Field corn, Zea mays L., has been introduced to the market with pyramided Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn technologies. These technologies reduce kernel damage from ear feeding caterpillar pests, including corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). The first generation Bt traits in field corn demonstrated limited activity on corn earworm feeding on grain in ears. The pyramided corn technologies have greater cumulative protein concentrations and improved expression throughout the plant, so these corn traits should provide an effective management tool against these pests. In addition, reduced kernel injury may also have a direct effect on physical grain quality. The results for this trial showed no relationship between number of damaged kernels and yield was observed for corn hybrid expressing the Herculex®, YieldGard®, or Genuity VT Triple Pro® technologies. A significant relationship between both damaged kernels and test weight and damaged kernels and aflatoxin concentrations was observed in two technologies.

The United States is a world leader of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production, but to maintain quality production at this level, soybean management needs to be continually monitored and improved. Sulfur (S) deficiencies in soybean have become more frequent in the U.S. due to fertilizer purity, emissions regulations, and higher yields. We completed a study for soybean grown in sandy loam soils in the mid-Atlantic coastal plain system to determine proper S fertilizer rate and application timing. Yields ranged from 1,236-4,051 kg ha-1. Neither S rate nor application timing influenced yield. S treatments increased methionine concentration (methionine = -0.0001 S rate2 + 0.002 S rate + 5.60). Sulfur fertilization can improve soybean quality and may impact marketability. Another study was conducted to determine optimal source and rate of S application for soybeans in the Mid-Atlantic coastal plain system. Yields ranged from 1,316-4,914 kg ha-1. While sulfur rate did not influence yield and fertilizer source responses were site-specific. Sulfur leaf tissue concentrations were directly related to S rate (S concentration = 0.004S rate + 2.103). Nutrient uptake responses to S fertility indicate the potential for S yield responses in the future when soils become S depleted and contain less available S. Soybean producers and retailers in the United States are interested in capitalizing on new edamame markets to provide a domestic product. To aid the shift from oilseed production to vegetable production, a study was conducted to determine the optimal N rate and N application timing for edamame yield and quality in the Mid-Atlantic coastal plain system. Nitrogen rate significantly increased yield one out of three years (Yield = 29.9N Rate + 3387) when all N was applied at planting but was not significant with split applications. Fertilizer rate and timing did not impact edamame maturity or final pod/bean quality. N fertilizer applied at-planting may aid edamame yield and profit for sandy loam soils in the mid-Atlantic, USA. Currently, mid-Atlantic coastal plain soils, coupled with S deposition, are able to supply enough S for soybean growth and development, but without fertilization soybean soils are being mined of S and will eventually become depleted. Sulfur must be monitored if future deficiencies are to be avoided. Nitrogen fertilizers may improve yield in vegetable soybean production. Both oilseed and vegetable soybean farmers should continue to monitor soil nutrient levels to ensure proper nutrition for soybean growth and development. / Doctor of Philosophy / Soybean (Glycine max L. [Merr.]) is a diverse crop used across various industries: from vegetables for human consumption to protein for animal feed or even additives for roofing sealants. The U.S. is a world leader in soybean production. To maintain quality production at this level, soybean management needs to be continually monitored and improved. Sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) fertilizers are one current area of interest in soybean production and management. This dissertation will discuss both. Historically, acid rain, which contained high levels of S, provided all the necessary S for proper soybean growth and development. In recent years, industry emissions regulations have decreased the amount of S entering the air, thereby decreasing S deposits in acid rain. At the same time, soybean yields are increasing, and higher production requires higher amounts of inputs. Therefore, because S is a necessary input, it is being taken from the soil to meet the needs of high yielding soybean. Less and less S remains in the soil for future soybean crops. This study was conducted to determine proper sulfur fertilizer applications, to ensure quality and quantity soybean production for Virginia farmers. Yields ranged from 1,236-4,914 kg ha-1. Currently, soils contain sufficient S levels for proper growth and development, but if current trends persist sulfur deficiencies will become apparent in the future. Although the U.S. soybean production is abundant, most of the vegetable soybean, also called edamame, consumed in U.S. is imported. The interest in providing a domestic edamame product has led soybean farmers to reevaluate and adapt soybean production strategies to fit a vegetable crop. Edamame is the same species as oilseed soybeans commonly grown throughout the US, but instead of waiting until the seed is dry, edamame is harvested when the seed is still green. This study also was conducted to provide nitrogen fertilizer recommendations for Virginia soybean farmers hoping to adjust their farms to produce quality vegetable soybean. Nitrogen fertilizer improved edamame gross production one out of three years. Continual observation of soil nutrient levels and soybean health is necessary to ensure quality growth and production for both oilseed and vegetable soybean.

Tyrimai, siekiant išsiaiškinti, kaip keičiasi fotosintetinių rodiklių intensyvumas ir grūdų kokybė bei derlingumas priklausomai nuo augimo tarpsnio bei tręšimo azotinėmis trąšomis, atlikti 2009-2010 metais. Pigmentų ir tirpiųjų sacharidų kiekis tirtas Agrobiotechnologijos laboratorijoje, o grūdų kokybės rodikliai ištirti AB „Kauno grūdai“ laboratorijoje. Žieminiai kviečiai auginti Lietuvos žemės ūkio universiteto Bandymų stotyje, kur dirvožemis IDg8-k (LVg-p-w-cc) – karbonatingas sekliai glėjiškas išplautžemis (Calc(ar)i-Epihypogleyic Luvisols). Tyrimamas pasirinktos dvi žieminių kviečių veislės: labai gerų kepimo savybių ’Ada’ ir gerų kepimo savybių ’Tauras DS’. Buvo tiriama, kaip vegetacijos metu kinta pigmentų ir sacharidų kiekis augalų lapuose ir kaip azoto trąšos įtakojo baltymų, šlapiojo glitimo, sedimentacijos, krakmolo, kritimo skaičiaus pokyčius grūduose ir grūdų derlingumą. Azoto trąšos augaluose skatino bendrą pigmentų kiekio didėjimą, o tirpiųjų sacharidų kaupimuisi esminės įtakos neturėjo. Taip pat azoto trąšos beveik visuose variantuose patikimai skatino baltymų kaupimąsi grūduose, didino sedimentaciją ir šlapiojo glitimo kiekį, o krakmolo kiekis mažėjo atvirkščiai proporcingai baltymų kiekiui. Tręšimas azoto trąšomis visuose variantuose patikimai didino derlingumą. / The research was carried out in the period from 2009 to 2010 to determine the changes in the intensity of photosynthetic characteristics ,grain quality and yield, depending on the growth phase and fertilization with nitrogen fertilizer. The amount of pigments and soluble sugars was investigatd in the laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and the indicators of grain quality were explored in the laboratory of JSC „Kauno grūdai“. Winter wheat were grown in the Experimental Station of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, where the soil is IDg8 k (LVD-pw-cc) - calcareous shallow Luvisols (Calc (or) i Epihypogleyic Luvisols). Two varieties of winter wheat were selected for the experimental study: ’Ada’ with a very good baking properties and ’Tauras DS’ with good baking properties. The research focused on how vegetation changes affect the pigment and sugars content in the plant leaves, as well as the influence of nitrogen fertilizers on the grain yield and changes in content of protein, wet gluten, sedimentation and starch in the investigated grain. The results suggest that the nitrogenous fertilizers stimulated the overall growth of the cultivar, the pigment content but it had no significant effect on the accumulation of soluble sugars .Moreover, almost in all cases of the nitrogen fertilizer treatments it significantly promoted the accumulation of grain protein, increased sedimentation and wet gluten content however the starch content decreased inversely with the protein. The grain... [to full text]

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-07-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:16:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 loboda_ms_me_jabo.pdf: 296380 bytes, checksum: ff8ef43de9ba293965eeacff6e921ec8 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A associação de diversas formas de controle da ferrugem asiática é essencial para a cultura da soja. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes populações de soja (400.000, 340.000, 280.000, 220.000 e 160.000 plantas/ha) e intervalos de aplicação do fungicida azoxystrobin + ciproconazole - Priori Xtra (10 e 20 dias) nas cultivares V-Max e MG/BR 46 (Conquista), na incidência da ferrugem asiática, características agronômicas, produtividade, qualidade de grãos e qualidade fisiológica das sementes, durante a safra de 2006-07. A maior população de plantas na cultivar V-Max obteve a maior incidência da doença e produtividade, no entanto esta cultivar, por ser precoce, não foi afetada nos estádios de formação dos grãos. Já na cultivar MG/BR 46 (Conquista), as diferentes populações não influenciaram na incidência da doença, no entanto, acarretou em aumento da produtividade e, de maneira geral, o intervalo de aplicação de 10 dias obteve menor incidência da doença somente nesta cultivar. A qualidade fisiológica das sementes foi influenciada pela redução da população de soja tanto para a cultivar V-Max quanto para a cultivar MG/BR 46 (Conquista). O tamanho das sementes foi influenciado pela população de plantas somente para a cultivar V-Max. A qualidade dos grãos foi influenciada pela população na cultivar V-Max. A ferrugem asiática teve influência na porcentagem de grãos imaturos da cultivar MG/BR 46 (Conquista). / The association of various forms of control of soybean rust is essential for the soybean crop. The objective was to evaluate the influence of different populations of soybean (400,000, 340,000, 280,000, 220,000 and 160,000 plants/ha) and intervals of application of the fungicide azoxystrobin + cyproconazole - Priori Xtra (10 and 20 days) in the cultivars V-Max and MG/BR 46 (Conquista), the impact of soybean rust, agronomic characteristics, yield, grain quality and physiological quality of seeds during the 2006-07 season. The largest population of plants in cultivar V-Max got the highest incidence of disease and yield, however, this cultivar, being early, wasn’t affected in the stages of formation of grains. Already in the cultivar MG/BR 46 (Conquista), the different populations didn’t influence the incidence of the disease, however, resulted in increased productivity and, in general, the range of application for 10 days received lower incidence of disease only in this cultivar. The physiological quality of seeds was influenced by the reduction of the population of both the soybean cultivar V-Max as for cultivar MG/BR 46 (Conquista). The seed size was influenced only by the population of plants for a cultivar V-Max. The quality of grain is influenced by the growing population in the V-Max. The soybean rust had influence on the percentage of immature grains of the cultivar MG/BR 46 (Conquista).

Le blé (genre Tritucum aestivum, famille des Poaceae) est une céréale d’intérêtagronomique très important. Certaines variétés très anciennes sont mise de côté pour desvariétés plus récentes souvent sélectionnées pour répondre à une culture intensiveconsommatrice de produits phytosanitaires. L’agriculture biologique, système de productionsupposant une réduction des intrants chimiques de synthèse afin de préserver l’écosystème,peut se définir comme une pratique où l’emploi d’engrais synthétiques, de pesticideschimiques et d’organismes génétiquement modifiés est prohibé.Cette pratique gagne de plus en plus en popularité et la superficie des terres cultivéesde cette manière a crû de 60 % entre 2000 et 2004, sur la planète. Les contraintes associées àla production de céréales biologiques comprennent la baisse de rendement attribuable auxcarences d’éléments nutritifs dans le sol et la concurrence des mauvaises herbes. Au cours des90 dernières années, les efforts internationaux d’amélioration du blé se sont concentrés sur lahausse du rendement et les paramètres de qualité.La mise en place d’une base de données des blé basées sur des critèresmorphologiques, taxonomiques et écologiques et l'introduction des mycorhizes à arbuscules(MA), connues pour aider à la sélection et induire une augmentation de rendement et dequalité de la production, dans l'optique de produire plus dans une agriculture respectueuse del’environnement pourrait constituer une partie intégrante d'une stratégie appropriée.Cependant, les effets mycorhiziens sur les rendement et la qualité de la production ne sont pastoujours prévisibles et les mécanismes qui régulent ces paramètres qualitatifs des mycorhizessont largement inconnus.Le criblage au champ de 53 variétés de blés anciens a montré des différences dans leuraptitude à développer des mycorhizes avec des champignons indigènes. Des plantesanalysées, seul cinq variétés étaient toutes mycorhizées au Tallage, alors que toutes l’étaientau stade Epiaison. Au stade Maturation des épis, dix-neuf variétés montraient une diminutionde la mycorhization.L’inoculation avec un inoculum de laboratoire lors de l’expérimentation en serre dansdes pots contenant d’une part leur terre habituelle de culture et de l’autre la terre d’Epoisses4montre, qu’ avec cet inoculum, toutes les variétés de blé se mycorhizent. Pour les variétéstestées, les variétés récentes utilisées en agriculture biologique mycorhizent mieux que lesanciennes, mais l’effet mycorhizien sur le rendement est observé uniquement chez desvariétés anciennes de blé. Démontrant ainsi un effet variétal sur le développement etl’expression de la symbiose. Les bénéfices de la symbiose sont plus accentués au niveau desphénomènes qualitatifs à savoir la viabilité des grains.L’apport d’un inoculum commercial lors d’expérimentation en serre dans des potcontenant le même sol, a modifié ces proportions. Cet inoculum a également permisl’amélioration du développement des blés et la qualité des graines de certaines variétésdémontrant à la fois l’importance du génome de la plante dans l’expression bénéfique de lasymbiose et de l’impossibilité des champignons mycorhizogènes indigènes à assurer ledéveloppement optimal de la symbiose. Au champ, l’effet variétal a été confirmé suite àl’apport d’un inoculum commercial ou, à l’exception d’une variété, l’inoculation a permis uneamélioration du rendement, particulièrement sensible chez la variété qui a été la plusproductive, soulignant l’intérêt qu’il y aurait à développer un projet de croisement pouraugmenter la réponse des blés aux mycorhizes. / Wheat (kind Tritucum aestivum, Poaceae family) is a very important cereal ofagronomic interest. Some very ancient varieties are set aside for recent varieties often selected to meet a consumer intensive cultivation of pesticides. Organic farming production system assuming a reduction of synthetic chemical inputs in order to preserve the ecosystem can be defined as a practice where the use of synthetic fertilizers, chemical pesticides and genetically modified organisms is prohibited. This practice is gaining more and more popularity and the amount of land cultivated in this way has increased by 60% between 2000 and 2004. Constraints associated with the production of organic grains include lower yields due to nutrient deficiencies in the soil and weed competition. During the past 90 years, the international efforts in wheat breeding have focused on increasing yield and quality parameters The establishment of a wheat database based on morphological, taxonomic and ecological criteria and the introduction of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM), known to help in the selection and induce an increase in yield and quality of production with a perspective to increase production in an agriculture that respects the environment, could be an integral part of an appropriate strategy. However, mycorrhizal effects on yield and quality of production are not always predictable and the mechanisms that regulate these qualitative parameters are largely unknown. Field screening of 53 ancient wheat varieties showed differences in their ability to interact with endogenous mycorrhizal fungi. Among the analysed plants, only five varieties were mycorrhized for all samples at tillering. All samples were mycorrhized at the heading stage for all varieties. Nineteen showed a decrease in the number of mycorrhized samples at the ears maturity. Inoculation with a laboratory inoculum during a greenhouse experiments in pots, containing either the wheat field soil or Ò EpoissesÓ soil, showed that all wheat varieties form mycorrhizal symbiosis. Between varieties tested, recent wheat varieties used in organic farming were better in forming symbiosis than the old, but the mycorrhizal effect on plant yield is seen only for old varieties. Demonstrating a variety effect on the development and 6 expression of symbiosis. The benefits of mycorrhizal symbiosis are more pronounced for the qualitative phenomena as the seed viability. The addition of a commercial inoculum in a similar greenhouse experiment modified these observations. This inoculum helped to improve wheat development but also the seed quality of some varieties, demonstrating both the importance of the plant genome in the beneficial expression of the symbiosis and the impossibility of indigenous mycorrhizal fungi to ensure optimal development of symbiosis. The previously observed field varietal effect was confirmed even after adding an exogenous inoculum as, excepted for one variety, inoculation has improved yield. This was especially noticeable in the variety that was most productive, stressing the importance to develop crossing strategies to increase the wheat response to mycorrhiza.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-12-20T10:47:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese Final.pdf: 2924207 bytes, checksum: 7c3690594b72dc0f2ba9aaedc72bc1ed (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-01-02T13:56:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese Final.pdf: 2924207 bytes, checksum: 7c3690594b72dc0f2ba9aaedc72bc1ed (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-02T13:56:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese Final.pdf: 2924207 bytes, checksum: 7c3690594b72dc0f2ba9aaedc72bc1ed (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / O Rio Grande do Sul têm evidenciado elevados avanços na produtividade e qualidade dos grãos de arroz irrigado nas últimas décadas, decorrentes de inúmeros avanços na área da pesquisa e desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias. Logo, essa resposta fenotípica da cultura vem sendo decorrente de progressos genéticos, de ambiente e das interações genótipos x ambientes. Logo, este trabalho objetiva evidenciar a atuação do programa de melhoramento de arroz irrigado de Terras Baixas da Embrapa e perspectivas diante da realidade da cultura, no Sul do Brasil. Foram realizadas três experimentações: I) Progresso Genético em 45 Anos de Melhoramento Genético de Arroz Irrigado no Sul do Brasil - as estimativas foram oriundas via, meta-análise obtidas da avaliação de 455 genótipos em 145 ensaios de rendimento regional de linhagens (ERs) e valor de cultivo e uso (VCUs) em 44 safras agrícolas; e via comparação de cultivares, obtidas da avaliação de 25 cultivares em 10 safras agrícolas. II) Adaptabilidade e estabilidade de cultivares de arroz irrigado lançadas entre 1972 e 2017 na região subtropical do Brasil – experimentação contemplando 25 cultivares de arroz irrigado, conduzida à campo em todas as regiões agroclimáticas de cultivo de arroz irrigado do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, entre as safras agrícolas de 2005/2006 e 2015/2016, totalizando 60 experimentos (ambientes). III) Qualidade genética dos grãos de cultivares de arroz irrigado lançadas pela Embrapa no Rio Grande do Sul - estimativas genéticas seguiram a abordagem baseada na análise comparativa das 25 cultivares lançadas pela Embrapa ao longo de 45 anos, sendo implementada em quatro regiões produtoras do estado do Rio Grande do Sul na safra 2015/2016. Houve um progresso genético no período de 1972 a 2016 via meta-análise e comparação de cultivares de 0,62% (37,91 kg ao ano) e 0,73% (47,78 kg ao ano), respectivamente. Podemos destacar as cultivares BRS Pampa, BRS Pampeira e BRSCIRAD 302 que podem ser cultivados em vários ambientes no Rio Grande do Sul, reunindo alta produtividade de grãos, alta adaptabilidade, boa estabilidade, bons atributos agronômicos e excelente rendimento de engenho após o beneficiamento. Além disso, o programa de melhoramento acarretou em: redução de -0,32 cm por ano (-0,32% ao ano) na estatura das plantas; redução de 0,21 dias por ano (-0,21% ao ano) nos dias para floração; e progressos genéticos anuais significativos para os principais atributos de qualidade dos grãos. Logo, tem disponibilizado cultivares em consonância com a demanda nacional para produtividade e qualidade dos grãos nos diversos segmentos da cadeia produtiva do cereal. / The Rio Grande do Sul have shown high advances in yield and quality of rice grains in recent decades due to many advances in research and development of new technologies. Therefore, this phenotypic response of the crop has been due to genetic progress, environmental and genotype x environmental interactions. Logo, essa resposta fenotípica da cultura vem sendo decorrente de progressos genéticos, de ambiente e das interações genótipos x ambientes. Thus, this work aims to highlight the role of the rice breeding program of Embrapa Lowlands and perspectives on the reality of culture, in Southern Brazil. Three experiments were carried out: I) Genetic progress in 45 years of Irrigated Rice Breeding in Southern Brazil - the estimates were obtained with the meta-analysis obtained from the evaluation of 455 genotypes in 145 trials of regional yield of strains (ERs) and value of cultivation and use (VCUs) in 44 seasons; and cultivars released, obtained from the evaluation of 25 cultivars in 10 seasons. II) Adaptability and stability of irrigated rice cultivars released between 1972 and 2017 in the subtropical region of Brazil – experimenting with 25 cultivars of irrigated rice, conducted to the field in all agroclimatic regions of irrigated rice cultivation in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, between the 2005/2006 and 2015/2016 seasons, totaling 60 experiments (environments). III) Grain quality genetic in irrigated rice cultivars released by Embrapa for the Rio Grande do Sul State - Genetic estimates followed the approach based on comparative analysis of 25 cultivars released by Embrapa over 45 years, being implemented in four producing regions of Rio Grande do Sul state in the harvest 2015/2016. There was a genetic progress in the period from 1972 to 2016 with meta-analysis and cultivars released of 0.62% (37.91 kg per year) and 0.73% (47.78 kg per year), respectively. We can highlight the BRS Pampa, BRS Pampeira and BRSCIRAD 302 which can be grown in various environments in Rio Grande do Sul, bringing together high yield, high adaptability, good stability, good agronomic traits and excellent milling quality after processing. In addition, the breeding program resulted in: decrease of -0.32 cm per year (-0.32% per year) in plant height; reduction of 0.21 days per year (-0.21% per year) in days to flowering; and significant annual genetic progress for the main attributes of grain quality. Therefore, it has provided cultivars in line with the national demand for grain quality and yield in the various segments of the cereal production chain.

Tyrimai atlikti 2008–2009 m. Lietuvos žemės ūkio universiteto Agroekologijos centro ekologinės gamybos ir mokomajame (chemizuota gamyba) ūkiuose. Darbo tikslas - įvertinti ekologinės žemės ūkio gamybos įtaką dirvožemio savybėms ir kviečių grūdų kokybei. Naudotos atestuotos ekologinei gamybai trąšos Ragų drožlės (RD) ir Ragų geluonių miltai (RGM). Kontroliniame variante K0 veislės Širvinta1 gauti 1,9 t ha-1 ir Ada 1,8 t ha-1 kviečių grūdų derliai. Tręšimai atlikti: rudenį prieš sėją N30 ir pavasarį krūmijimosi tarpsnyje N50 aktyviojo azoto kiekiai. Nustatyta, kad naudojant ekologiškas trąšas RD gautas Širvinta1 2,5 t ha-1ir Ada veislės 2,9 t ha-1 žieminių kviečių derlingumas; naudojant trąšas RGM gauti atitinkamai 2,2 t ha-1 ir 2,5 t ha-1 derlingumai, Chemizuotame ūkyje naudojant įprastinį tręšimą bei augalų apsaugos priemones – 5,5 t ha-1 Širvinta1 ir 4,7 t ha-1 Ada veislės žieminių kviečių derliai. Ekologinėje gamyboje didžiausi baltymų, šlapiojo ir sausojo glitimo kiekiai Širvinta1 ir Ada veislės grūduose nustatyti naudojant ekologinę trąšą Ragų drožlės. / The research on effects of fertilizers, certified in organic agricultural systems, on the productivity and chemical composition of winter wheat was carried out on the farm of organic production in the Center of Agroecology at Lithuanian University of Agriculture in 2008-2009. Research goal – to evaluate influence of organic farming to soil properties and wheat grain quality.It was found that using Ragų drožlės produces a significant increase of 0,59 - 1,15 t ha-1 or 30 - 65 per cent in winter wheat productivity. Using Ragų drožlės produced a higher increase in grain productivity than using Ragų geluonių miltai. Using Ragų drožlės also produced significantly higher protein content, sedimentation and number of fall results in wheat yield.

[Truncated abstract] Wheat is the main crop in Australia and there are stringent quality requirements. Preharvest sprouting induced by rainfall between maturity and harvest lowers grain quality from premium to feed grades and reduces yield. Wheat production has expanded into the southern Western Australian region where preharvest sprouting occurs in ~1 in 4 seasons and development of more preharvest sprouting tolerant genotypes is required. The main mechanism for improving preharvest sprouting tolerance is grain dormancy. There is genetic variation for dormancy based in the embryo and seed coat but dormancy is complex and is influenced by environmental conditions during grain filling and maturation. Screening and selecting for preharvest sprouting tolerance is problematic and the level of tolerance needed for regions which differ in the level of dormancy they impose, requires clarification. The research presented here aims to answer the underlying question for breeders of how much dormancy is required for preharvest sprouting tolerance in contrasting target environments of the central and coastal wheat belt regions of Western Australia. In the central and coastal wheat belt regions, field trials with modified environments were used to determine the environmental influence on dormancy. Water supply (without directly wetting the grain) and air temperature were modified during grain development in a range of genotypes with different mechanisms of dormancy to determine the influence of environment on dormancy. ... Genotypes with embryo dormancy were consistently the most preharvest sprouting tolerant, even though this dormancy was influenced by the environmental conditions in the different seasons. Pyramiding the embryo component with the specific seed coat component and/or awnless head trait removed some of the environmental variation in preharvest sprouting tolerance, but this was generally considered excessive to the environmental requirements. The methods developed here, of field imposed stresses may provide a valuable tool to further understand the influence of environment on the regulation of dormancy, as different phenotypes can be made with the same genotype. Moisture stress, sudden changes in water supply or high temperatures during the late dough stages influenced dormancy phenotype and should be considered and avoided if possible when selecting locations and running trials for screening for genetic differences in preharvest sprouting tolerance. In the Western Australian context, the embryo component of dormancy appeared to be sufficient and should be adopted as the most important trait for breeding for preharvest sprouting tolerance.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Diseases are limiting factors for the expression of the high yield potential of rice cultivars in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Blast (Pyricularia oryzae) is considered the main disease, causing damage to yield and milling grain quality. Losses vary depending on the cultivar, management practices and climatic conditions. The integrated management practices for disease control has been used in order to minimize fungicide applications. In the season 2014/15 were set up two experiments in order to evaluate the influence of nitrogen, silicates and fungicides on the occurrence of rice blast (Chapter I) and the behavior and the quality of rice grains of cultivar Guri INTA CL (Chapter II ). The experiment was conducted in a lowland area at Department of Crop Sciences of the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), with the experimental design of randomized blocks in a factorial (4x4x2) and four replications. In the experiment I, the treatments consisted of nitrogen rates (N) applied preflood pre and post flood (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1), and magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) silicate applied to the soil (0, 3000, 6000 and 9000 kg ha-1) and whether or not fungicide the mixture tricyclazole, azoxystrobin and difenoconazole. The treatments experiment II were: nitrogen rates applied pre-flood pre and post flood (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1), application of potassium silicate (K) to the leaves (0; 2,9; 5,8 and 8,7 L ha-1) and whether or not fungicide. It was observed that rates above 60 kg ha-1 N provide plants to greater severity of rice blast, requiring the use of fungicides for effective disease control and keep grain yield. In the absence of conditions of chemical control, the occurrence of blast reduces the industrial quality of rice grains, increasing the percentage of chalky grains, white belly and chalk area. The silicate effects of both Ca and Mg and K have higher responses in the absence of fungicides cultivar of rice Guri INTA CL. / As doenças são fatores limitantes para a expressão do alto potencial produtivo das cultivares de arroz irrigado no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A brusone (Pyricularia oryzae) é considerada sua principal doença e, causa danos à produtividade e qualidade dos grãos. As perdas variam em função da cultivar utilizada, das práticas de manejo adotadas na lavoura e das condições climáticas. O manejo integrado de práticas para o controle da doença vem sendo utilizado com o intuito de minimizar as aplicações de fungicidas. Na safra agrícola 2014/15 foram instalados dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a influência do nitrogênio, silicatos e fungicidas na ocorrência de brusone (Capítulo I) e o comportamento quanto a qualidade industrial dos grãos de arroz irrigado da cultivar Guri INTA CL (Capítulo II). Os experimentos foram conduzidos a campo, na área de várzea do Departamento de Fitotecnia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), com o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial (4x4x2) com quatro repetições. No experimento I, os tratamentos foram constituídos de doses de nitrogênio (N) aplicados em cobertura (0, 60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1), doses de silicato de cálcio (Ca) e magnésio (Mg) aplicado via solo (0, 3000, 6000 e 9000 kg ha-1) e aplicação ou não de fungicidas da mistura triciclazol, azoxistrobina e difenoconazol. Os tratamentos do experimento II foram: doses de nitrogênio aplicados em cobertura (0, 60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1), aplicação de silicato de potássio (K) via foliar (0; 2,9; 5,8 e 8,7 L ha-1) e aplicação ou não de fungicidas. Observou-se que doses acima de 60 kg ha-1 de N predispõem as plantas à maior severidade de brusone, sendo necessário a utilização de fungicidas para o controle eficiente da doença e manutenção do rendimento de grãos. Em condições de ausência do controle químico, a ocorrência de brusone reduz a qualidade industrial de grãos de arroz, aumentando os percentuais de grãos gessados, barriga branca e área gessada. Os efeitos de silicato tanto de Ca e Mg como de K apresentam maiores respostas na ausência de fungicidas na cultivar de arroz irrigado Guri INTA CL.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:15:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ROMENIQUE DA SILVA DE FREITAS.pdf: 581451 bytes, checksum: fa472168c03c6fa7ac62fde706430995 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The study was conducted at the Experimental Farm Rafael Fernandes, Mossoró city, Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, with the objective to verify the effect of irrigation levels and planting densities on the castor bean production, BRS ENERGIA . Thus, we used the experimental design in randomized blocks in a split-plot 5 x 2, with four replications. The treatments consisted of irrigation levels (0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4 of ETc) in main plots and plant densities in the sub-plots formed by arrangements 1.50 m x 0.30 m x 0.30 m (D1 - 37,037 plants ha-1) and 1.50 m x 0.30 m x 0.40 m (D2 - 27,778 plants ha-1). The main plots were 18 m in length, 9 m for each of the densities. The irrigation levels were differentiated by the application time using the tubes, each of which had a strip of the water distribution system independent. The main bunches fruits income decreased with the applied levels and the secondary bunches income (in fruits and grains) followed quadratic polynomial model. How much to the total income, was gotten 3,974 kg ha-1 of fruits and 2,691 kg ha-1 of grains with irrigation based on 1,20 and 1,25 of the etc, respectively. / FREITAS, Romenique da Silva. Qualidade de grãos de feijão armazenados sob atmosfera modificada. Mossoró, UFERSA, 2009. 62 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Agronomia: Fitotecnia) Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), Mossoró-RN, 2009. Professor Orientador: D. Sc. Patrício Borges Maracajá. Co- orientador: Profa. D. Sc. Lêda Rita D Antonino Faroni. Conselheiros: Prof. D. Sc. Glauber Henrique de Sousa Nunes e Profa. D. Sc. Danila Kelly Pereira Neri. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade de grãos de feijão com diferentes teores de água, armazenados em condições herméticas, ao longo do armazenamento. O experimento foi realizado no Setor de Pré-Processamento e Armazenamento de Produtos Agrícolas do Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV). Foram utilizados grãos de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) do grupo vermelho, cultivar vermelhinho, com teores de água de 12,3, 15,7 e 17,8% b.u., produzidos na safra de inverno (2008), no município de Viçosa-MG. Os grãos foram acondicionados em embalagens herméticas e armazenados em câmara climática, por 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias, à temperatura de 25 °C e umidade relativa de 70±5%. No armazenamento foram utilizadas bolsas plásticas, impermeáveis com capacidade para três quilogramas e garrafas pet transparente com capacidade para 1,5 L. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial com parcelas subdivididas e três repetições, sendo as parcelas representadas pelo fatorial condição de armazenamento (silo tipo bolsa, garrafa pet e testemunha) e teor de água do grão (12,3, 15,7 e 17,8% b.u.) e as subparcelas representadas pelos períodos de armazenamento (0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias). Avaliou-se o teor de água, grau de infestação por insetos-praga, massa específica aparente, condutividade elétrica, percentual de germinação, tempo de cocção e classificação dos grãos, após cada período de armazenamento. Todas as variáveis analisadas variaram significativamente (p<0,05) entre os teores de umidade, condições (hermética/não hermética) e períodos de armazenamento. Grãos de feijão com teores de água de 12,3 e 15,7% b.u., armazenados em condições herméticas, mantiveram as características analisadas por 120 dias, exceto o tempo de cocção. Grãos de feijão com teores de água de 17,8% b.u., armazenados em condições herméticas, mantiveram as características analisadas por um período de 60 dias, exceto o tempo de cocção. A perda de qualidade, caracterizada pelo aumento no tempo de cocção, foi maior nos grãos com maior teor de água, armazenados em condições herméticas. Nos grãos com menor teor de água o tempo de cocção foi mantido por 90 dias. O armazenamento hermético é capaz de manter a qualidade de grãos de feijão com teores de água variando de 12,3 a 15,7% b.u. por 120 dias.