Tidigare undersökningar visar att fettproblematiken i de kommunala ledningsnäten är ökande. Fettet som hamnar i avloppen leder till drift- och underhållskostnader, men leder även till problem för att nå de lagar och regler som ställs på VA-huvudmännen. Vad gör huvudmännen åt detta problem? Är användningen av bioteknik en lösning? Vilka åtgärder finns mot hushållen? I denna uppsats har en litteraturstudie genomförts om fett i avlopp, en enkätstudie för att undersöka privatpersoners kunskap om matavfallssortering och även intervjuer med personer från företag inom VA. Resultaten visar att det finns indikationer på att informationen ut till privatpersoner kan förbättras från enkätstudien. Informationen som finns på kommunens hemsida som är riktad mot privatpersoner är svåråtkomlig. Fett i avlopp är ofta ett osynligt problem för allmänheten. Därför krävs informationsinsatser för att minska uppkomsten. Användandet av fettavskiljare är en effektiv åtgärd så länge de är tillräckligt dimensionerade och töms varje månad. Bioteknikens påverkan i de kommunala ledningsnäten bör undersökas vidare i en större studie. / Previous studies show that problems with fat in the municipal sewer systems are increasing. The fat that ends up in the drain leads to costs related to operation and maintenance, as well as issues with reaching the laws and rules that the owners of the water- and wastewater infrastructure needs to apply. What are the sewer system owners doing against this problem? Is the use of biotechnology a part of the solution? What actions are available towards the households? In this study we have done a literature study about fat in sewers, a survey to investigate the publics knowledge about food waste separation. We have also performed interviews with companies within the field. The results from the survey shows indications that the information to the public can be improved. The accessible information aimed towards the public on the municipality's website is hard to reach. Fat in sewers is often an invisible problem to the individuals. Because of this efforts with information is needed to lower the emergence of fat. The use of grease traps is an effective solution if they are correctly dimensioned and are emptied every month. The effect that biotechnology have on the wastewater system ought to be investigated in a larger study.

Environmentally adaptable grease (EAG) lubricants are essential in applications with loss lubrication due to their biodegradable nature. This is because the lubricants could be expelled into the environment during usage in some applications e.g., marine and mining applications. However, although this type of grease is sustainable to use, it also needs to bridge the performance gap it has with the mineral-based grease counterpart.  In this thesis project, a tribological evaluation comparison between the performance of EAGs and traditional mineral-based greases in large open gears is carried out. A twin disc tribometer is used to mimic the contact mechanisms of the test gears while being lubricated automatically by the grease samples through a syringe pump. For the experiments, the material surface of all the discs in the tribometer setup is steel while the different grease samples are tested for each setup. Two of the grease samples; UPL 04123 (NLGI 1.5) and UPL 04124 (NLGI 0.5) are fully formulated EAGs, while the third is a popular commercial mineral-based grease currently used in large open gears in the mining industry. An investigation of the wear of the discs used in each grease test is carried out using optical interferometry and a Scanning electron microscope (SEM). The wear volumes and wear rates are then analysed and compared to evaluate the performance of the grease samples. The wear results from the tribological characterisation using the twin disc are validated with the ISO 14635-3 standard on the FZG back-to-back test rig. Also, chemical characterisation of the unused and used grease is carried out using the advanced ATR-FTIR method to evaluate additive depletion and lastly an SEM-EDS analysis to confirm the presence of tribofilm on the surfaces of the disc samples. In conclusion, it is found that there is a correlation between the consistency of the grease sample and wear prevention; where the commercial grease with the least consistency performs best, followed by the 0.5G and lastly the 1.5G. Also, there are clear indications in the wear rates of the actions of extreme pressure additives activation at high contact pressures between the discs. The inadequacies of the ATR-FTIR and SEM-EDS methods to evaluate additives and tribofilm respectively are also discussed.

Research on the electrocoagulation (EC) of hexane extractable materials (HEM) has been conducted at the University of New Orleans using a proprietary bench-scale EC reactor. The original reactor configuration forced the fluid to follow a vertical upward-downward path. An alternate electrode arrangement was introduced so that the path of flow became horizontal. Both configurations were evaluated by comparing the residence time distribution (RTD) data generated in each case. These data produced indication of internal recirculation and stagnant water when the fluid followed a vertical path. These anomalies were attenuated when the fluid flowed horizontally and at a velocity higher than 0.032 m s-1 . A series of EC experiments were performed using a synthetic emulsion with a HEM concentration of approximately 700 mg l-1. It was confirmed that EC of HEM follows first-order kinetics, and kinetic constants of 0.0441 s-1 and 0.0443 s-1 were obtained from applying both the dispersion and tanks-in-series (TIS) models, respectively. In both cases R2 was 0.97. Also, the TIS model indicated that each cell of the EC behaves as an independent continuous-stirred-tank reactor.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:04:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jairo Pinto de Oliveira.pdf: 2727767 bytes, checksum: 3b1352014d87848112176e085bb84c8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Effluents are released daily into water bodies without any treatment with high levels of oil and grease (OG) and are a huge environmental problem. These residues are potentially available may be used for energy recovery, such as oil usage for the production of biodiesel. As the biggest barrier to the production of biodiesel involves the cost of raw materials, grease traps of restaurants, industries and wastewater treatment plants can be used as feedstock for biofuel production, since they have large amounts of oil and grease without cost. However, residual oils and greases contain high levels of free fatty acids (FFA) and as the preferred route for the production of biodiesel transesterification is alkaline, may be formed soap as a final product, impairing the separation of glycerol and decreasing the reaction yield. Thus, the acidic and enzymatic transesterification can present as promising alternatives, since it can catalyze the modification of both triglycerides and free fatty acids. The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of using four types of oily waste sanitation (skimmings of grease from a University Restaurant, a Food Industry, a Station Wastewater Treatment and Sludge pits and septic tanks); characterize the physicochemical properties of oils and greases extracted and evaluate processes involving generation of biodiesel acid catalyst (H2SO4) and enzyme (immobilized Candida antarctica). The residues studied showed high levels of oil and grease and physicochemical characterization showed high levels of acidity, saponification and humidity. Were detected and quantified the major saturated and unsaturated fatty acids by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The production of biodiesel from raw materials from grease traps showed high levels of conversion, greater than or equal 90%, which shows that both catalysts (H2SO4 and lipase Candida antarctica) are presented in the efficient esterification of raw waste acidic. The best conversion was found to be 96.5% using the lipid material from the grease trap the University Restaurant UFES catalyzed enzymatically at 50 ° C and molar ratio of 1:9 (oil: alcohol) / Efluentes são lançados diariamente em corpos d água sem nenhum tipo de tratamento com elevados teores de óleos e graxas (OG) e constituem um enorme problema ambiental. Estes resíduos potencialmente disponíveis podem ser utilizados para o aproveitamento energético, como o uso de óleo para a produção de biodiesel. Como a maior barreira para produção de biodiesel envolve o custo de matéria prima, caixas de gordura de restaurantes, indústrias e de estações de tratamento de efluentes podem ser utilizados como matéria prima para produção de biocombustível, pois apresentam grandes quantidades de óleos e graxas sem nenhum custo. No entanto, óleos e graxas residuais contêm altos teores de ácidos graxos livres (AGL), e como a via preferencial para a produção de biodiesel é a transesterificação alcalina, pode ocorrer a formação de sabão como produto final, prejudicando a separação do glicerol e diminuindo o rendimento da reação. Desta forma, a transesterificação enzimática e ácida podem se apresentar como alternativas promissoras, visto que podem catalisar a modificação tanto de triglicerídeos como de ácidos graxos livres. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a possibilidade de utilização de quatro tipos de resíduos oleosos do saneamento (Escumas de caixas de gordura de um Restaurante Universitário, de uma Indústria de Alimentos, de uma Estação de Tratamento de Efluentes e de Lodos de Fossas e Tanques Sépticos), caracterizar as propriedades físico-químicas dos óleos e graxas extraídos, bem como avaliar processos de geração de biodiesel envolvendo catalisador ácido (H2SO4) e enzimático (Candida antarctica imobilizada). Os resíduos estudados apresentaram altos teores de óleos e graxas e a caracterização físico-química mostrou elevados índices de acidez, saponificação e umidade. Foram detectados e quantificados os principais ácidos graxos saturados e insaturados por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE). A produção do biodiesel a partir das matérias primas provenientes de caixas de gordura apresentaram altos níveis de conversões, maior ou igual 90%, o que demonstra que ambos os catalisadores (H2SO4 e a lipase Candida antarctica) apresentam-se eficientes na esterificação de matérias primas residuais ácidas. A melhor conversão encontrada foi de 96,5% utilizando o material lipídico proveniente da caixa de gordura do Restaurante Universitário da UFES catalisado enzimaticamente a 50ºC e razão molar 1:9 (óleo:álcool)

In Geräten und Anlagen des Stromnetzes werden Steckverbinder mit hoher Stromtragfähigkeit eingesetzt, wenn bewegliche Teile kontaktiert werden oder Betriebsmittel mit geringem Aufwand montier- und demontierbar sein müssen. Die elektrische Verbindung der Leiter wird dabei oft mit federnden Kontaktelementen realisiert. Die Kontaktelemente müssen als Teil der Strombahn während der Lebensdauer des Geräts den Betriebsstrom im Kiloampere-Bereich und im Fehlerfall bis zu einige Sekunden lang den eine Größenordnung höheren Kurzschlussstrom tragen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Rechenmodelle für die innere Erwärmung von Hochstrom-Kontaktsystemen im stationären Dauerbetrieb und im transienten Kurzschlussfall entwickelt. Das elektrische und mechanische Langzeitverhalten im Temperaturbereich (105…180) °C wurde experimentell mit stromdurchflossenen, fettgeschmierten Modellsteckverbindern, die regelmäßig getrennt und neu gesteckt wurden, untersucht. Modellerstellung, Rechnungen und Versuche wurden beispielhaft mit Kontaktelementen vom Typ Multilam durchgeführt. Kontaktelemente und Leiter bestanden aus versilbertem Kupfer. Für das stationäre Betriebsverhalten wurden die mit der analytischen Spannungs-Temperatur-Beziehung nach Kohlrausch berechneten Ergebnisse mit einem Erwärmungsversuch verifiziert. Die Temperaturdifferenz zwischen Kontaktelement und Leiter ist bei Standardanwendungen, wie in Schaltanlagen, mit ≤ 3 K sehr klein. Deshalb ist die Leitertemperatur als Zielgröße beim Dimensionieren der Dauerstrombelastbarkeit ausreichend. Bei Kurzschlussstrombelastung wurde im Kontaktsystem eine schnelle, räumlich unterschiedlich ausgeprägte Erwärmung numerisch berechnet. Leiter und Kontaktelement erwärmen sich kontinuierlich, wobei die mittlere Endübertemperatur im Kontaktelement aufgrund des kleineren stromtragenden Querschnitts eine Größenordnung höher ist. Die Kontakte führen bei 50 Hz-Wechselstrom aufgrund ihrer vernachlässigbaren Wärmekapazität 100 Hz-Temperaturzyklen aus. Dabei können die Maximaltemperaturen noch deutlich größer als die mittlere Temperatur der Kontaktelemente sein. Im Langzeitversuch waren nach 16 000 h Betriebszeit bei 180 °C und regelmäßigen simulierten Steckvorgängen die Verbindungskräfte noch genügend groß, um die elektrischen Anforderungen eines neuen Kontaktsystems zu erfüllen. Allerdings führte bei einer Betriebstemperatur von 105 °C ein thermisch instabiles Schmierfett zum vorzeitigen elektrischen Ausfall eines Teils der Steckverbinder. / Switchgear and devices for the power grid use high-power connectors if moving parts have to be contacted or equipment shall be easily mountable and dismountable. The electrical connection of the conductors is often realized by spring-loaded contact elements. As part of the main circuit, contact elements must carry the full operating current in the kiloampere-range for the entire service life of the device. In case of a fault, the short-circuit current, which is one order of magnitude larger, has to be carried for up to several seconds. In this thesis, calculation models for the inner temperature rise of high-power contact systems in steady-state continuous operation, as well as for the transient short-circuit load case were developed. Electrical and mechanical long-term performance in the temperature range from 105 to 180 °C was experimentally investigated with current carrying, grease-lubricated model connectors which were regularly unplugged and replugged. Modelling, calculations and experiments were exemplarily carried out with Multilam contact elements. Conductors and contact element consisted of silver-plated copper. The analytical voltage-temperature relation was used to calculate the steady-state performance; calculations were verified with a temperature-rise test. The temperature difference from contact element to conductors is very small (≤ 3 K) for standard applications like switchgear. Thus, it is sufficient to use the conductor temperature as a criterion for the design of the continuous ampacity of high-power contact systems. At short-time load, a fast spatially inhomogeneous temperature rise was numerically calculated. Conductor and contact element continuously heat up; due to the smaller current carrying cross section, median final temperature rise in the contact element is one order of magnitude larger than in the conductors. Because of their negligible thermal capacity, contacts perform 100 Hz temperature cycles at 50 Hz AC load; the maximum contact temperatures may be significantly higher than the median temperature of the contact elements. In the long-term test, after 16 000 h operating time at 180 °C and regular plugging operations, contact elements maintained enough joint force to meet the requirements of a new contact system. At 105 °C however, a thermally instable grease led to electrical failure of part of the connectors.

Most of the rolling element bearings are lubricated with Grease lubricant. Generally, the grease is expected to serve for life. The major causes of the bearing failure are due to the failure of the lubrication. The grease will experience creeping, oil permeation, oil separation etc. The separated oil will be lost permanently from the bearing. The widely used grease for general application is the lithium grease. The thickener of the grease consists covalent bond. When the grease is sheared, the breakage of the covalent bond will be permanent, resulting in the permanent loss of the rheological properties. The gels have unique properties such as thermal reversibility, viscoelasticity and thixotropy. They become mobile under shear stress and solidify again when the shear stress is removed. This property can be harnessed to avoid the base oil creeping, oil permeation, leakage in gears and bearings. Due to the presence of the polar group in the gels, they form a good tribo film and prevent the wear.  Under the shear stress, weak supramolecular interactions will be distorted, and this leads to the release of the oil and they re-form the structure after a certain period of rest. When the gel is in the solid-state, it will avoid creeping and evaporation. Many classes of gels are either derived from natural sources or from environmentally friendly materials. Thus, the lubricant formed out of gel would effectively solve both environmental as well as lubrication problems. In this work, supramolecular gel lubricants were prepared out of fully green, cellulose derivatives and starch hydrolysates. The non-ionic hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and anionic sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) were chosen to understand the effect of ionic and non-ionic gelators on the rheological and the tribological parameters. Traditionally fat was used as a lubricant, now, in food industry various fat replacers are being used. To study whether the fat replacers can act as a thickener, Dextrin and maltodextrins were chosen.  Dextrin and maltodextrin with the different DE values were selected to understand the influence of molecular weight on gelation and tribological performance.  Inspired by the recent developments and advantages of aqueous lubrication, mixer of water and poly(ethylene glycol) 200 (PEG 200) is chosen as the base fluid. It was found that a very small amount of gelator can increase the viscosity of the PEG/water to several orders. The thermal stability of the gels was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and found that gels can increase the thermal stability of the base fluid. FTIR results showed the formation of a non-covalent bond between the PEG molecules and water. It is shown that anionic gelator will result in producing low friction and wear in comparison to non-ionic gelator. The possible tribo-film formation due to the negative charge in the NaCMC molecules is attributed to these results. The very low friction and low wear was exhibited by the dextrin and maltodextrin gels. It is proposed that this could be due to the microspherical particles of gels which can act as nano bearings. It was found that choosing the optimum concentration of the gelator is important to reduce friction and wear. The higher gelator concentration will form the hard gel, which cannot flow and replenish the sliding contact, resulting in the starved lubrication. This will cause high wear and friction. These gel lubricants can be used in food, pharmaceutical and biomedical industries.

In Geräten und Anlagen des Stromnetzes werden Steckverbinder mit hoher Stromtragfähigkeit eingesetzt, wenn bewegliche Teile kontaktiert werden oder Betriebsmittel mit geringem Aufwand montier- und demontierbar sein müssen. Die elektrische Verbindung der Leiter wird dabei oft mit federnden Kontaktelementen realisiert. Die Kontaktelemente müssen als Teil der Strombahn während der Lebensdauer des Geräts den Betriebsstrom im Kiloampere-Bereich und im Fehlerfall bis zu einige Sekunden lang den eine Größenordnung höheren Kurzschlussstrom tragen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden Rechenmodelle für die innere Erwärmung von Hochstrom-Kontaktsystemen im stationären Dauerbetrieb und im transienten Kurzschlussfall entwickelt. Das elektrische und mechanische Langzeitverhalten im Temperaturbereich (105…180) °C wurde experimentell mit stromdurchflossenen, fettgeschmierten Modellsteckverbindern, die regelmäßig getrennt und neu gesteckt wurden, untersucht. Modellerstellung, Rechnungen und Versuche wurden beispielhaft mit Kontaktelementen vom Typ Multilam durchgeführt. Kontaktelemente und Leiter bestanden aus versilbertem Kupfer. Für das stationäre Betriebsverhalten wurden die mit der analytischen Spannungs-Temperatur-Beziehung nach Kohlrausch berechneten Ergebnisse mit einem Erwärmungsversuch verifiziert. Die Temperaturdifferenz zwischen Kontaktelement und Leiter ist bei Standardanwendungen, wie in Schaltanlagen, mit ≤ 3 K sehr klein. Deshalb ist die Leitertemperatur als Zielgröße beim Dimensionieren der Dauerstrombelastbarkeit ausreichend. Bei Kurzschlussstrombelastung wurde im Kontaktsystem eine schnelle, räumlich unterschiedlich ausgeprägte Erwärmung numerisch berechnet. Leiter und Kontaktelement erwärmen sich kontinuierlich, wobei die mittlere Endübertemperatur im Kontaktelement aufgrund des kleineren stromtragenden Querschnitts eine Größenordnung höher ist. Die Kontakte führen bei 50 Hz-Wechselstrom aufgrund ihrer vernachlässigbaren Wärmekapazität 100 Hz-Temperaturzyklen aus. Dabei können die Maximaltemperaturen noch deutlich größer als die mittlere Temperatur der Kontaktelemente sein. Im Langzeitversuch waren nach 16 000 h Betriebszeit bei 180 °C und regelmäßigen simulierten Steckvorgängen die Verbindungskräfte noch genügend groß, um die elektrischen Anforderungen eines neuen Kontaktsystems zu erfüllen. Allerdings führte bei einer Betriebstemperatur von 105 °C ein thermisch instabiles Schmierfett zum vorzeitigen elektrischen Ausfall eines Teils der Steckverbinder.:Einleitung Hochstrom-Kontaktsysteme – Stand der Technik Theorie der Kontakte bei hoher Strombelastung Stationäres elektrisch-thermisches Betriebsverhalten Transientes elektrisch-thermisches Betriebsverhalten Langzeitverhalten Zusammenfassung Ausblick / Switchgear and devices for the power grid use high-power connectors if moving parts have to be contacted or equipment shall be easily mountable and dismountable. The electrical connection of the conductors is often realized by spring-loaded contact elements. As part of the main circuit, contact elements must carry the full operating current in the kiloampere-range for the entire service life of the device. In case of a fault, the short-circuit current, which is one order of magnitude larger, has to be carried for up to several seconds. In this thesis, calculation models for the inner temperature rise of high-power contact systems in steady-state continuous operation, as well as for the transient short-circuit load case were developed. Electrical and mechanical long-term performance in the temperature range from 105 to 180 °C was experimentally investigated with current carrying, grease-lubricated model connectors which were regularly unplugged and replugged. Modelling, calculations and experiments were exemplarily carried out with Multilam contact elements. Conductors and contact element consisted of silver-plated copper. The analytical voltage-temperature relation was used to calculate the steady-state performance; calculations were verified with a temperature-rise test. The temperature difference from contact element to conductors is very small (≤ 3 K) for standard applications like switchgear. Thus, it is sufficient to use the conductor temperature as a criterion for the design of the continuous ampacity of high-power contact systems. At short-time load, a fast spatially inhomogeneous temperature rise was numerically calculated. Conductor and contact element continuously heat up; due to the smaller current carrying cross section, median final temperature rise in the contact element is one order of magnitude larger than in the conductors. Because of their negligible thermal capacity, contacts perform 100 Hz temperature cycles at 50 Hz AC load; the maximum contact temperatures may be significantly higher than the median temperature of the contact elements. In the long-term test, after 16 000 h operating time at 180 °C and regular plugging operations, contact elements maintained enough joint force to meet the requirements of a new contact system. At 105 °C however, a thermally instable grease led to electrical failure of part of the connectors.:Einleitung Hochstrom-Kontaktsysteme – Stand der Technik Theorie der Kontakte bei hoher Strombelastung Stationäres elektrisch-thermisches Betriebsverhalten Transientes elektrisch-thermisches Betriebsverhalten Langzeitverhalten Zusammenfassung Ausblick

Grease is among the most widely used lubricants in rolling element bearings. Proper understanding of the effect of lubrication due to grease aging can provide a significant increase in the life of the engineering systems. However, at present, there is no sufficient understanding of the grease aging effect in rolling elements bearing. This restricts the optimal usage of the bearing and timely monitoring of the grease. The current research work tries to address this issue with an experimental investigation. This project studies the behavior of 4 types of greases in rolling elements bearings for various operating conditions by recording the temperature and acoustic emission data. The aged samples were prepared to keep in the oven at 150 °C for a series of time duration letting it go through the chemical changes and thermal degradation. Tests were carried out in a test rig with the different levels of oxidized greases for 5 hrs time. And the effects in bearing temperature, acoustic emission were recorded. This is an investigation to analyze the effects of grease composition and aging in rolling elements lubrication by means of acoustic emission and bearing temperature. The IR spectroscopy was carried from the samples collected from the oven in order to understand the change in lubricant composition. The results show that the grease with di-urea thickener and base oil of synthetic ether and polyolester gives the best bearing temperature and acoustic emission behavior compared to the other grease type. The possibility of using the acoustic emission and temperature data to monitor the grease aging is also presented. Along with this, the possibility of using the AE statistical methods, AE count method, and energy plot were also explored to relate with the degree of aging.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:07:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriele Pizzatto.pdf: 2509942 bytes, checksum: 2ced823abdb0d261ba88e1b1559d76a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-24 / The effluent from the kitchen sink, dishwasher, tank/washing machine, toilet bowl, shower, sink and tub when not covered are the source of many environmental problems and public health. The current management models based on conventional technologies still present technical and economic limitations. In this context, the study aimed to develop and propose a new model of management of domestic sewage and specifically the development of an alternative technology for the preliminary treatment of wastewater generated in the kitchen sink (due to its specific characteristics). The methodology included the qualitative and quantitative characterization of the generating source and domestic effluents, methods of collection, transportation and conventional treatment of domestic sewage and explanation of the advantages/disadvantages of the methods, processes and conventional technology. The results of the monitoring activities and habits of a family allowed determining the water consumption and the consequent generation of waste in each of the sources, which resulted in a correlation that will assist in the calculation of generation capacity/production of domestic sewage in homes and corresponding diagnosis. The tests performed with commercially available technologies for treating the effluent from the kitchen sink (grease trap) have identified the technical limitations of these technologies and the consequence was that the development of a new technology with innovative features called "ash for treatment of effluent from the sink kitchen with simultaneous separation of fat and settleable solids - Model UNIOESTE" innovative technology and in the process of patenting. It therefore contributes to mitigating the negative impacts that result from inadequate management of domestic wastewater using for such technological innovations resulting from intellectual activity with experimental validation. Key-words: domestic sewage, effluent from the kitchen sink, waste management, grease trap. / Os efluentes domésticos provenientes da pia da cozinha, máquina de lavar louça, tanque/máquina de lavar roupas, bacia sanitária, chuveiro, lavatório e banheira quando não tratados são fonte de muitos problemas ambientais e de saúde pública. Os atuais modelos de gestão com base de tecnologias convencionais ainda apresentam limitações técnicas e econômicas. Nesse contexto, o trabalho objetivou o desenvolvimento e proposição de um novo modelo de gestão de efluentes domésticos e especificamente o desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia alternativa para o tratamento preliminar do efluente gerado na pia da cozinha (devido às suas características peculiares). A metodologia contemplou a caracterização qualitativa e quantitativa da fonte geradora e dos efluentes domésticos, dos métodos de coleta, transporte e tratamento convencional de efluentes domésticos e explicitação das vantagens/desvantagens dos métodos, processos e da tecnologia convencional. Os resultados do monitoramento das atividades e hábitos de uma família permitiram determinar o consumo de água e a conseqüente geração de efluentes em cada uma das fontes, cujo resultado foi uma correlação que deverá auxiliar no cálculo da capacidade de geração/produção de efluentes domésticos nas residências e o correspondente diagnóstico. Os testes realizados com tecnologias disponíveis no mercado para tratamento do efluente da pia da cozinha (caixa de gordura) permitiram identificar as limitações técnicas dessas tecnologias e a conseqüência disso foi o desenvolvimento de uma nova tecnologia com características inovadoras denominada Caixa para tratamento de efluente da pia da cozinha com separação simultânea de gordura e sólidos sedimentáveis Modelo UNIOESTE , de tecnologia inovadora e em fase de patenteamento. Desta forma, contribui-se com a mitigação dos impactos negativos que resultam da gestão inadequada dos efluentes domésticos utilizando-se para tal, inovações tecnológicas resultantes da atividade intelectual com validação experimental.

This thesis describes the methods and procedures used in designing production lines, focusing on the production line for machining of train wheels. The thesis also describes the basic types of railway wheels, their design and important design elements. It also deals with the complete manufacturing process of train wheel from material selection through the technological processes of forming, heat treatment, mechanical tests, machining and non-destructive testing and measuring. Suitable equipment for the construction of automatic lines for machining, inspection and measurement of train wheels is selected according to the specified parameters of the wheel types, manufacturing productivity and production shop dimensions, These devices include vertical machining center, single-purpose machine for grease outlet drilling, device for ultrasonic inspection, magnetic particle inspecton device, measuring station and train wheel balancing machine. Several variants of the production line including detailed specification of manipulation cycle times is created. These variants are mutually compared and evaluated to find the optimal solution.