado. Os níveis de expressão das proteínas da família das lisil oxidases também estavam maiores nas amostras de glioblastoma, com localização nuclear e citoplamastica das células, além de marcação do endotélio. Interessantemente, um caso de glioblastoma com mutação de IDH1 apresentou menor expressão de LOX, inclusive nas células endoteliais. Nas análises funcionais, o silenciamento de LOX por siRNA e o tratamento com o inibidor BAPN das linhagens celulares U87MG e A172 afetaram a capacidade de migração. Além sito, a menor expressão de LOX afetou a capacidade de invasão e crescimento independente de ancoragem das células. Em conjunto, esses resultados corroboram o papel de LOX em processo importantes da tumorigênese dos astrocitomas. Adicionalmente, a expressão de LOX é influenciada pelo status de mutação de IDH1. Portanto, este trabalho fornece novas informações para as possíveis intervenções terapêuticas para o tratamento dos pacientes com astrocitomas / The development and invasion of primary brain tumors are directly influenced by the extracellular matrix. Considering that lysyl oxidase (LOX) and other lysyl oxidase family members (LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3 e LOXL4) have both structural and functional complexity and that they are involved in vital biological processes such as cell motility, cell signaling and gene regulation, a deregulation of these proteins can lead to the genesis and tumor progression. This study aimed to evaluate the expression levels of genes that code for the lysyl oxidase family members in astrocytomas of different malignant grades and to correlate to the expression of BMP1 and HIF1A, IDH1 mutation and overall patients\' survival. Moreover, protein expression coded by these genes was also analyzed, besides an in vitro functional study of LOX role in astrocytomas. Gene expression analysis was performed by quantitative real-time PCR in a series of 153 astrocytomas and 22 samples of non-neoplastic brain. Protein expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in astrocytoma samples. LOX knockdown was performed in cells of human glioblastoma U87MG and A172 transfected with siRNA. Expression levels of all genes (LOX, LOXL1, LOXL2, LOXL3, LOXL4, BMP1 e HIF1A) increased with the malignant grade of astrocytomas, glioblastomas presenting the higher levels. Positive correlations of gene expression values were observed specially in glioblastomas. Only LOXL3 expression impacted in the overall survival of glioblastoma cases. Patients with higher expression presented longer survival time than those with lower LOXL3 expression. Astrocytoma grade II cases with IDH1 mutation presented lower LOXL1 and LOXL4 expression when compared to those cases with wild type IDH1. On the other hand, GBM cases with IDH1-mutated presented lower LOX and LOXL1 expression than GBM cases without IDH1 mutation. Protein expression levels of lysyl oxidase family members were also higher in glioblastoma samples, with both nuclear and cytoplasmic localization, and also endothelium staining. Interestingly, a glioblastoma case with IDH1-mutated had lower LOX expression, including endothelial cells. For functional analysis, LOX knockdown by siRNA and treatment with inhibitor BAPN of U87MG and A172 cell lines affected migration behavior. Furthermore, lower LOX expression affected invasion capacity and anchorage independent growth. Altogether, these results corroborate LOX role in important processes of astrocytoma tumorigenesis. Additionally, LOX expression is influenced by IDH1 mutational status in glioblastomas. Therefore, our work provides new insights for possible therapeutic interventions for patients with astrocytomas

Ependimomas são tumores gliais raros. Podem ser encontrados em qualquer localização do sistema nervoso central e, apesar de histologia similar, parecem apresentar alterações genômicas distintas. As variáveis clínicas são intercorrelacionadas e, geralmente, incapazes de predizer o curso da doença. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a expressão aumentada de genes e proteínas em ependimomas e correlacionar com dados clínicos dos pacientes. Foram estudados casos de pacientes com ependimoma submetidos à ressecção cirúrgica no Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, no período entre 1996 e 2011 (33 amostras de tecido congelado para análise de expressão gênica por PCR quantitativo em tempo real e 149 amostras com tecido incluído em parafina, correspondentes a 121 casos devido a recidivas, para análise de proteína por imuno-histoquímica de tissue microarrays). As reações de imuno-histoquímica foram analisadas semiquantitativamente e graduadas com um índice de marcação calculado pelo produto da porcentagem de núcleos marcados pela intensidade de marcação. Oitenta e um casos eram adultos (média de 27,2 anos). Havia 60 casos intracranianos e 61 intramedulares, dos quais 10 eram mixopapilares, 92 grau II e 19 grau III. Ressecção completa foi possível em 62% dos casos e recidiva foi confirmada em 41,1%. Observou-se menor tempo para recidiva em crianças e tumores intracranianos, supratentoriais (p < 0,001 em ambos), histologia anaplásica e ressecções incompletas (p < 0,05 em ambos). Os seguintes genes foram selecionados em dados públicos de SAGE e literatura: ARMC3, CCND1, CHST5, DNALI1, FGFRL1, GNA13, IGF2, MSX1, NOTCH1 e RSPH3. ARMC3, RSHL3, CHST5 e DNALI1 apresentaram maiores níveis de expressão em ependimomas intramedulares (p < 0,05), e FGFRL1, NOTCH1 e CCND1 nos casos supratentoriais (p < 0,01). IGF2 apresentou maiores níveis de expressão em crianças e CHST5 em adultos (p < 0,05 em ambos). Foram observados maiores níveis de expressão de FGFRL1 (p < 0,05), CCND1 e IGF2 (p < 0,01 em ambos) em casos com histologia anaplásica. Nenhum dos genes analisados apresentou impacto no tempo livre de progressão ou na sobrevida. A expressão da proteína codificada por CCND1, ciclina D1, também foi avaliada por imuno-histoquímica, por ser uma proteína com expressão aumentada em diversos tipos de neoplasias e não ter ainda um valor prognóstico bem estabelecido em ependimomas. Houve correlação entre expressão de ciclina D1 a nível de mRNA e da proteína (p < 0,0001). As correlações entre ciclina D1 e histologia anaplásica e localização supratentorial foram confirmadas pela análise proteica (p < 0,0001 em ambos). Adicionalmente, foi também observada maior expressão de ciclina D1 em pacientes mais jovens (p < 0,01). A maior expressão de ciclina D1 em tumores com localização supratentorial foi independente do grau histológico e da idade do paciente. Recidiva foi mais frequente em casos com maiores níveis de expressão de ciclina D1 (p < 0,05), embora uma maior correlação com tempo livre de progressão foi observada apenas em casos com ressecção completa (p < 0,001). Os ependimomas apresentaram expressão gênica diferencial de acordo com idade, localização do tumor e grau histológico nesse estudo. A determinação dos níveis da expressão de ciclina D1 pode ser útil para guiar o seguimento e tratamento dos casos supratentoriais com ressecções completas / Ependymomas are rare glial cell-derived tumors. They can be found in any central nervous system localization and despite the histological similarity, they seem to display distinct genomic abnormalities. Clinical variables are intercorrelated and they are usually unable to predict the disease course. We aimed to analyze increased gene and protein expression in ependymomas and to correlate with patients\' clinical data. We studied patients with ependymoma submitted to surgical resections at Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo, from 1996 to 2011 (33 fresh-frozen samples for gene expression analysis by quantitative real-time PCR and 149 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples, relative to 121 patients due to relapses, for protein analysis by tissue microarray immunohistochemistry). Immunohistochemical reactions were analyzed semi-quantitatively and scored with a labeling index (LI) calculated as the product of the percentage of the positively stained nuclei by the intensity of staining. Eighty-one cases were adults (mean 27.2 years). There were 60 intracranial and 61 spinal cases, of which 10 tumors were myxopapillary, 92 were grade II and 19 were grade III. Gross total resection was achieved in 62% of cases and relapse was confirmed in 41.4% of cases. We observed a shorther time to relapse in children and supratentorial intracranial tumor localization (p<0.001 for both), anaplastic histology and incomplete resections (p<0.05 for both). The following genes were selected based on public SAGE database and literature: ARMC3, CCND1, CHST5, DNALI1, FGFRL1, GNA13, IGF2, MSX1, NOTCH1 and RSPH3. ARMC3, RSHL3, CHST5 and DNALI1 presented higher expression levels in intramedullary ependymomas (p < 0.05) and FGFRL1, NOTCH1 and CCND1 in supratentorial cases (p < 0.01). IGF2 presented higher expression levels in pediatric cases and CHST5 in adults cases (p < 0.05 in both). Higher expression levels of FGFRLI1 (p < 0.05), CCND1 and IGF2 (p < 0.01 for both) were observed in anaplastic histology cases. None of the genes impacted in progression free survival or overall survival of patients. The expression of protein codified by CCND1, cyclin D1, was also evaluated by immunohistochemistry, because its overexpression has been related with several types of neoplasias and its prognostic value has not yet been fully established in ependymomas. There was a correlation of cyclin D1 expression at mRNA and protein levels (p < 0.0001). Correlations between cyclin D1 and anaplastic histology and supratentorial localization were confirmed by protein analyses (p < 0.0001 for both parameters). Additionally, high expression of cyclin D1 was observed in younger patients (p < 0.01). The higher cyclin D1 expression in supratentorial tumor localization was independent of histological grade and age of patient. Relapse was more frequent in cases with higher cyclin D1 expression levels (p < 0.05) although correlation with progression free survival was just observed in gross total resection cases (p < 0.001). Ependymomas presented differential gene expression according to age, tumor localization and histological grade in our study. Determination of cyclin D1 expression levels may be useful to guide follow-up and treatment in supratentorial cases with gross total resection

Ependimomas são tumores gliais raros. Podem ser encontrados em qualquer localização do sistema nervoso central e, apesar de histologia similar, parecem apresentar alterações genômicas distintas. As variáveis clínicas são intercorrelacionadas e, geralmente, incapazes de predizer o curso da doença. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a expressão aumentada de genes e proteínas em ependimomas e correlacionar com dados clínicos dos pacientes. Foram estudados casos de pacientes com ependimoma submetidos à ressecção cirúrgica no Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, no período entre 1996 e 2011 (33 amostras de tecido congelado para análise de expressão gênica por PCR quantitativo em tempo real e 149 amostras com tecido incluído em parafina, correspondentes a 121 casos devido a recidivas, para análise de proteína por imuno-histoquímica de tissue microarrays). As reações de imuno-histoquímica foram analisadas semiquantitativamente e graduadas com um índice de marcação calculado pelo produto da porcentagem de núcleos marcados pela intensidade de marcação. Oitenta e um casos eram adultos (média de 27,2 anos). Havia 60 casos intracranianos e 61 intramedulares, dos quais 10 eram mixopapilares, 92 grau II e 19 grau III. Ressecção completa foi possível em 62% dos casos e recidiva foi confirmada em 41,1%. Observou-se menor tempo para recidiva em crianças e tumores intracranianos, supratentoriais (p < 0,001 em ambos), histologia anaplásica e ressecções incompletas (p < 0,05 em ambos). Os seguintes genes foram selecionados em dados públicos de SAGE e literatura: ARMC3, CCND1, CHST5, DNALI1, FGFRL1, GNA13, IGF2, MSX1, NOTCH1 e RSPH3. ARMC3, RSHL3, CHST5 e DNALI1 apresentaram maiores níveis de expressão em ependimomas intramedulares (p < 0,05), e FGFRL1, NOTCH1 e CCND1 nos casos supratentoriais (p < 0,01). IGF2 apresentou maiores níveis de expressão em crianças e CHST5 em adultos (p < 0,05 em ambos). Foram observados maiores níveis de expressão de FGFRL1 (p < 0,05), CCND1 e IGF2 (p < 0,01 em ambos) em casos com histologia anaplásica. Nenhum dos genes analisados apresentou impacto no tempo livre de progressão ou na sobrevida. A expressão da proteína codificada por CCND1, ciclina D1, também foi avaliada por imuno-histoquímica, por ser uma proteína com expressão aumentada em diversos tipos de neoplasias e não ter ainda um valor prognóstico bem estabelecido em ependimomas. Houve correlação entre expressão de ciclina D1 a nível de mRNA e da proteína (p < 0,0001). As correlações entre ciclina D1 e histologia anaplásica e localização supratentorial foram confirmadas pela análise proteica (p < 0,0001 em ambos). Adicionalmente, foi também observada maior expressão de ciclina D1 em pacientes mais jovens (p < 0,01). A maior expressão de ciclina D1 em tumores com localização supratentorial foi independente do grau histológico e da idade do paciente. Recidiva foi mais frequente em casos com maiores níveis de expressão de ciclina D1 (p < 0,05), embora uma maior correlação com tempo livre de progressão foi observada apenas em casos com ressecção completa (p < 0,001). Os ependimomas apresentaram expressão gênica diferencial de acordo com idade, localização do tumor e grau histológico nesse estudo. A determinação dos níveis da expressão de ciclina D1 pode ser útil para guiar o seguimento e tratamento dos casos supratentoriais com ressecções completas / Ependymomas are rare glial cell-derived tumors. They can be found in any central nervous system localization and despite the histological similarity, they seem to display distinct genomic abnormalities. Clinical variables are intercorrelated and they are usually unable to predict the disease course. We aimed to analyze increased gene and protein expression in ependymomas and to correlate with patients\' clinical data. We studied patients with ependymoma submitted to surgical resections at Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo, from 1996 to 2011 (33 fresh-frozen samples for gene expression analysis by quantitative real-time PCR and 149 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples, relative to 121 patients due to relapses, for protein analysis by tissue microarray immunohistochemistry). Immunohistochemical reactions were analyzed semi-quantitatively and scored with a labeling index (LI) calculated as the product of the percentage of the positively stained nuclei by the intensity of staining. Eighty-one cases were adults (mean 27.2 years). There were 60 intracranial and 61 spinal cases, of which 10 tumors were myxopapillary, 92 were grade II and 19 were grade III. Gross total resection was achieved in 62% of cases and relapse was confirmed in 41.4% of cases. We observed a shorther time to relapse in children and supratentorial intracranial tumor localization (p<0.001 for both), anaplastic histology and incomplete resections (p<0.05 for both). The following genes were selected based on public SAGE database and literature: ARMC3, CCND1, CHST5, DNALI1, FGFRL1, GNA13, IGF2, MSX1, NOTCH1 and RSPH3. ARMC3, RSHL3, CHST5 and DNALI1 presented higher expression levels in intramedullary ependymomas (p < 0.05) and FGFRL1, NOTCH1 and CCND1 in supratentorial cases (p < 0.01). IGF2 presented higher expression levels in pediatric cases and CHST5 in adults cases (p < 0.05 in both). Higher expression levels of FGFRLI1 (p < 0.05), CCND1 and IGF2 (p < 0.01 for both) were observed in anaplastic histology cases. None of the genes impacted in progression free survival or overall survival of patients. The expression of protein codified by CCND1, cyclin D1, was also evaluated by immunohistochemistry, because its overexpression has been related with several types of neoplasias and its prognostic value has not yet been fully established in ependymomas. There was a correlation of cyclin D1 expression at mRNA and protein levels (p < 0.0001). Correlations between cyclin D1 and anaplastic histology and supratentorial localization were confirmed by protein analyses (p < 0.0001 for both parameters). Additionally, high expression of cyclin D1 was observed in younger patients (p < 0.01). The higher cyclin D1 expression in supratentorial tumor localization was independent of histological grade and age of patient. Relapse was more frequent in cases with higher cyclin D1 expression levels (p < 0.05) although correlation with progression free survival was just observed in gross total resection cases (p < 0.001). Ependymomas presented differential gene expression according to age, tumor localization and histological grade in our study. Determination of cyclin D1 expression levels may be useful to guide follow-up and treatment in supratentorial cases with gross total resection