Cette thèse porte sur l’optimisation de l’approvisionnement dans les zones géographiquement lointaines. Au moment de planifier des approvisionnements de matières premières ou de composants dans des pays lointains, la longue distance géographique entre l’acheteur et le fournisseur devient un enjeu essentiel à prendre en compte. Puisque le transport se fait souvent par la voie maritime, le délai d’approvisionnement est si long que les besoins peuvent évoluer pendant la longue période de livraison, ce qui peut engendrer un risque de rupture élevé. Cette thèse présente des approches adaptatives afin d’élaborer des plans d’approvisionnements lointains d’une manière rentable. Tout d’abord, nous proposons un cadre d’adaptation de la planification des approvisionnements lointains. Il déploie des techniques de prévision de la demande et des méthodes d’optimisation d’approvisionnements à horizon glissant. En utilisant ce cadre, nous transformons le problème de la planification sur l’horizon globale en plusieurs problèmes standards de lotissement avec demandes stochastiques sur des sous-horizons. Ce cadre permet aussi d’évaluer la performance sur une longue période des méthodes utilisées. Nous considérons ensuite la planification optimale d’approvisionnement sur les sous-horizons. Deux hypothèses de ruptures de stocks sont considérées: livraison tardive et vente perdue (ou sous-traitance). Nous développons des approches optimales ou quasi-optimales pour faire des plans d’approvisionnement tout en minimisant les coûts totaux prévus de commande, de stockage et de rupture sur les sous-horizons. Les méthodes proposées peuvent servir de repères pour évaluer d’autres méthodes. Pour chaque hypothèse, nous menons des expériences numériques pour évaluer les algorithmes développés et les approches adaptatives de planification globales. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent bien leur efficacité. / This research discusses procurement planning problems engaged in global sourcing. The main difficulty is caused by the geographically long distance between buyer and supplier, which results in long lead times when maritime transport is used. Customer demands of finished products usually evolve during the shipment, thus extra costs will be produced due to unpredictable overstocks or stockouts. This thesis presents adaptive planning approaches to make adequate long-distance procurement plans in a cost-efficient manner. Firstly, an adaptive procurement planning framework is presented. The framework deploys demand forecasting and optimal planning in a rolling horizon scheme. In each subhorizon, demands are assumed to follow some known distribution patterns, while the distribution parameters will be estimated based on up-to-date demand forecasts and forecast accuracy. Then a portable processing module is presented to transform the sub-horizon planning problem into an equivalent standard lot-sizing problem with stochastic demands.Secondly, optimal or near-optimal procurement planning methods are developed to minimize expected total costs including setup, inventory holding and stockout penalty in subhorizons. Two extreme stockout assumptions are considered: backorder and lost sale (or outsourcing). The proposed methods can serve as benchmarks to evaluate other methods. Numerical tests have validated the high efficiency and effectiveness of both sub-horizon planning methods and the overall adaptive planning approaches.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-28T13:13:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Ricardo.pdf: 1235702 bytes, checksum: 8d217266e93004d02ecb516fc57035cd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-28T13:13:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Ricardo.pdf: 1235702 bytes, checksum: 8d217266e93004d02ecb516fc57035cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-31 / Nenhuma / A crescente competição por mercados consumidores, impulsionada pela globalização, tem demandado das organizações a implementação de estratégias para suportar estas novas condições comerciais, de forma a manter a sua participação nos negócios, bem como propiciar crescimento. Neste contexto, destaca-se a necessidade de adoção de estratégias e processos eficientes de gestão entre matriz e subsidiárias, em destaque, a gestão de fornecimento de insumos para produção. O presente estudo tem como tema central a gestão de global sourcing. O objetivo geral da pesquisa foi analisar como as subsidiárias de produção de empresas multinacionais estrangeiras, instaladas no Brasil, estão inseridas e participam da estratégia de global sourcing da organização. Para tanto, foi conduzida, inicialmente, uma pesquisa na bibliografia sobre a estratégia de global sourcing, onde se identificou uma lacuna em relação à interação da subsidiária na estratégia global de fornecimento. Os estudos desenvolvidos, até então, possuem foco na matriz, abordando os formatos de gestão a partir destas. A pesquisa de campo foi adotada como método, utilizando-se entrevistas semi-estruturadas em profundidade com gestores locais de fornecimento, além de pesquisas documentais. A amostra foi composta de oito empresas multinacionais estrangeiras com unidades produtivas no Brasil. Foram verificados diferentes estágios da função de compras, conforme modelo proposto por Monczka e Trent (2003a), sendo a maior parte da amostra caracterizada por arranjos organizacionais, formas de gerenciamento e controle classificados na estratégia de global sourcing, e, em menor representatividade, empresas com atuação no nível de compras internacionais. Destaca-se o formato de participação da subsidiária de produção como parcialmente alinhado com a estratégia de global sourcing, reativo às demandas originadas a partir desta com maior representatividade na amostra. O estudo sugere uma revisão do formato de abordagem das subsidiárias de produção, passando a uma gestão mais proativa, alinhada com as estratégias de global sourcing da organização, bem como atendendo, no seu nível de atuação, as melhores práticas referenciadas na bibliografia pesquisada. / The growing competition for consumer markets, driven by globalization, has required organizations to put in practice strategies to support new business conditions in order to keep its market share and provide continuous growing. In this context, we highlight the needs to implement strategies and processes to have efficient management between headquarters and subsidiaries, highlighted the management of supply. This paper is focused on the management of global sourcing. The aim of the research was to perform analysis of how the production subsidiaries of foreign multinationals, operating in Brazil, are embedded and attend to organizations global sourcing strategies. Initially, an extensive literature research on the global sourcing strategy was made, which identified a gap related to the interaction of the subsidiary in the overall supply. Previous studies have been focused on the organization world headquarters, strategies to implement and manage global sourcing. The field research was adopted as a research method, using visits, and semi-structured interview in-depth with local supply managers, and documentary research. Sample was composed of eight foreign multinational companies with production facilities in Brazil. Different stages of the purchasing function have been identified, according to stage model proposed by Monczka e Trent (2003a). Most of them were characterized by organizational arrangements, management and control forms classified in global sourcing strategy, and significantly less, companies operating at the level of international purchases. Noteworthy, it was identified in most of companies visited, that production subsidiary participation is partially aligned with the strategy of global sourcing, reactive to the demands from world headquarters. The study suggests that local production subsidiaries should review its approach related to the global sourcing management, becoming more proactive, aligned with the organization global sourcing strategy, as well as serving in their level of expertise, best practices referenced in the literature.

本研究主要是研究台灣廠商進行國際採購時，企業策略對零組件國際採購 策略之影響，進而探討國際採購策略對產品績效的影響，具言之，研究目 的分為下列七項：一．比較製鞋工業和資訊工業的零組件國際採購策略有 無明顯差異。二．探討公司特性對零組件國際採購策略的影響。三．探討 市場特性對零組件國際採購策略的影響。四．探討產業特性對零組件國際 採購策略的影響。五．探討附加價值鏈策略選擇對零組件國際採購策略的 影響。六．探討產品策略對零組件國際採購策略的影響。七．探討零組件 國際採購策略對產品績效的影響。本研究利用路徑分析得到以下結論：結 論一：對企業而言，國外市場的重要性將使得企業為因應國外市場需求而 增加對國外的採購，此外，製鞋業的外銷經驗亦對其 海外採購有 所幫助；企業在國內與外商合作，亦可經由該管 道協助進行國外 採購。結論二：不論是鞋類產品或是資訊產品，其產品生命週期愈長，則 產 品零組件變化程度較小，與供應商維持平均年限較長，且零 組件標準化程度較高。而產品本身改變程度較大，則易採取 零組件外包策略；對資訊業而言，製程改變所造成生產設備 的 改變程度較大，因此易使用海外外部供應商。結論三：資訊業進行國際採 購時並非以接近當地市場為目的，而是以 技術及生產方面為考量 ；製鞋業仍是以採購地點與價值活動 地點之地理距離為考量。結 論四：對資訊業而言，各地的採購比例大部分與採購關鍵零組 傢騿A製鞋 業亦同。 結論五：不論是資訊業 或是製鞋業，兩者創新程度高，則為了維持技 術優勢，將會與海 外供應商進行技術互惠合作；而產品標準 化程度增加，亦將會使 海外採購品的標準化程度增加；值得 注意的是，由於專業分工的 細密，外部海外專業供應商可提 供品質較好之零組件。結論六： 對製鞋業而言，海外採購對產品績效較有幫助。結論七：公司競爭能力及 規模，對於執行國際採購的能力確有幫助。

Orientador: Antônio Batocchio / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica. / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T02:21:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rabelo_MarceloMaciel_M.pdf: 1566499 bytes, checksum: d76d98f5a72183bd42b5d44157da3aeb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A competitividade mundial está cada vez mais acirrada entre as empresas e a busca de diferenciais para os clientes passa diretamente pelos custos de seus produtos. Países com alta tecnologia de produção e também com elevados custos de produção interna estão optando por obter fontes de fornecimento em regiões onde os custos de produção são baixos e, conseqüentemente, reduzindo muito os custos do produto final sendo assim capazes de aumentar a atratividade para seus produtos. Devido à busca constante pela para redução de custos dos produtos finais, em especial, as empresas sistemistas estão atuando de forma a desenvolver novas fontes de fornecimento na região asiática que oferece preços altamente competitivos. O estudo mostra as relações e os impactos gerados pelo processo de Global Sourcing, as incertezas deste processo na cadeia de suprimentos e seus possíveis impactos na manufatura dos clientes destes componentes. Atualmente as empresas e seus administradores não possuem todos os recursos e conhecimentos necessários para a avaliação e tomada de decisão correta considerando as vantagens e desvantagens entre manter-se com a fonte atual e uma nova, originária da Ásia. Diante deste problema, este trabalho colaborará com os administradores a ter uma visão sobre quais são algumas das principais variáveis existentes neste processo. Como não há uma regra geral, o grande problema para os administradores é escolher a estratégia correta e, quantificar e qualificar seus benefícios podem ser de grande ajuda. O resultado deste trabalho será uma matriz de decisão que considera os três pilares usualmente considerados na escolha de uma fonte com relação à cadeia de fornecimento: compras, logística e qualidade. O objetivo deste trabalho é definir um método para combinar os três pilares usualmente considerados na escolha de uma fonte de fornecimento para indústria de autopeças, são eles: compras, logística e qualidade com o método AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) que auxiliará os gestores deste processo na tomada de decisão / Abstract: The global competition is increasingly fierce among companies and the search for differentials passes directly to customers the costs of their products. Countries with high technology production and also have high costs of domestic production are opting for more sources of supply in regions where production costs are low and, consequently, greatly reducing the cost of the final product is thus able to increase their attractiveness to products. Due to the constant search for cost reduction of final products, in particular, the systems are operating companies in order to develop new sources of supply in the Asian region offering highly competitive prices. The study shows the relationships and impacts generated by the process of Global Sourcing, the uncertainties of this process in the supply chain and its possible impacts on customers' manufacturing these components. Now the companies and their managers do not have all the resources and knowledge needed to evaluate and correct decision making considering the advantages and disadvantages of keeping up with the current source and a new, native to Asia. Faced with this problem, this paper will work with managers to gain insight into what are some of the main variables in this process. Since there is a general rule, the big problem for managers is to choose the right strategy, and quantify and qualify its benefits can be of great help. The result of this work is a decision matrix that considers the three pillars usually considered in choosing a source with respect to the supply chain: purchasing, logistics and quality. The objective of this work is to define a method for combining the three pillars usually considered when choosing a supply source for auto parts industry, they are, purchasing, logistics and quality with the AHP method (Analytic Hierarchy Process) to assist managers in this process of decision making / Mestrado / Manufatura / Mestre em Engenharia Automobilistica

Increased trends towards globalisation, optimization of the value chain, outsourcing of activities and focus on core competentencies result in increased importance of procurement's role, in that it causes high attention from top management.The focus from top management is based on the change of the cost structure, i.e. lowering internal value chain and an increase of material and purchasing costs above 50 %. The core objectives of the worldwide procurement are internationalization, strategic focus and costs reduction. There are high expectations towards procurement. First, to generate procurement savings on a global scale, to identify the best procurement markets, finding the best supplier and to determine the world class price level. The study has been targeted to analyze the configuration of worldwide procurement organizations and the impact of international production network on procurement. Furthermore, to benchmark international sourcing activities on a global scale, resulting in identification of critical success factors for improving the procurement quality and effectiveness.

Att företag använder sig av global sourcing och har leverantörer i lågkostnadsländer har blivit allt vanligare. Detta för att arbetskraftskostnaden i dessa länder är låg. Men en kostnad som i stället ökar i och med detta är transportkostnaden. Godset behöver transporteras längre sträckor vilket även gör att transportledtiden ökar. Samtidigt ställer kunder allt högre krav på snabba leveranser och de företag som valt global sourcing måste därför många gånger ha stora lager för att kunna möta kundernas krav. De företag som har leverantörer i Asien väljer oftast att transportera godset med sjötransporter då det är det billigaste transportsättet. Dock är det också det transportsätt som har längst transportledtid. Kinas nya infrastrukturprojekt Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) bidrar till att järnvägstransporter kan användas i större utsträckning, men många svenska företag vet inte vilka möjligheter det finns med BRI och järnvägen. Syftet med denna studie är därför att ge svenska företag en ökad förståelse om vad BRI kan bidra med för de företag som använder global sourcing. Studien har uppfyllt sitt syfte genom att göra en fallstudie hos ett svenskt företag som har leverantörer i Asien och visade ett intresse för BRI och järnvägstransporter. Syftet uppfylldes även genom att göra en litteraturstudie där relevant information om studiens ämne inhämtades som grund för studiens teori. Det resultat som framkommer av studien visar vilka motiv och riskfaktorer svenska företag kan ta i beaktning vid användandet av BRI och järnvägstransporter. Utifrån dessa har en modell med riktlinjer utformats för att hjälpa företag att göra valet om de bör använda järnvägen som transportsätt eller inte. Fallföretaget skulle dra nytta av järnvägstransporter på grund av den minskade transportledtiden, den ökade flexibiliteten samt att leverantörer inte behöver vara lokaliserade nära en hamn. Genom denna studie ska fallföretaget och andra svenska företag förstå vad BRI är för något och vilka motiv det kan finnas med att byta transportsätt och fyller därför det kunskaps- och informationsgap som finns gällande detta.

Purpose – The purpose with this study is to investigate which factors that needs to be considered for sourcing decisions to ensure an optimal long-term decision, and which of these factors that can be quantified in a product costing model. To fulfill this purpose two research questions have been proposed: Which factors needs to be considered for a sourcing decision? Which of these factors that needs to be considered can be quantified in a product costing model? Method – A case study was conducted to fulfill the purpose of this study. The case study produced empirical data through interviews and document studies. The empirical data was interpreted and analyzed on the basis of the theoretical framework, created through literature studies. This process produced the result of this study. Findings – Factors to be considered for a sourcing decision have been identified and categorized in four over-arching categories: unit cost, logistical factors, capability factors and risk factors. These factors have been quantified in a product costing model. A preparatory decision model was created to further integrate some risk factors that could not be quantified. Implications – Both the make or buy decision and the manufacturing location decision have been considered in the product costing model presented in this study. The product costing model visualize and take into account hidden costs, rarely considered in sourcing decisions. This further enables optimal long-term sourcing decisions. Limitations – Risk factors remain difficult to quantify. This makes it difficult to determine the cost of risk factors, and as a result of that, to include them in a product costing model. Companies with similar conditions suites the model since the case study was conducted at only one company. Whether the product costing model is true for business in other contexts remain uncertain. / Syfte – Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka faktorer som bör beaktas vid ett försörjningsbeslut för att säkerställa ett långsiktigt korrekt beslut och vilka av dessa som kan kvantifieras i en kalkylmodell. För att uppfylla syftet har följande två frågeställningar formulerats: Vilka faktorer bör beaktas vid ett försörjningsbeslut? Vilka av dessa faktorer som bör beaktas kan kvantifieras i en kalkylmodell? Metod – För att uppfylla studiens syfte genomfördes en fallstudie. Med hjälp av intervjuer och dokumentstudier har fallstudien genererat empirisk data. Utifrån det teoretiska ramverket, som skapats genom litteraturstudier, har data tolkats och analyserats. Detta har gett upphov till studiens resultat. Resultat – Faktorer som bör beaktas vid ett försörjningsbeslut har identifierats och kategoriserats i fyra övergripande kategorier: enhetskostnad, logistikfaktorer, kapabilitetsfaktorer och riskfaktorer. Dessa faktorer har kvantifierats i en kalkylmodell. För vissa riskfaktorer som är svåra att kvantifiera har en förberedande beslutsmodell skapats. Implikationer – Kalkylmodellen som presenteras i denna studie beaktar både tillverka/köp-beslutet och lokaliseringsbeslutet. Kalkylmodellen tar hänsyn till dolda kostnader som sällan beaktas vid dessa typer av beslut. Detta möjliggör ett långsiktigt korrekt försörjningsbeslut. Begränsningar – Riskfaktorer är fortsatt svåra att kvantifiera och därmed kostnadsbestämma. Detta gör det svårt att inkludera dem i en kalkylmodel. Då fallstudien genomfördes på endast ett fallföretag är kalkylmodellen lämpad för företag med liknande förutsättningar. Det är därför svårt att säga hur väl kalkylmodellen stämmer för företag i andra kontexter.

The purpose of this thesis is to study how international Swedish plastics manufacturing companies have responded to covid-19 in terms of changes regarding corporate and business unit strategy and global sourcing. As research type a case study consisting of three case companies was applied. Mainly qualitative data using interviews were collected. The conclusions are that a regionalisation of the location of business units of a corporate group and a regionalisation of corporate strategies may take place and that covid-19 may enhance the process of regionalisation of sourcing of the case companies, which may lead to somewhat safer deliveries from suppliers, but higher prices for the case companies. It is suggested that in times of crisis, two types of SWOT-analyses should be made. One SWOT-analysis should cover strategic issues and thus be part of a strategy formulation process and lead to contingency strategies. The second SWOT-analysis should cover global sourcing issues and lead to contingency plan from a sourcing perspective. / Syftet med uppsatsen var att studera hur internationella svenska företag inom plastbranschen har svarat på covid-19, vad gäller förändring i företags- och affärsenhetsstrategi och globala inköp. Som forskningstyp valdes en fallstudie med tre fallföretag. Huvudsakligen kvalitativa data samlades in, genom intervjuer. Slutsatserna är att regionalisering avseende lokalisering av en koncerns affärsenheter och regionalisering av företagsstrategier kan ske och att covid-19 kan förstärka processen med regionalisering av fallföretagens inköp, vilket kan leda till något säkrare leveranser från leverantörer, men högre priser för fallföretagen. Det föreslås att det i kristider bör upprättas två typer av SWOT-analyser. En SWOT-analys bör avse strategiska frågor och vara del av strategiformuleringsprocess och leda till eventualitetsstrategier. Den andra SWOT-analysen bör avse globala inköpsfrågor och leda till en eventualitetsplan utifrån ett inköpsperspektiv.