Sir Henry Wilson remains one of the most controversial British Army generals of the Great War. A colourful character in life, he attracted admirers and detractors in equal measure; in death, his reputation was ruined by a biography based on his personal diaries. The Wilson of the historiography is, at best, a politician rather than a soldier, at worst an ambitious Francophile intriguer. This thesis looks beyond this accepted characterisation, reassessing his role in the formation of British and Allied strategy in the final months of the war. Wilson attained influence, and subsequently power, when Lloyd George consulted him after failing to persuade Britain’s leading generals to change their strategic focus. The thesis re-examines Wilson’s policy critique, which led to the creation of the Supreme War Council, and negated plans for a major Allied offensive on the Western Front in 1918. This thesis aims to shine new light on Wilson’s work on the Council, with an analysis of its policy recommendations. The research will also explore the manpower crisis, the key issue for the entente in this period, and Wilson’s contribution to the establishment of Allied unity of command. The diplomatic skills Wilson deployed to defuse serious strains between the entente powers will be examined, with particular reference to his time as Chief of the Imperial General Staff. His contribution to the debate on Britain’s post-war imperial grand strategy will also be evaluated. The thesis will refute the long-established onedimensional view of Wilson and suggest that he played a more influential role in British strategic development than has hitherto been acknowledged.

Par les sentiments qu’elle a suscités, les discours ou les images qu’elle a générés, la baïonnette offre à l’historien une entrée intéressante pour étudier les imaginaires à l’épreuve de la Première Guerre mondiale. Elle permet de s’interroger, par-delà la diversité des supports, sur les modèles dominants et leur remise en cause, avant et pendant la guerre. Pourquoi l’assaut et le combat « à la baïonnette », topoi de la représentation du combat avant 1914, tiennent une place prépondérante dans le discours de guerre qui se met en place dès les premières semaines ? Ancré dans des pratiques bien établies avant 1914, favorisé par le contexte spécifique des entrées en guerre, l’engouement pour la baïonnette se heurte cependant à la violence des affrontements qui ne lui laisse qu’une place très marginale. Les autorités militaires et les principaux producteurs de biens culturels se détournent au fil des mois des ressorts héroïques du début de la guerre pour amorcer, selon une chronologie propre à chaque acteur, un tournant discursif vers davantage de sobriété et de réalisme. La baïonnette témoigne donc de l’évolution du discours dominant. Cette arme invite également à travailler sur la réception par les contemporains de cet imaginaire, avant et pendant la guerre. Si la plupart des mobilisés étaient imprégnés de représentations conventionnelles du combat avant 1914, la réalité des assauts se révèle nettement plus éprouvante. Le positionnement des combattants face à cet imaginaire est complexe, oscillant entre colère, résignation et appropriation plus ou moins consciente, plus ou moins affichée, d’une représentation de la guerre erronée, certes, mais incontestablement puissante. / Through the feelings it aroused, the speeches or pictures it created, the fixed bayonet gives an opportunity for the historian to study the ideals underpinning the Great War. Media portrayals of the bayonet as a field weapon changed during the war. The effectiveness of the bayonet as a weapon of war challenged prevailing official attitudes both before and during it. In the early stages of the conflict, it was a cliché and yet true, that battles using fixed bayonets played a prominent role in war speeches. As a typical cliché of warfare before 1914, it was rooted as a well-established practice. However, the fixed bayonet model did not match the requirements of the more violent clashes of the new conflict. As time progressed, military officials and all branches of the media started turning their back on what was considered as heroism at the beginning of WWI. Over a period of time the different media started delivering information that was more sober and realistic. The way fixed bayonets were portrayed reflects the evolution in mainstream official speeches. A focus on the weapon also provides an opportunity to take into account how contemporaries dealt with the varying representations before and during the war. Whilst most soldiers were influenced by common preconceptions about fighting at the front pre-1914, the down-to-earth reality proved much more demanding. Soldiers’ reactions towards official war representations were complex, ranging from anger to resignation. With assumptions that were more or less conscious, more or less expressed, soldiers began to consider the realities of war and consequently saw the representations as being false and yet undeniably powerful.

The most popular game all over the world has entered the territory of Bohemia already in the last decades of the 19th century, when especially in the cities and suburbs of Prague many Czech or German societies, engaged in new game from England called "football", was founded. Sudden and long lasting interruption of positive development of young sport by mobilization in the summer of 1914 and deep political and social changes after conflict isolated prewar events and made unique relict environment that creates the main sources for ideas of work. However chapters leaving sport performances aside and try to describe the period culminating after year 1900, when profesional player was born of student-enthusiast and when club loyalities based on nationality or social inclusion of spectator have been created. To achive a comprehensive view is also important to describe ideological orientation and economy of clubs, topography of Prague grounds or relationships between biggest clubs SK Slavia, AC Sparta, SK Viktoria Žižkov and DFC Prag, which was litmus paper of attitudes with German etnicity. Keywords Football, Prague, Czechs, Germans, Slavia, Sparta, The Great War

L’ampleur globale des destructions sur le Chemin des Dames (Aisne) est incontestablement sans précédent au lendemain de la Première Guerre mondiale et justifie une étude à part entière sur sa reconstruction. La gestion et la digestion de « l’événement ruine » et par là même la Reconstruction de ce pays rural apparaissent fortement contrastées. L’immense machine administrative d’après guerre digère plutôt bien tous les cas particuliers grâce à ses formulaires et répond aux besoins les plus pressants confirmant une tendance à un changement de nature de l’Etat sur le Chemin des Dames. Les inégalités demeurent néanmoins bien présentes confirmant ce que certains appellent dès 1921 « Le scandale des régions libérées ». De cette interaction des cultures, des droits, des techniques ; de ce subtil mélange de tradition et modernisme, permanence et mutation ; de cette confrontation à un milieu, va naître une société des ruines dont cette thèse tente de dresser le portrait. / The global scale of the destructions on the “Chemin des Dames” (Aisne) is unmistakably unprecedented after the First World war and justifies a full study on its reconstruction. The management and the digestion of "the event ruins" and there even the rural Reconstruction of this country seem strongly contrasted. The bureaucratic machine according to war digests rather well all the particular cases thanks to its forms and meets the needs the most pressing confirming a trend to a natural change of the State on the “Chemin des Dames”. Nevertheless, the disparities remain very present confirming what some people call from 1921 "The scandal of the released regions". This interaction of the cultures, the rights, the techniques; this subtle mixture of tradition and modernism, durability and transformation; this confrontation in a middle, is going to be born a society of the ruins this thesis of which tries to paint a portrait.

Cette thèse traite de l'état de la pensée juridique française pendant la période de la Première Guerre mondiale. Il s'agit d'abord d'expliquer quelles sont les formes d'engagement, aussi bien militaires qu'idéologiques, des enseignants juristes pendant le conflit. Il s'agit ensuite de rendre compte des enjeux juridiques que posent le conflit. Enfin, il s'agit de montrer l'influence de ce contexte particulier sur les débats doctrinaux qui ont lieu pendant et après le conflit. Ces recherches ont ainsi pour but de déterminer quelles sont les conséquences de la Grande Guerre sur la pensée juridique française. / This research focuses on the state of French legal thought during the First World War. The first step is to explain the forms of engagement, both military and ideological, of the legal doctrine during the conflict. The next step is to account for the legal challenges posed by the conflict. Finally, it is necessary to show the influence of this particular context on the doctrinal debates that take place during and after the conflict. The purpose of this research is to determine the consequences of the Great War on French legal thought.

During the Great War many in British society started to utilize Crusading language and rhetoric to describe their experiences during the war. Those utilizing the rhetoric ranged from soldiers, journalists, politicians, to clergymen. The use of Crusading rhetoric tended to involve British nationalism, the region of Palestine, anti-Germanism, and more. Adding to the complexity, the soldiers’ and civilians’ rhetoric differed greatly between the two groups. While the soldiers focused on their personal experiences during the war, and often compared themselves to the British crusaders of old serving under Richard the Lionheart. The civilians had a less personal approach, and a far greater tendency to use the rhetoric against the German Empire. The focus of this study will be to examine who utilized crusading rhetoric, why they used it, and the contrast between the soldiers and civilians who used it.

Le présent travail se propose d’investiguer dans une perspective psychosociale, les relations entre l’événement historique majeur qu’a constitué la Première Guerre mondiale et les attitudes pacifistes actuelles des jeunes Européens. Celui-ci s’élabore en deux parties adoptant chacune une perspective théorique, méthodologique et contextuelle particulière. La première s’ancre dans le champ théorique des représentations sociales et s’attache, à travers une enquête menée dans vingt-deux pays d’Europe, à mettre en évidence les liens existant entre indicateurs objectifs de victimisation durant la guerre, représentations du conflit et attitudes pacifistes actuelles. Dans la seconde partie, une attention particulière est portée aux effets des commémorations du centenaire du conflit, sur les attitudes pacifistes des jeunes Belges. Un ensemble d’études menées sur la visite d’expositions et le visionnage de films documentaires, met en évidence les effets paradoxaux de la participation aux activités commémoratives. Ces dernières, considérées comme pourvoyeuses de récits, amènent dans un certain nombre de cas à une diminution du niveau d’attitudes pacifistes des participants. A la fin de ces deux parties, deux constats semblent s’imposer. Ces constats sont ceux de la nécessaire prise en compte du temps long dans l’étude des attitudes et de la valeur ajoutée que constitue pour la psychologie de la mémoire, l’adoption d’une perspective interdisciplinaire où l’histoire joue un rôle de premier plan. / Doctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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A commonplace observation among historians describes one or another historical period as a time of "transition" or a particular person as a "transitional figure." In the history of the United States Army, scholars apply those terms especially to the late- nineteenth century "Old Army." This categorization has helped create a shelf of biographies of some of the transitional figures of the era: Leonard Wood, John J. Pershing, Robert Lee Bullard, William Harding Carter, Henry Tureman Allen, Nelson Appleton Miles and John McCallister Schofield have all been the subject of excellent scholarly works. Tasker Howard Bliss has remained among the missing in that group, in spite of the important activities that marked his career and the wealth of source materials he left behind. Bliss belongs on that list because, like the others, his career demonstrates the changing nature of the U.S. Army between 1871 and 1917. Bliss served for the most part in administrative positions in the United States and in the American overseas empire. Seeing hardly any combat and spending only a few years commanding troops, Bliss contributed instead to the creation and development of the army's post-graduate educational system, and he was deeply involved in the Elihu Root reforms of the army and the War Department. Thus what makes his career especially noteworthy, more than many of the soldiers on that list of biographies, is that Bliss helped to create the changes that laid the foundations for the modern army. During the First World War, Bliss worked more closely with the Allied leadership than any other American with the possible exception of Edward M. House. President Woodrow Wilson named Bliss as one of the five commissioners leading the U.S. delegation to the Versailles Peace Conference in 1919. In this position he influenced many members of the American delegation who would remain leaders in the foreign policy elite into the 1940s, and he helped to create the Council on Foreign Relations, an important organization for the foreign policy elite. For Frederick Palmer, the author of the family-authorized biography, the Great War and the Peace Conference were the climax of Bliss's career. A substantial modern scholarly literature exists on Bliss's service in the Great War and the Peace Conference, but none of those works present his earlier career in any detail. As a result, when planning this dissertation with the late Professor Russell F. Weigley, we decided to concentrate on Bliss's activities before 1917. Bliss helped shape the institutions the United States needed as it became a world power, and he trained some of the leaders who would exercise that power. He left a legacy of thoughtful consideration of the organizational, political and moral issues that the exercise of power posed for the United States. It was a life that still teaches us how to face the issues involved in the exercise of world power. / History

Since the First World War ended in 1918 and anthologies began to emerge, limited attention has been paid to the poets of this era. While a few select male poets have achieved canonicity, women war poets of this era have fallen into enigmatic obscurity. The intention of this paper is to expound, explicate, and expose the difficulties relating to gaining entry into the canon of English literature, especially where the poets of The Great War are concerned. This paper discusses the absence of the most profound and foreshadowing poems written during the war through research of scholarly journals and out-of-print poems. The paper also seeks to prove that the defenses offered up which exclude certain poems in the anthologies have had repercussions extending into the twenty-first century. Beyond all human imagination, the excluded poetry of The Great War is languishing, wanting, and imploring for exploration and canonicity.