Thesis (MSc (Genetics. Institute for Plant Biotechnology (IPB)))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / Dextran is a high value glucose polymer used in medicine and an array of laboratory techniques. It is synthesised by lactic-acid bacteria from sucrose but has also reportedly been produced by Gluconobacter oxydans (G. oxydans) from a range of maltooligosaccharides (MOS) via the action of dextrin dextranase (DDase). In this study the presence of DDase is investigated in two G. oxydans strains (ATCC 621H and ATCC 19357) and shown to be present in the ATCC 19357 strain, but not in the ATCC 621H strain. The enzyme was partially purified from the ATCC 19357 strain, and its kinetic properties investigated. The partially purified protein was also digested with trypsin, and de novo peptide sequences obtained from it. Several attempts were made to obtain the gene coding for the DDase. These include amplifying an open reading frame from the G. oxydans genome coding for a glycosyltransferase with the approximate molecular weight of the DDase, using the peptide sequences obtained from the partially purified protein to design degenerate PCR primers and the production of a genomic DNA library for functional screening in E. coli. None of these approaches led to the successful isolation of the extracellular DDase sequence.

Orientador: Célia Maria Landi Franco / Banca: Maria Victória Eiras Grossmann / Banca: Maria de Lourdes Corradi Custódio da Silva / Resumo: Amido é um polímero semicristalino constituído basicamente por amilose e amilopectina. Seus grânulos são formados por regiões amorfas intercaladas com áreas mais densas compostas por lamelas alternadas de material cristalino e amorfo. O empacotamento das moléculas no grânulo é dependente da fonte botânica. Raízes e tubérculos são ricos em amido e seu plantio não requer muito investimento. Assim, o interesse industrial vem aumentando. O conhecimento da estrutura granular é fundamental para melhor entendimento das propriedades funcionais e melhor utilização do amido. A hidrólise ácida é uma técnica muito utilizada no estudo da estrutura do amido. O tratamento do amido com H2SO4 15% produz uma fração ácido-resistente, com baixa massa molar, conhecida como dextrina Naegeli (DN). O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a estrutura granular dos amidos de mandioca, batata, batata-doce e mandioquinha-salsa através da hidrólise ácida. Os amidos foram incubados com H2SO4 15,3% a 38ºC, por até 30 dias, e suas DN foram analisadas. A hidrólise ácida ocorreu em duas etapas: a primeira foi atribuída à rápida degradação das áreas amorfas dos grânulos, enquanto a segunda fase correspondeu à lenta hidrólise das regiões cristalinas. O amido de mandioquinha-salsa foi o mais suscetível à hidrólise, enquanto que os amidos de batata e batata-doce foram os mais resistentes. Os amidos de batata e mandioquinha-salsa apresentaram padrões cristalinos tipo B e mostraram maiores proporções de cadeias laterais longas da amilopectina (GP 37) do que os amidos de mandioca (tipo CA) e batata-doce (tipo C). Além de grande proporção de cadeias longas, o amido de mandioquinha-salsa também apresentou grande proporção de cadeias curtas (32,0%). O amido de mandioca também apresentou grande proporção de cadeias curtas (30,5%). Esses amidos mostraram um ombro em GP 17-21 ...(Resumo com'pleto, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Starch is a semi-crystalline polymer composed mainly of amylose and amylopectin. The starch granules are formed by successive layers that include amorphous areas interspersed with more dense areas composed of alternated lamellae of crystalline and amorphous material. Packing of amylose and amylopectin into granules is dependent of botanical source. Tubers and roots are rich in starch and their cultivation does not require much investment. Thus, the industrial interest has increased. Knowledge of the starch structure is fundamental for better understanding the functional properties and better utilization of the starch. Acid hydrolysis is widely used to study starch structure. Treatment of starch with 15% H2SO4 solution produces an acid-resistant fraction with low molecular weight known as Naegeli dextrin (ND). Objective of this study was to determine the structural characteristics of cassava, potato, sweet potato and Peruvian carrot starches by using acid hydrolysis. The starches were submitted to 15.3% H2SO4 at 38ºC for up to 30 days and their ND were analyzed. Acid hydrolysis displayed two phases: the first one was attributed to faster degradation of amorphous areas of granules, whereas the second phase corresponded to slower hydrolysis of crystalline regions. Peruvian carrot starch was the most susceptible to hydrolysis, whereas potato and sweet potato starches were the most resistant. Potato and Peruvian carrot starches displayed B-type X-ray pattern and had larger proportions of long branch-chains of amylopectin (DP 37) than cassava (CA-type) and sweet potato (C-type) starches. Beyond the great proportion of long branch-chains, the Peruvian carrot starch also showed great proportion of short branch-chains (32.0%). Cassava starch also had great proportion of short branch-chains (30.5%). These starches displayed a shoulder at DP 17-21 on branch chain-length distribution... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientadores: Kil Jin Park, Louise Emy Kurozawa / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T20:57:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santana_AudireneAmorim_D.pdf: 17094211 bytes, checksum: 544e76274df6f1a5e73568cb21d2f073 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb), fruto rico em óleo, proteínas e carotenóides, é cultivado em todo o cerrado brasileiro. Outro produto encontrado nesta região é o babaçu (Orbignya phalerata, Mart.), que é uma das mais importantes representantes das palmeiras brasileiras. Dele é obtida a amêndoa que tem um agradável sabor e reconhecido valor nutricional. A secagem destes produtos está configurada entre as diversas tecnologias para o seu aproveitamento. Um tipo de secagem muito utilizado para a transformação de um produto no estado fluido para o estado sólido em forma de pó é a secagem por aspersão. O objetivo deste trabalho é a obtenção de polpa de pequi e leite de coco babaçu em pó microencapsulados com maltodextrina DE10, goma arábica e dextrina através do processo de secagem por aspersão. Inicialmente, foi feito a caracterização centesimal das matérias-primas e testes preliminares para a obtenção de alguns pós, formulados com diferentes agentes encapsulantes. A partir dos dados obtidos nos testes preliminares para a polpa de pequi, foram realizados três delineamentos composto central rotacional (DCCR, com 17 ensaios variando a temperatura do ar de secagem, concentração de agente encapsulante e concentração de agente surfactante), tendo como respostas umidade, higroscopicidade, rendimento, vitamina C, atividade de água (Aw) e carotenóides totais. Para o leite de babaçu, foram realizados três DCCR (11 ensaios), visando avaliar o efeito da variável temperatura do ar de secagem e concentração de agente encapsulante sobre as respostas umidade, higroscopicidade, rendimento, Aw e oxidação lipídica. A vitamina C e o rendimento obtido para as partículas de polpa de pequi foram muito parecidos para os três agentes encapsulantes, porém as partículas com dextrina apresentaram maiores valores de carotenóides totais. Para as cápsulas de leite de coco babaçu, a dextrina apresentou menor conservação oxidativa que os demais encapsulantes. Através destes planejamentos, foram obtidas as condições otimizadas do processo. Os pós obtidos nestas condições foram avaliados quanto à densidade aparente e real, porosidade, distribuição do tamanho das partículas, molhabilidade, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, condições críticas de estocagem através das análises de isotermas de sorção e temperatura de transição vítrea e estudo da estabilidade através das análises de carotenóides totais, oxidação lipídica, cor e atividade antioxidante. O maior diâmetro médio das partículas foi obtido para os pós de polpa de pequi e leite de coco babaçu com dextrina e, consequentemente, tiveram o menor tempo de molhamento. Os pós de polpa de pequi e leite de coco babaçu com goma arábica, maltodextrina e dextrina apresentaram tamanho heterogêneo de esferas. As isotermas de sorção das amostras produzidas com polpa de pequi e leite de coco babaçu com os diferentes agentes encapsulantes apresentaram um bom ajuste ao modelo de BET para dois parâmetros. A Aw crítica para os pós de polpa de pequi foi de 0,62, pois acima desta Aw os pós apresentam transformações físicas como colapso, pegajosidade e caking. Para o leite de coco babaçu o valor crítico de Aw foi de 0,96, porém o valor crítico de umidade não foi possível determinar. Nas análises de estabilidade das cápsulas de polpa de pequi e leite de coco babaçu, a goma arábica se mostrou mais eficiente na encapsulação e proteção contra a presença de oxigênio, podendo ser fixada em estudos futuros para estes produtos / Abstract: Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb), fruit rich in oil, protein and carotenoids, is grown throughout the Brazilian Cerrado. Another product found in this region is the babassu (Orbignya phalerata, Mart.), which is one of the most important representatives of Brazilian palms. It is obtained the almond that has a nice flavor and nutritional value recognized. Drying of these products is set up between the various technologies for its use. A widely used kind of drying for the processing of a product in a fluid state to solid in powder form is spray drying. The objective of this research was to obtain pequi pulp and babassu coconut milk powder microencapsulated with maltodextrin DE10, gum Arabic and dextrin through the process of spray drying. Initially, centesimal characterization was made of raw materials and preliminary tests for some powders formulated with different agents encapsulants. From data obtained in preliminary tests for pequi pulp was performed three central composite rotatable design (CCRD with 17 assays), and the moisture content, hygroscopicity, process yield, vitamin C, Aw and total carotenoids were evaluated. For babassu coconut milk three CCRD (11 test) were evaluated to verify the effect of inlet air temperature and encapsulating agent concentration, on the responses moisture content, hygroscopicity, process yield, Aw and lipid oxidation. Vitamin C and the yield obtained for particles of pequi pulp were very similar for the three experimental matrix studied, but the particles with dextrin had higher levels of total carotenoids. For capsules babassu coconut milk, dextrin showed less oxidative conservation than other encapsulants. Through these experimental, the optimized conditions of the process were obtained. The powders obtained under these conditions were evaluated for the real and apparent density, porosity, particle size distribution, wettability, scanning electron microscopy, critical storage conditions through the analysis of sorption isotherms and glass transition temperature and study of stability through analyzes of total carotenoids, lipid oxidation, color and antioxidants. The greatest mean diameter was obtained for powders of pequi pulp and babassu coconut milk microencapsulated with dextrin and consequently had the shortest time wetting. The powders of pequi pulp and babassu coconut milk with gum Arabic, maltodextrin and dextrin were presented heterogeneous size. The sorption isotherms of the pulp pequi and babassu coconut milk microencapsulated with different encapsulating agents showed a good fit to the BET model to two parameters. The critical Aw for the powders pequi pulp was 0.62, since, above this value powder shows physical transformations as collapse, stickiness and caking. As for the babassu coconut milk powder the critical value of Aw was 0.96, but the critical moisture could not be determined. In the analyzes of stable capsules pequi pulp and babassu coconut milk, gum Arabic is more efficient encapsulation and protection in the presence of oxygen, which may be fixed in future studies for these products / Doutorado / Tecnologia Pós-Colheita / Doutor Engenharia Agrícola

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-09-26T19:15:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao Corrigida Final.pdf: 1696781 bytes, checksum: 73a1a16761e9e321bfa99f766ac31b04 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2014-09-26T19:45:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao Corrigida Final.pdf: 1696781 bytes, checksum: 73a1a16761e9e321bfa99f766ac31b04 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-26T19:45:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao Corrigida Final.pdf: 1696781 bytes, checksum: 73a1a16761e9e321bfa99f766ac31b04 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Wheat dextrin act as a soluble dietary fiber, promoting regulation of gastrointestinal tract, stabilization of insulin and blood glucose levels, as well as regulation of serum lipids. The aim of this experimental work was to evaluate the influence of wheat dextrin addition on rheological characteristics of the wheat dough and on technology and nutritional biscuit quality. The effect of replacing part of the wheat flour (0, 5, 10 and 15%) by wheat dextrin on the rheological characteristics of the dough was investigated using farinograph and extensograph measurements. Three commercial wheat flours ranked as weak, intermediate and strong were used for this purpose. Dough stability increased upon addition of wheat dextrin, except for wheat flours such as intermediate and strong containing 15% of dextrin. At all level of replacement of dextrin by wheat flour, significant decrease in water absorption was observed for all wheat flours tested. Weak and strong wheat dough with 5% of dextrin has not influence on ratio R/E. Up to certain levels, wheat flour could be replaced by wheat dextrin without compromise the dough consistency. A short-dough biscuit recipe with different levels of wheat flour replacement (0, 7, 14 and 21%) by wheat dextrin was tested. Physical, mechanical, sensory and nutritional characteristics of the biscuits were evaluated. Sensory attributes such as crispness was improved with 7% of dextrin, flavor and global acceptance have higher rates with 21%, comparing to biscuits without dextrin. The general acceptance was better to the enriched fiber biscuit. The thickness, specific volume and spread of the biscuits were not negatively affected due to dextrin. There was significant increase in the width of the biscuits with 21% of wheat dextrin. Water activity and moisture content showed augment with addition of 14 and 21% of dextrin. Addition of wheat dextrin to biscuit promoted a yellowness color. Crispness perception of the biscuits with wheat dextrin was better than the common biscuit, both under compression and shear forces. Fiber analysis showed a significant increas e of soluble fiber values until 12.28% to the read-to-eat biscuits.Protein content of the biscuits showed values between 11.83 and 13.17%. Addition of wheat dextrin into biscuits formulation could be useful to adjust rheological parameters of dough towards target values. Addition of 21% of dextrin to biscuit showed acceptable properties, as well as higher soluble fiber content with lesser effect on sensorial neither physical properties of biscuit, which could causes rejection by consumers. / A dextrina de trigo pode ser classificada como uma fibra solúvel e entre alguns de seus benefícios estão a regulação do sistema digestivo, a estabilização do nível de glicose no sangue e a regulação dos lipídeos séricos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência da adição de dextrina de trigo sobre as características reológicas da massa de farinha de trigo e a qualidade tecnológica e nutricional de biscoitos. O efeito da substituição de parte da farinha por dextrina (0, 5, 10 e 15%) sobre as características reológicas da massa foi investigado por meio de farinografia e extensografia. Três farinhas de trigo diferentes foram utilizadas e classificadas como fraca, média e forte. A estabilidade de todas as farinhas aumentou com o aumento de dextrina, exceto das farinhas média e forte com 15% de dextrina. Houve redução significativa da absorção de água, em todos os níveis de substituição por dextrina, para todas as farinhas. Não houve diferença entre a relação R/E das farinhas fraca e forte com 5% de dextrina. A adição de dextrina de trigo em biscoitos pode ser útil para se ajustar a reologia da massa e evitar prejuízos ao processo. Uma formulação de biscoito de massa curta com diferentes níveis de substituição de farinha (0, 7, 14 e 21%) por dextrina foi testada. Características tecnológicas e nutricionais dos biscoitos foram avaliadas. Em relação aos atributos sensoriais, a adição de 7% de dextrina melhorou a crocância e a adição de 21% melhorou o sabor e a aceitação geral dos biscoitos, em comparação ao biscoito sem dextrina. A espessura, a expansão e o volume específico dos biscoitos não foram impactados negativamente. Houve um aumento significativo no diâmetro dos biscoitos com 21% de dextrina. A atividade de água e umidade dos biscoitos aumentaram com a adição de 14 e 21% dextrina. As amostras com adição de dextrina tiveram uma coloração mais amarelada. O biscoito com adição de 7% de dextrina apresentou maior fragilidade à compressão. A adição de dextrina aumentou a resistência ao cisalhamento dos biscoitos. Análises de fibra demonstraram aumentos significativos de fibras solúveis, até valores de 12,28% do produto final. Os níveis de proteína encontrados nos biscoitos variaram de 11,83 à 13,17%. Em relação ao biscoito, a adição de 21% de dextrina parece ser o mais indicado, já que possibilitou o maior incremento de fibras solúveis e não prejudicou as características sensoriais nem físicas do biscoito, ao ponto de tornar o mesmo inaceitável do ponto de vista do consumidor.

Darbo tikslas: Ištirti glicerolio, kvietinių sėlenų su krakmolo gamybos sirupo granulių ir salyklo daigelių efektyvumą melžiamų karvių racionuose bei įvertinti jų įtaką azotinių medžiagų fermentacijai karvių didžiajame prieskrandyje. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Ištirti krakmolo gamybos sirupo, kvietinių sėlenų ir krakmolo gamybos sirupo granulių, salyklo daigelių cheminę sudėtį ir apskaičiuoti energetinę vertę. 2. Atlikti penkis šėrimo bandymus su melžiamomis karvėmis: tris bandymus panaudojant glicerolį skirtingais laktacijos periodais, vieną – naudojant krakmolo dekstrinų sirupą ir vieną – naudojant salyklo daigelius. 3. Nustatyti karvių racionų pašarų ėdamumą. 4. Atlikti karvių didžiojo prieskrandžio (Rumen) turinio tyrimus, jame nustatyti: sausąsias medžiagas, infuzorijų skaičių, pH, lakių riebalų rūgščių (LRR) suminį kiekį ir procentinį santykį, bendro ir amoniako azoto kiekius. 5. Įvertinti tiriamų pašarų įtaką pieno primilžiui, nustatyti pieno riebalų ir baltymų kiekius ir įvertinti ekonominį efektyvumą. 6. Tyrimų duomenis apdoroti statistiškai pateikiant aritmetinius vidurkius ir aritmetinio vidurkio paklaidą. Mūsų tyrimuose pirmą kartą Lietuvoje glicerolis panaudotas kaip pašaras melžiamų karvių racionuose skirtingais laktacijos periodais drėgnuose pašarų mišiniuose, sėlenų granulės, praturtintos krakmolo dekstrinų sirupu ir salyklo daigeliai nustatant jų poveikį azotinių medžiagų ir angliavandenių fermentacijai karvių didžiajame prieskrandyje, jų produktyvumui bei... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The purpose of the study: To investigate the efficiency of glycerol, wheat bran with starch dextrin syrup pellets and malt shoots in the diets of lactating cows and the effects of these products on nitrogen matter fermentation in the rumen of cows. Objectives: 1. To analyze the chemical composition and calculate the energy value of starch syrup, wheat bran and starch syrup pellets and malt shoots. 2. To carry out 5 feeding trials with lactating cows, i. e. 3 trials using glycerol at different lactation periods, one – using starch dextrin syrup and one – using malt shoots. 3. To determine the intake of feeds in the diets. 4. To study rumen contents for the analysis of dry matter, infusoria count, pH-value, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and percentage ratio, contents of total and ammonia nitrogen. 5. To assess the influence of the above feedstuffs on milk yields, milk fat and protein contents and economic efficiency. 6. To statistically process the data and give arithmetic means and mean deviations. In this study for the first time in Lithuania, glycerol was used as a feedstuff in the diets of lactating cows at different lactation periods in wet mash, bran pellets enriched with starch dextrin syrup and malt shoots for determination of their effect on nitrogen matter and carbohydrate fermentation in the rumen of cows, cow productivity and economic efficiency. Practical application: After completion of the study, recommendations for milk producers were prepared on the usage of... [to full text]

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:10:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 campanha_rb_me_sjrp_parcial.pdf: 94727 bytes, checksum: a521baee0344f893db4ddd3e800f17bf (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-06-03T11:42:49Z: campanha_rb_me_sjrp_parcial.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-03T11:44:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000624134_20150806.pdf: 1531119 bytes, checksum: 2dfd54b4b280060729591429aa12bdef (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2015-08-07T12:19:56Z: 000624134_20150806.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-07T12:20:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000624134.pdf: 2009868 bytes, checksum: b037ab2970b2d5ab5615092c0c8d45a9 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Amido é um polímero semicristalino constituído basicamente por amilose e amilopectina. Seus grânulos são formados por regiões amorfas intercaladas com áreas mais densas compostas por lamelas alternadas de material cristalino e amorfo. O empacotamento das moléculas no grânulo é dependente da fonte botânica. Raízes e tubérculos são ricos em amido e seu plantio não requer muito investimento. Assim, o interesse industrial vem aumentando. O conhecimento da estrutura granular é fundamental para melhor entendimento das propriedades funcionais e melhor utilização do amido. A hidrólise ácida é uma técnica muito utilizada no estudo da estrutura do amido. O tratamento do amido com H2SO4 15% produz uma fração ácido-resistente, com baixa massa molar, conhecida como dextrina Naegeli (DN). O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a estrutura granular dos amidos de mandioca, batata, batata-doce e mandioquinha-salsa através da hidrólise ácida. Os amidos foram incubados com H2SO4 15,3% a 38ºC, por até 30 dias, e suas DN foram analisadas. A hidrólise ácida ocorreu em duas etapas: a primeira foi atribuída à rápida degradação das áreas amorfas dos grânulos, enquanto a segunda fase correspondeu à lenta hidrólise das regiões cristalinas. O amido de mandioquinha-salsa foi o mais suscetível à hidrólise, enquanto que os amidos de batata e batata-doce foram os mais resistentes. Os amidos de batata e mandioquinha-salsa apresentaram padrões cristalinos tipo B e mostraram maiores proporções de cadeias laterais longas da amilopectina (GP 37) do que os amidos de mandioca (tipo CA) e batata-doce (tipo C). Além de grande proporção de cadeias longas, o amido de mandioquinha-salsa também apresentou grande proporção de cadeias curtas (32,0%). O amido de mandioca também apresentou grande proporção de cadeias curtas (30,5%). Esses amidos mostraram um ombro em GP 17-21... / Starch is a semi-crystalline polymer composed mainly of amylose and amylopectin. The starch granules are formed by successive layers that include amorphous areas interspersed with more dense areas composed of alternated lamellae of crystalline and amorphous material. Packing of amylose and amylopectin into granules is dependent of botanical source. Tubers and roots are rich in starch and their cultivation does not require much investment. Thus, the industrial interest has increased. Knowledge of the starch structure is fundamental for better understanding the functional properties and better utilization of the starch. Acid hydrolysis is widely used to study starch structure. Treatment of starch with 15% H2SO4 solution produces an acid-resistant fraction with low molecular weight known as Naegeli dextrin (ND). Objective of this study was to determine the structural characteristics of cassava, potato, sweet potato and Peruvian carrot starches by using acid hydrolysis. The starches were submitted to 15.3% H2SO4 at 38ºC for up to 30 days and their ND were analyzed. Acid hydrolysis displayed two phases: the first one was attributed to faster degradation of amorphous areas of granules, whereas the second phase corresponded to slower hydrolysis of crystalline regions. Peruvian carrot starch was the most susceptible to hydrolysis, whereas potato and sweet potato starches were the most resistant. Potato and Peruvian carrot starches displayed B-type X-ray pattern and had larger proportions of long branch-chains of amylopectin (DP 37) than cassava (CA-type) and sweet potato (C-type) starches. Beyond the great proportion of long branch-chains, the Peruvian carrot starch also showed great proportion of short branch-chains (32.0%). Cassava starch also had great proportion of short branch-chains (30.5%). These starches displayed a shoulder at DP 17-21 on branch chain-length distribution... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade, o desempenho e a viabilidade econômica da inclusão de derivados do milho: água de maceração (AM), glúten (GM), farelo de glúten (FG), germe (GEM) e dextrina (D) em dietas para tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) e do pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). No primeiro, secundo e terceiro experimentos, avaliaram-se a digestibilidade in vivo do AM para a tilápia e para o pacu, e GM, FG, GEM e D somente para o pacu. No quarto e no quinto experimentos, foram avaliados o desempenho e a viabilidade econômica de AM para a tilápia e o pacu. Para os ensaios de digestibilidade, foram utilizados 126 juvenis de tilápia (peso médio de 35,93g±7,64g), 120 pacus (peso médio de 29,50 g ± 5,13 g) e 108 pacus (peso médio de 77,69g ± 17,65g). Estes peixes foram acondicionados em seis gaiolas submersas em seis aquários de alimentação com capacidade de 100 L de água, e para a coleta de fezes, utilizaram-se três aquários cilíndricos de fundo cônico de 250 L. Para os ensaios de desempenho, foram utilizados 200 alevinos de tilápia (peso médio de 2,81 ± 0,15g) distribuídos em 20 caixas de 130L com densidade de 10 peixes por caixa, e 140 pacus (peso médio de 3,42± 0,30g) distribuídos em aquários de 40L com densidade de sete peixes por aquário. Foram obtidos os seguintes valores de coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) de proteína bruta (PB) e energia bruta (EB) de AM: 94,15% e 84,93%, para tilápia e 97,10% e 98,43%, para pacu, respectivamente. Já para os ingredientes GM, FG, e GEM obtiveram-se os seguintes valores de CDAPB para o pacu: 99,62%, 84,92%, 70,97%, e para CDAEB: 98,13%, 76,89%, 62,88%, respectivamente. Em relação à D, foi determinado apenas o CDAEB de 85,16%. Quanto ao ensaio de desempenho, não foram verificadas diferenças significativas para os parâmetros zootécnicos avaliados, para as duas espécies, exceto para a taxa de eficiência protéica referente à tilápia. A análise de viabilidade econômica demonstrou que as inclusões de 8% de AM em dieta para tilápia nilótica, e 6% em dietas experimentais para o pacu foram os tratamentos que mais reduziram os custos relacionados à formação da dieta em comparação ao controle. / The aim of this research was to evaluate the digestibility, performance and economic viability of corn derivative ingredients inclusions in diets: condensed fermented corn extractive (CE), gluten meal (GM), corn gluten feed 21% (CGF) and dextrin (D) to Nile tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) and pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). In the first, second and third experiments, were evaluated the digestibility of CE of tilápia and pacu, and others ingredients, just for pacu. In fourth and five experiments, performance assay of CE of tilápia and pacu were evaluated. For the digestibility assays, were used 126 juveniles of tilápia (weight mean 35,93g±7,64g), 120 pacus (weight mean 29,50 g ± 5,13 g), and 108 pacus (weight mean 77,69 g ± 17,65g). The fishes were assigned were assigned to six 100L feeding tanks and three 250 L cylindrical tanks with conical bottom, to feces collection. For the fourth and fifth experiments, were used 200 tilápia fingerlings (weight mean 2,81 ± 0,15g) distributed in twenty 130L tanks and 140 pacu fingerlings (weight mean 3,42± 0,30g) distributed in twenty 40L aquaria. For the CE digestibility assay, were obtained the following values of apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of crude protein (CP) and energy (CE): 94.15% and 84.93%, for tilápia, 97.10% and 98.43%, for pacu, respectively. For the GM, CGF and CG digestibility assay, were obtained the following values of ADCCP: 99,62%, 84,92% 70,97%, and ADCCE values: 98,13%, 76,89%, 62,88%, respectively. In relation to D, were obtained only the ADDCE value: 85,16%. For the performance assays, no significant differences in relation to parameters evaluated were found for both species, except the protein efficiency ratio of tilápia. The evaluation of economic viability demonstrated that inclusions of 8% of AM in diet for Nile tilápia, and 6% in diets for pacu were the treatment that most reduced the cost related to diets elaboration.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade, o desempenho e a viabilidade econômica da inclusão de derivados do milho: água de maceração (AM), glúten (GM), farelo de glúten (FG), germe (GEM) e dextrina (D) em dietas para tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) e do pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). No primeiro, secundo e terceiro experimentos, avaliaram-se a digestibilidade in vivo do AM para a tilápia e para o pacu, e GM, FG, GEM e D somente para o pacu. No quarto e no quinto experimentos, foram avaliados o desempenho e a viabilidade econômica de AM para a tilápia e o pacu. Para os ensaios de digestibilidade, foram utilizados 126 juvenis de tilápia (peso médio de 35,93g±7,64g), 120 pacus (peso médio de 29,50 g ± 5,13 g) e 108 pacus (peso médio de 77,69g ± 17,65g). Estes peixes foram acondicionados em seis gaiolas submersas em seis aquários de alimentação com capacidade de 100 L de água, e para a coleta de fezes, utilizaram-se três aquários cilíndricos de fundo cônico de 250 L. Para os ensaios de desempenho, foram utilizados 200 alevinos de tilápia (peso médio de 2,81 ± 0,15g) distribuídos em 20 caixas de 130L com densidade de 10 peixes por caixa, e 140 pacus (peso médio de 3,42± 0,30g) distribuídos em aquários de 40L com densidade de sete peixes por aquário. Foram obtidos os seguintes valores de coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) de proteína bruta (PB) e energia bruta (EB) de AM: 94,15% e 84,93%, para tilápia e 97,10% e 98,43%, para pacu, respectivamente. Já para os ingredientes GM, FG, e GEM obtiveram-se os seguintes valores de CDAPB para o pacu: 99,62%, 84,92%, 70,97%, e para CDAEB: 98,13%, 76,89%, 62,88%, respectivamente. Em relação à D, foi determinado apenas o CDAEB de 85,16%. Quanto ao ensaio de desempenho, não foram verificadas diferenças significativas para os parâmetros zootécnicos avaliados, para as duas espécies, exceto para a taxa de eficiência protéica referente à tilápia. A análise de viabilidade econômica demonstrou que as inclusões de 8% de AM em dieta para tilápia nilótica, e 6% em dietas experimentais para o pacu foram os tratamentos que mais reduziram os custos relacionados à formação da dieta em comparação ao controle. / The aim of this research was to evaluate the digestibility, performance and economic viability of corn derivative ingredients inclusions in diets: condensed fermented corn extractive (CE), gluten meal (GM), corn gluten feed 21% (CGF) and dextrin (D) to Nile tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) and pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). In the first, second and third experiments, were evaluated the digestibility of CE of tilápia and pacu, and others ingredients, just for pacu. In fourth and five experiments, performance assay of CE of tilápia and pacu were evaluated. For the digestibility assays, were used 126 juveniles of tilápia (weight mean 35,93g±7,64g), 120 pacus (weight mean 29,50 g ± 5,13 g), and 108 pacus (weight mean 77,69 g ± 17,65g). The fishes were assigned were assigned to six 100L feeding tanks and three 250 L cylindrical tanks with conical bottom, to feces collection. For the fourth and fifth experiments, were used 200 tilápia fingerlings (weight mean 2,81 ± 0,15g) distributed in twenty 130L tanks and 140 pacu fingerlings (weight mean 3,42± 0,30g) distributed in twenty 40L aquaria. For the CE digestibility assay, were obtained the following values of apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of crude protein (CP) and energy (CE): 94.15% and 84.93%, for tilápia, 97.10% and 98.43%, for pacu, respectively. For the GM, CGF and CG digestibility assay, were obtained the following values of ADCCP: 99,62%, 84,92% 70,97%, and ADCCE values: 98,13%, 76,89%, 62,88%, respectively. In relation to D, were obtained only the ADDCE value: 85,16%. For the performance assays, no significant differences in relation to parameters evaluated were found for both species, except the protein efficiency ratio of tilápia. The evaluation of economic viability demonstrated that inclusions of 8% of AM in diet for Nile tilápia, and 6% in diets for pacu were the treatment that most reduced the cost related to diets elaboration.

Starch in paper coatings is known to increase the risk of print mottle in lithographic offset printing. The objective of this study was to increase the understanding of this behaviour. Four phenomena that could lead to print mottle, where the presence of starch might be important, have been identified: uneven binder migration, uneven coating mass distribution, uneven deformation during calendering and differential shrinkage. The latter three were investigated in this project. Starch-containing coating colours often have high water retention. A relationship between the water retention of the coating colours and the distribution of coating thickness was found in a pilot trial. A theory is proposed, where the surface profile of the base paper beneath the blade, that governs the coat weight distribution in blade coating, is affected by moisture from the dewatering coating colours and the compressive force exerted by the blade. Drying strategies were studied to see whether they would induce porosity variations in the coating layers. There is a strong connection between the rate of evaporation and the shrinkage of the coating layer, but no porosity variations due to the choice of drying strategy were found. Shrinkage is governed by the capillary forces. At the same capillary pressure, the coating shrinks more for some binder systems, which is suggested to be due to a weaker chemical interaction between the binder and the pigment. Oxidized starch/latex coatings, stained with a fluorescent marker, had a greater standard deviation in fluorescence intensity than CMC/latex coatings caused by a difference in either porosity or latex distribution. It was shown that calendering introduces porosity variations into the coating layer that are larger for starch-containing coatings. The drying strategies appeared to have a significant effect on these porosity variations and they correlated positively with print mottle in some cases and in another case negatively. In the case of the negatively correlated, the mottle was probably caused by variations in surface porosity existing prior to the calendering.

Most of the rolling element bearings are lubricated with Grease lubricant. Generally, the grease is expected to serve for life. The major causes of the bearing failure are due to the failure of the lubrication. The grease will experience creeping, oil permeation, oil separation etc. The separated oil will be lost permanently from the bearing. The widely used grease for general application is the lithium grease. The thickener of the grease consists covalent bond. When the grease is sheared, the breakage of the covalent bond will be permanent, resulting in the permanent loss of the rheological properties. The gels have unique properties such as thermal reversibility, viscoelasticity and thixotropy. They become mobile under shear stress and solidify again when the shear stress is removed. This property can be harnessed to avoid the base oil creeping, oil permeation, leakage in gears and bearings. Due to the presence of the polar group in the gels, they form a good tribo film and prevent the wear.  Under the shear stress, weak supramolecular interactions will be distorted, and this leads to the release of the oil and they re-form the structure after a certain period of rest. When the gel is in the solid-state, it will avoid creeping and evaporation. Many classes of gels are either derived from natural sources or from environmentally friendly materials. Thus, the lubricant formed out of gel would effectively solve both environmental as well as lubrication problems. In this work, supramolecular gel lubricants were prepared out of fully green, cellulose derivatives and starch hydrolysates. The non-ionic hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and anionic sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) were chosen to understand the effect of ionic and non-ionic gelators on the rheological and the tribological parameters. Traditionally fat was used as a lubricant, now, in food industry various fat replacers are being used. To study whether the fat replacers can act as a thickener, Dextrin and maltodextrins were chosen.  Dextrin and maltodextrin with the different DE values were selected to understand the influence of molecular weight on gelation and tribological performance.  Inspired by the recent developments and advantages of aqueous lubrication, mixer of water and poly(ethylene glycol) 200 (PEG 200) is chosen as the base fluid. It was found that a very small amount of gelator can increase the viscosity of the PEG/water to several orders. The thermal stability of the gels was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and found that gels can increase the thermal stability of the base fluid. FTIR results showed the formation of a non-covalent bond between the PEG molecules and water. It is shown that anionic gelator will result in producing low friction and wear in comparison to non-ionic gelator. The possible tribo-film formation due to the negative charge in the NaCMC molecules is attributed to these results. The very low friction and low wear was exhibited by the dextrin and maltodextrin gels. It is proposed that this could be due to the microspherical particles of gels which can act as nano bearings. It was found that choosing the optimum concentration of the gelator is important to reduce friction and wear. The higher gelator concentration will form the hard gel, which cannot flow and replenish the sliding contact, resulting in the starved lubrication. This will cause high wear and friction. These gel lubricants can be used in food, pharmaceutical and biomedical industries.