This thesis examines the effects of overconsumption of clothing in the Global North on African textile industries through increased donations to secondhand stores. I begin by explaining how the growth of the fast fashion industry has increased the purchase and production of clothing over the recent decades. As an industry built on trends that quickly go in and out of style, fast fashion has resulted in massive amounts of unworn clothing. Consumers either throw away or donate their clothing, each of which result in either environmental or economic challenges. I explore post-consumer clothing’s donation route. Most donated clothing goes to secondhand stores such as Goodwill and The Salvation Army. However, with increasing amounts of donations going to these stores, they’ve reached a point in which they can no longer sell as quickly as they receive. Leftovers are sent overseas as a philanthropic action, but are met with concern from economists. Foreign aid to developing countries has been a topic of debate, critiqued as a lazy way of providing a short-term benefit with possibly detrimental long-term results. Introducing post-consumer clothing into African clothing markets raises the concern that they will replace local textile industries. I look at existing literature and fieldwork on this issue in order to examine the effects on textile industries in several countries. While the effects vary in differing countries and there are several other variables involved, such as market and political conditions, collective research shows that used-clothing donations account for 40% of the decline in apparel and textile production in an average African country.

The aim of this research is to gain an in-depth understanding of involuntary immobility as it applies to American parents that aspire to migrate to Global North countries. It explores their reasons for desiring to emigrate, the obstacles rendering them involuntarily immobile, and examines how current research methods, models, and theories can be applied to these families. This qualitative study is based on six semi-structured interviews with American parents that have expressed aspirations to migrate but have not yet found a viable path to migration. It uses aspiration-ability/capability models to explore each family’s (im)mobility and the obstacles that render them immobile. The results of the research demonstrate the challenge of assessing (im)mobility at a single moment in time, and determine that the immobility of adult dependents can render an individual immobile.

Discontent of primary resource users (PRU) towards authorities, governing bodies and policy  regulations, here termed ‘rural resentment’, has been growing in the global North.  Resentment is a hidden emotion, which is not frequently voiced. However, the greater  prominence of neo-nationalist populism in various recent elections and referenda across  Europe and North America has offered a new platform for its expression. This creates an  opportunity to study and better understand rural resentment. The aim of the study is to  examine the ways in which feelings of resentment are expressed and communicated by PRU  in the global North in relation to access to and control over natural resources. Feelings of  resentment, such as distrust towards elites and anti-globalisation views, can undermine efforts  to establish sustainable management of natural environments. When these feelings are  ignored, they can lead to reduced willingness to cooperate and comply with governing  bodies. This study specifically examines the ways in which Fishing for Leave (FFL), an anti  European Union (EU) fisheries lobby-group, campaigned for Brexit and leaving the EU’s  Common Fisheries Policy. A discourse analysis is used to explore how fishers’ resentment is  expressed on social media by FFL. The findings describe the expressions of resentment by  fishers, namely a sense of injustice, inequality and a need to regain British sovereignty over  UK fishing grounds. The study also explores how associated feelings of resentment are  expressed in the form of blaming various actors and examines FFL’s alternative policy as a  pro-active measure to try and achieve their goal. Ultimately, the study provides a framework  and methodology for identifying rural resentment and demonstrates the value of observing  resentment in online discourse, to help better understand the views and feelings of PRU.

2 / 46AbstractTrend in governing has changed since the inception of the 21st century. New media technologies have forced governments to alter their attitudes on communication, transparency and the public sphere. While ideas of transparency and open government have spread in modern societies, there remains a burgeoning fear of losing control and privacy. The possibilities that new media present for misuse militate against creating more transparency.In this research, the transparency proposals of the Finnish government will be explored by studying the process of a new social media policy. The Ministry of Finance in Finland will serve as a case study.This paper raises and evaluates the following research question; what are the biggest obstacles hindering the process of open governance in Finland?The process of forming a policy report will be examined through a mix-method approach. Mixed method approach is applied in order to find out the greatest challenges on implementing the goals of open governance. The research will scrutinize the policy-making process, when a brand new social media policy paper of the Ministry of Finance is being launched. First, by conducting an interview (Attachment 1) with a program leader Ms. Katju Holkeri the progress and challenges of the Open Government Partnership Initiative will be examined. The study shows how the policy-making process starts from international level.Second, the attitudes of civil servants towards social media are being explored by sending out a questionnaire to civil servants of the Ministry of Finance (Attachment 2). Out of the 400 employees 114 took part in the questionnaire, so the received answers show comprehensively on what level the social media skills of the civil servants are. It will then be discussed if it has an effect on transparency. Finally a social media policy paper will be analysed to see if it outlines the ideologies of open governance.The study shows what kind of policy the Finnish authority has on the use of social media and open governance and whether individual civil servants are in support of this development. The Degree Project is thus going to be a policy research with a case study. It will describe the ideological perceptions on transparency on three levels: national, organizational and personal.The most significant findings of the study is that transparency is much more than advertising the activity of the officials, but the Finnish government does not have a clear strategy for it. In year 2015 the government is only about to launch the first social media plan for governmental use. True open governance would however offer insight into the decision-making processes and furnish opportunities for the public to participate. Despite recent criticism on transparency hype the research highlights the urge for open governance and an overall change in attitudes towards social media.

Terror attacks against diplomatic missions is a phenomenon that has occurred frequently in the last 50 years and can be seen as a threat to peace. The conflict transition from interstate to intrastate has created a larger share of non-government actors who do not have a rational reason to follow the agreement that has been made on the state level. This paper has aimed to study the phenomenon of terrorist attacks against diplomatic missions over a 50-year time and chart if the global north or south have been more exposed. The paper has also approached the question of the relationship between state´s participation in conflicts and their exposure to attacks against their diplomatic missions. The result finds that more attacks happen in the global south, but the attacks are aimed against missions sent by the global north. There also exists a relationship between participation in conflicts and exposure to terrorist attacks against diplomatic missions. However, this relation becomes clear for observations where a country has been highly active in conflicts, there is no larger difference between non-active countries and countries with only a few participations in conflict.

Uppsatsen är baserad på en fältstudie genomförd på en av världens största second hand-marknader, Kantamantomarknaden i Accra, Ghana. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur den globala exporten av second hand-kläder skapar konsekvenser för mottagande part, med avsikt att främja ett globalt perspektiv vid beslutsfattandet gällande producentansvar och hantering av textilavfall. Fältstudien utfördes under fyra veckor och resultatet bygger på intervjuer med personer som på olika sätt arbetar med de osäljbara kläderna som anländer till Kantamantomarknaden samt observationer av platser i Accra där de osäljbara kläderna återfinns. Genom att analysera empirin med hjälp av Actor Network Theory kunde de osäljbara kläderna på marknaden identifieras. Vidare kunde ett nätverk kartläggas för att synliggöra de relationer som skapats mellan olika aktörer i Accra till följd av second hand-exporten. Från nätverket urskiljdes tre olika teman av konsekvenser till följd av de identifierade relationerna. De teman som sågs kopplade till exporten var konsekvenser kopplade till infrastruktur, miljö- och sociala konsekvenser. Vidare analyserades dessa teman med postkolonial teori för att urskilja de postkoloniala strukturer som i resultatet visades återfinnas och upprätthållas genom den globala second hand-exporten. Genom uppsatsen tydliggörs komplexiteten i fenomenet, baserat på de koloniala strukturer som speglas i handeln och de tydligt negativa konsekvenserna som identifierades i Accra. Dessa kombineras med de positiva konsekvenser som involverar de personer som livnär sig eller gynnas av handeln, samt den rad identifierade initiativ som skedde i Accra för att på olika sätt skapa ett värde i de osäljbara kläderna. Vidare illustreras komplexiteten i det stora nätverk som vittnar om den stora mängd aktörer som påverkas av situationen, och alla relationer som skapas till följd av den globala second hand-exporten. Analysen av empirin motiverar användandet av begreppet avfallskolonialism i denna studie och belyser bristen på ett globalt inkluderande i cirkulära affärsplaner i Global North. / This paper is based on a field study which took place at one of the worlds largest second hand markets, The Kantamanto market in Accra, Ghana. The purpose of the study is to examine how the global export of second hand clothes contributes to consequences in the receiving countries, with the aim to encourage a global perspective within decision making concerning producer responsibility and management of textile waste. The field study was conducted over a period of four weeks and the result is based on empirical findings from interviews with persons who in different ways work with the unsellable clothes combined with observations of places in Accra where the unsellable clothes can be found. By analyzing the empirical findings with the help of Actor Network Theory, the unsellable clothes at the market could be identified. Furthermore, through the mapping of a network, the relationships created between different actors in Accra as a result of second hand exports was made visible. From the relationships within the network, three themes of consequences could be distinguished. The themes found were; consequences linked to infrastructure, environmental consequences and social consequences. These were then analyzed with the use of postcolonial theory to identify the postcolonial structures that were made visible through the findings and were shown to be perpetuated through the global second hand export. The study shows the complexity of the phenomenon by looking at the hidden colonial structures in the trade, which have caused negative effects in Accra. It compares these bad outcomes with the good ones, involving people who rely on the trade for their livelihoods or other benefits. Additionally, the study highlights various efforts in Accra aimed at giving value to unsellable clothing. Furthermore, the complexity of the extensive network is illustrated, which testifies to the large number of actors affected by the situation, and all the relationships that are created as a consequence of the unsellable clothes on the market. The analysis of the empirical findings justifies the use of the concept of waste colonialism in this study and highlights the lack of global inclusion in circular business plans in the Global North.

This paper discusses urban agriculture in Dakar and Amsterdam and its contribution to urban sustainability. Therefore, it establishes an operational definition of urban sustainability, which is comprised of economic, social and environmental dimensions. It gives an insight in urban agriculture in both cities, and it analyzes its contribution to urban sustainability by examining the economic, social and environmental issues which are related to urban farming. Furthermore, it gives an insight in the differences of urban agriculture in the global South and the global North. Its findings suggest that although urban agriculture has potential for creating more sustainable cities, there are several constraints which need to be overcome. Keywords: Urban agriculture, urban sustainability, global South, global North, Dakar, Amsterdam

This thesis presents an investigation of the complexities of the immediate, ideological, educational, and societal contexts for literacy development among North Sámi learners between the ages of 9 and 15 who live in Northern Finland, Norway and Sweden in the central regions of Sápmi. Further, this thesis focuses on one area of literacy, namely writing. It examines these children’s writing, its phases and peculiarities, writing strategies, and the nature of transitions that these multilingual writers experience in switching between North Sámi, English and their respective national majority language. The main body of the collected materials consists of computer mediated pupil texts that the author gathered at 10 schools that arranged compulsory schooling in Central Sápmi during the school year 2012-2013. The texts were collected using keytroke logging methodology that not only records the final written product but also keeps track of changes and other writing activity during the writing session. Other materials collected and analyzed in this study include questionnaires addressed to the pupils, their parents, and to their language teachers. The materials also include detailed interviews with with 24 teachers from the participating schools. This study consists of six individual papers that focus at 1) research methodological aspects that concern studying Indigenous populations, 2) language attitudes, ideologies and available language arenas that have an impact on biliteracy emergence in North Sámi speaking Sápmi, or 3) the qualities and characteristics of multilingual pupil's writing and texts. The implications of the six individual papers are analyzed with respect to language revitalization and biliteracy emergence using the Hornbergian Continua of Biliteracy as the overarching theoretical framework. North Sámi, English and the national majority languages in the respective countries are constantly present in the lives of Sámi learners. Young Sámi learners grow up to be multilingual citizens of the global north through this extensive exposure to many languages and cultures from multiple sources such as popular culture, literature, media, community, tourism, and school. In their writing, multilingual Sámi learners show a wide spectrum of strategies and knowledge that carries over from one language to another. Nevertheless, most young Sámi learners cannot draw on equally many points on their Continua of Biliteracy in all their languages. Due to factors such as scarcity of adequate teaching materials, lack of popular culture and media content in Sámi languages, and language compartmentalizing language ideologies, the scales on the continua of biliteracy are in severe imbalance for many Sámi learners. Many Sámi learners risk losing their indigenous heritage language because the non-indigenous languages are prevalent in school as well as out of school contexts. / Literacy in Sápmi: multilingualism, revitalization and literacy development in the global north (Vetenskapsrådet 2011-6153)

Submitted by Leda Lopes (ledacplopes@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-10T11:59:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Bruna_Cavallari_ Dissertação.pdf: 1150900 bytes, checksum: 8338685846dae5d0d61b1adb5abb5576 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-10T19:24:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Bruna_Cavallari_ Dissertação.pdf: 1150900 bytes, checksum: 8338685846dae5d0d61b1adb5abb5576 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-03-10T19:26:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Bruna_Cavallari_ Dissertação.pdf: 1150900 bytes, checksum: 8338685846dae5d0d61b1adb5abb5576 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-10T19:26:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Bruna_Cavallari_ Dissertação.pdf: 1150900 bytes, checksum: 8338685846dae5d0d61b1adb5abb5576 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-23 / O fim da Guerra Fria trouxe mudanças na agenda da segurança internacional: escoamento de armas do Norte para o Sul Global, o surgimento das Novas Guerras, o fortalecimento dos Direitos Humanos, o aumento do número de democracias formais e um novo tipo de intervencionismo. Diante de questionamentos empíricos e teóricos diante de crises humanitárias de grandes proporções, a comunidade internacional foi instigada a encontrar uma harmonização entre os conceitos de soberania e Direitos Humanos. Assim, o preceito da “Responsabilidade de Proteger” surgiu e ganhou relevância na agenda de segurança internacional e nos meios políticos e acadêmicos. O objeto desta dissertação, portanto, configura-se para além de uma ideia teórica e normativa, operando concretamente no ambiente internacional através das intervenções humanitárias. Desta forma, questiona-se em que medida a sub-agenda da “Responsabilidade de Proteger” reflete as relações geopolíticas entre o Norte e o Sul Global, entre os anos 2005 e 2015. Compreendendo esta divisão Norte/Sul para além de aspectos somente geográficos e, considerando a complexidade do sistema internacional frente a classificações e divisões demonstrou-se que a “Responsabilidade de Proteger” trouxe pouca inovação prática ao cenário internacional e perpetua as assimetrias de poder entre o Norte e o Sul Global. / The end of the Cold War brought changes in the agenda of international security: flow of weapons North to the Global South, the emergence of the New Wars, the strengthening of human rights, increasing the number of formal democracies and a new type of interventionism. In the face of empirical and theoretical questions facing humanitarian crisis of major proportions, the international community was instigated to find a compromise between the concepts of sovereignty and human rights. Thus the precept of "Responsibility to Protect" emerged and gained relevance in the international security agenda and political and academic circles. The object of this paper therefore sets itself apart from a theoretical idea and rules, operating specifically in the international environment through humanitarian interventions. Thus, we question to what extent the sub-agenda of "Responsibility to Protect" reflects geopolitical relations between the North and the Global South, between 2005 and 2015. Understanding this North / South divide beyond only geographical aspects and considering the complexity of the international system against classifications and divisions demonstrated that the "Responsibility to Protect" brought little practical innovation to the international scene and perpetuates the power asymmetries between the North and the Global South

Based on previous researchers’ criticism of Euro-American bias inherent to universal analogue and digital knowledge organisation systems, this combined qualitative and quantitative postcolonial critical discourse analysis investigates the constructed meanings behind the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) controlled vocabulary hosted by the Word Digital Library’s (WDL) metadata scheme. This is done with a sample of metadata pertaining to their African cultural heritage collection. The study aims to see if the restricted controlled vocabulary exclude and marginalise situated African knowledge thereby conflicting with their ideological imperative of promoting international understanding. The use of postcolonial theory and discourse analysis theory as both the analytical theoretical framework and methodological approach, reveal that Westerncentric terms from colonial discourse dominate but do not constitute the entirety of the discourses represented by the subject headings. Relying on the assumption that the cataloguers select subject headings based on the rule of literary warrant, the reason for this preference imply an unbalanced collection rather than a biased knowledge organisation system. Therefore, the study suggests the creation of positive rhetorical spaces (Olson, 2002) by adding preferred terms that stem from marginalised situated knowledge systems that too are represented by the existing resources. This will allow for several discourses to co-exist achieving thereby a better fit with the culturally inclusionary aims of the WDL not dependent on the limits of their collection. Also acknowledged is metadata’s pragmatic rationale in support of standardisation for enhanced search and discoverability, but questioned is the sustainability of this principle if the goal is to promote equitable understanding and representation to a wide and international user group. Ultimately, recognising the bias within knowledge organisation systems will serve inclusivity more, rather than traditional claims of universality which conceal exclusion.