<p>”Longboards” är ett examensarbete utfört av Leo Ekbom och Sammy-Sebastian Tawakkoli för innovations- och designingejörsprogrammet vid fakulteten för teknik och naturvetenskap på Karlstads Universitet. Uppdragsgivaren är Space Production AB, projektägare är Dan Edanius, art director och projektledare på företaget. Ett av företagets projekt var våren 2008 att producera Slalom Skateboarding VM och med anknytning till detta växte ett examensarbete fram.</p><p> </p><p>Space Production AB började som ett montersnickeri men har idag utvecklats till ett företag som driver fullständiga utställnings- och eventprojekt. Företaget tillhandahåller allt från idéskiss till montering och servning även då huvudsysslan ligger i att producera, installera och lagra utformning från annan part.</p><p> </p><p>Uppgiften var att ta fram en produktserie innehållande tre modeller av longbaords med bred spridning. Produkterna skulle vara unika och nischade men ändå säljbara och tillhöra ett övre segment av marknaden. Därtill gavs lite friare händer i att ta fram en rad vilda koncept som idébank för senare projekt.</p><p> </p><p>Genom en djupgående researchfas, där information rörande materialkunskap, marknad, målgrupper och kultur, mynnade projektet ut i en kreativ designprocess. Målgruppsanalysen lade grunden till en rad referenskunder vars behov inspirerade och analyserades. Två skilda idegenereringstillfällen lade grunden till en kategorisering där åtta starka koncept presenterades för en sammansatt styrgrupp.</p><p> </p><p>Arbetet resulterade i tre längre utvecklade koncept vilka har potential att bredda den befintliga marknaden för longboard försäljning samt en idébank för framtida utveckling av produkter.</p> / <p>”Longboards” is a degree project in the Innovations- and design engineering program at Karlstad University. The job requestor is Space Production AB with Dan Edanius, Art director and senior project manager, as the project owner.</p><p> </p><p>Space Production AB started out as a showcase carpentry company but has today evolved into a company that operates complete exhibitions and events. The company’s main business is to produce, install and store branded environments designed by another party but also supplies everything from idea sketches to assemblage and service. One of Space projects spring 2008 was the production of Slalom Skateboarding World Championships and it was through this a degree project was created.</p><p> </p><p>The task was to create a diverse product line containing three models of longboards. The products would be unique and aimed at a niche market but yet be sellable and appeal to the upper segment buyer. Further the opportunity to create more wild concepts that could be used in future projects was given. </p><p> </p><p>An extensive research on materials, market, target group and culture, resulted in a creative design process. Through a target group analysis a number of reference consumers were created. Their needs worked as inspiration and was analysed. Two separate sessions of idea generating were the fundament of a <strong>categorization</strong><strong> </strong>that eventually resulted in eight strong concepts that was presented to the management group.</p><p> </p><p>The project has resulted in three developed concepts that could potentially broaden the existing longboard market as well as a band of ideas that could be used for inspiration of future projects.</p>

<p>This dissertation addresses party-culture in political parties represented in the Swedish parliament. Party-culture is investigated by studying collective self-images and norms in Swedish parliamentary party-groups (PPG). The aim of this investigation is to contribute to understanding of the conditions under which parliamentary work is carried out. In order to expand our understanding of these conditions this dissertation looks beyond the formal processes by which party-groups deliver their political message and make decisions, and instead highlights the cultural aspects of these party organizations in the parliament.</p><p>The method of analysis is qualitative and the material for the study consists of 53 interviews with members of parliament from all represented parties. The parties studied are thus the Social Democratic, Moderate, Liberal, Christian Democrats, Left, Centre, and Green. In addition, some participant observation for the 1998-2002 mandate period in used. </p><p>The empirical investigation shows that party-culture is revealed via four basic themes: political ability, feelings of political responsibility, the importance social fellowship, and the party’s strength in relation to individual party members. </p><p>The party’s culture based on the four themes noted above provides a theoretical structure for interpretation that combines an Aristotelian idea about basic knowledge types, <i>sophia</i> and <i>phronesis</i>, with cultural theorists Mary Douglas’ grid-group-analysis. Based on this interpretation method it is shown that party-cultures distinguish themselves from each other in a way that diverges from the left-right spectrum that dominates Swedish politics. At the same time as the parties demonstrate differences in party-culture, there are also some similarities between the parties, and these similarities suggest that the parties have adjusted themselves to a more general culture within the parliament, most visibly the focus on factual knowledge and a certain requirement for modesty from party members.</p>

Conservation laws play an important role in science. The aim of this thesis is to provide an overview and develop new methods for constructing conservation laws using Lie group theory. The derivation of conservation laws for invariant variational problems is based on Noether’s theorem. It is shown that the use of Lie-Bäcklund transformation groups allows one to reduce the number of basic conserved quantities for differential equations obtained by Noether’s theorem and construct a basis of conservation laws. Several examples on constructing a basis for some well-known equations are provided. Moreover, this approach allows one to obtain new conservation laws even for equations without Lagrangians. A formal Lagrangian can be introduced and used for computing nonlocal conservation laws. For self-adjoint or quasi-self-adjoint equations nonlocal conservation laws can be transformed into local conservation laws. One of the fields of applications of this approach is electromagnetic theory, namely, nonlocal conservation laws are obtained for the generalized Maxwell-Dirac equations. The theory is also applied to the nonlinear magma equation and its nonlocal conservation laws are computed.

Externally initiated o-tolyl initiated poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) was synthesized according to Grignard metathesis polymerization at varying chain length to compare number average molecular weights (Mn) obtained by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and 1H NMR end group analysis. The extent of overestimation by GPC (1.3) was determined to be lower than previously reported for low Mn polymers. However, an apparent GPC quantification limit was observed as NMR Mn correlated well to predicted results. Static light scattering studies on high Mn polymers provided evidence that the true molecular weight was more similar to GPC-derived Mn. Despite nearly 100% external initiation efficiency, at a certain Mn limit new uninitiated chains may be synthesized. It is suggested that the synthesis of externally initiated P3HT should be limited to Mn below 40 kDa to ensure fully externally initiated chains. A proposal for the synthesis of externally initiated macrocyclic P3HT will also be discussed.

”Longboards” är ett examensarbete utfört av Leo Ekbom och Sammy-Sebastian Tawakkoli för innovations- och designingejörsprogrammet vid fakulteten för teknik och naturvetenskap på Karlstads Universitet. Uppdragsgivaren är Space Production AB, projektägare är Dan Edanius, art director och projektledare på företaget. Ett av företagets projekt var våren 2008 att producera Slalom Skateboarding VM och med anknytning till detta växte ett examensarbete fram.   Space Production AB började som ett montersnickeri men har idag utvecklats till ett företag som driver fullständiga utställnings- och eventprojekt. Företaget tillhandahåller allt från idéskiss till montering och servning även då huvudsysslan ligger i att producera, installera och lagra utformning från annan part.   Uppgiften var att ta fram en produktserie innehållande tre modeller av longbaords med bred spridning. Produkterna skulle vara unika och nischade men ändå säljbara och tillhöra ett övre segment av marknaden. Därtill gavs lite friare händer i att ta fram en rad vilda koncept som idébank för senare projekt.   Genom en djupgående researchfas, där information rörande materialkunskap, marknad, målgrupper och kultur, mynnade projektet ut i en kreativ designprocess. Målgruppsanalysen lade grunden till en rad referenskunder vars behov inspirerade och analyserades. Två skilda idegenereringstillfällen lade grunden till en kategorisering där åtta starka koncept presenterades för en sammansatt styrgrupp.   Arbetet resulterade i tre längre utvecklade koncept vilka har potential att bredda den befintliga marknaden för longboard försäljning samt en idébank för framtida utveckling av produkter. / ”Longboards” is a degree project in the Innovations- and design engineering program at Karlstad University. The job requestor is Space Production AB with Dan Edanius, Art director and senior project manager, as the project owner.   Space Production AB started out as a showcase carpentry company but has today evolved into a company that operates complete exhibitions and events. The company’s main business is to produce, install and store branded environments designed by another party but also supplies everything from idea sketches to assemblage and service. One of Space projects spring 2008 was the production of Slalom Skateboarding World Championships and it was through this a degree project was created.   The task was to create a diverse product line containing three models of longboards. The products would be unique and aimed at a niche market but yet be sellable and appeal to the upper segment buyer. Further the opportunity to create more wild concepts that could be used in future projects was given.    An extensive research on materials, market, target group and culture, resulted in a creative design process. Through a target group analysis a number of reference consumers were created. Their needs worked as inspiration and was analysed. Two separate sessions of idea generating were the fundament of a categorization that eventually resulted in eight strong concepts that was presented to the management group.   The project has resulted in three developed concepts that could potentially broaden the existing longboard market as well as a band of ideas that could be used for inspiration of future projects.

Conservation laws play an important role in science. The aim of this thesis is to provide an overview and develop new methods for constructing conservation laws using Lie group theory. The derivation of conservation laws for invariant variational problems is based on Noether’s theorem. It is shown that the use of Lie-Bäcklund transformation groups allows one to reduce the number of basic conserved quantities for differential equations obtained by Noether’s theorem and construct a basis of conservation laws. Several examples on constructing a basis for some well-known equations are provided. Moreover, this approach allows one to obtain new conservation laws even for equations without Lagrangians. A formal Lagrangian can be introduced and used for computing nonlocal conservation laws. For self-adjoint or quasi-self-adjoint equations nonlocal conservation laws can be transformed into local conservation laws. One of the fields of applications of this approach is electromagnetic theory, namely, nonlocal conservation laws are obtained for the generalized Maxwell-Dirac equations. The theory is also applied to the nonlinear magma equation and its nonlocal conservation laws are computed. / <p>Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy</p>

This dissertation addresses party-culture in political parties represented in the Swedish parliament. Party-culture is investigated by studying collective self-images and norms in Swedish parliamentary party-groups (PPG). The aim of this investigation is to contribute to understanding of the conditions under which parliamentary work is carried out. In order to expand our understanding of these conditions this dissertation looks beyond the formal processes by which party-groups deliver their political message and make decisions, and instead highlights the cultural aspects of these party organizations in the parliament. The method of analysis is qualitative and the material for the study consists of 53 interviews with members of parliament from all represented parties. The parties studied are thus the Social Democratic, Moderate, Liberal, Christian Democrats, Left, Centre, and Green. In addition, some participant observation for the 1998-2002 mandate period in used. The empirical investigation shows that party-culture is revealed via four basic themes: political ability, feelings of political responsibility, the importance social fellowship, and the party’s strength in relation to individual party members. The party’s culture based on the four themes noted above provides a theoretical structure for interpretation that combines an Aristotelian idea about basic knowledge types, sophia and phronesis, with cultural theorists Mary Douglas’ grid-group-analysis. Based on this interpretation method it is shown that party-cultures distinguish themselves from each other in a way that diverges from the left-right spectrum that dominates Swedish politics. At the same time as the parties demonstrate differences in party-culture, there are also some similarities between the parties, and these similarities suggest that the parties have adjusted themselves to a more general culture within the parliament, most visibly the focus on factual knowledge and a certain requirement for modesty from party members.

Externally initiated o-tolyl initiated poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) was synthesized according to Grignard metathesis polymerization at varying chain length to compare number average molecular weights (Mn) obtained by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and 1H NMR end group analysis. The extent of overestimation by GPC (1.3) was determined to be lower than previously reported for low Mn polymers. However, an apparent GPC quantification limit was observed as NMR Mn correlated well to predicted results. Static light scattering studies on high Mn polymers provided evidence that the true molecular weight was more similar to GPC-derived Mn. Despite nearly 100% external initiation efficiency, at a certain Mn limit new uninitiated chains may be synthesized. It is suggested that the synthesis of externally initiated P3HT should be limited to Mn below 40 kDa to ensure fully externally initiated chains. A proposal for the synthesis of externally initiated macrocyclic P3HT will also be discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KleberCOCpdf.pdf: 2178209 bytes, checksum: 588b533d30c060af9cf941e7001d3372 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-22 / In recent years, the DFA introduced by Peng, was established as an important tool capable of detecting long-range autocorrelation in time series with non-stationary. This technique has been successfully applied to various areas such as: Econophysics, Biophysics, Medicine, Physics and Climatology. In this study, we used the DFA technique to obtain the Hurst exponent (H) of the profile of electric density profile (RHOB) of 53 wells resulting from the Field School of Namorados. In this work we want to know if we can or not use H to spatially characterize the spatial data field. Two cases arise: In the first a set of H reflects the local geology, with wells that are geographically closer showing similar H, and then one can use H in geostatistical procedures. In the second case each well has its proper H and the information of the well are uncorrelated, the profiles show only random fluctuations in H that do not show any spatial structure. Cluster analysis is a method widely used in carrying out statistical analysis. In this work we use the non-hierarchy method of k-means. In order to verify whether a set of data generated by the k-means method shows spatial patterns, we create the parameter ? (index of neighborhood). High ? shows more aggregated data, low ? indicates dispersed or data without spatial correlation. With help of this index and the method of Monte Carlo. Using ? index we verify that random cluster data shows a distribution of ? that is lower than actual cluster ?. Thus we conclude that the data of H obtained in 53 wells are grouped and can be used to characterize space patterns. The analysis of curves level confirmed the results of the k-means / Nos ?ltimos anos, o DFA introduzido por Peng, foi estabelecido como uma importante ferramenta capaz de detectar autocorrela??o de longo alcance em s?ries temporais com n?o-estacionaridade. Esta t?cnica vem sendo aplicado com sucesso a diversas ?reas tais como: Econofis?ca, Biof?sica, Medicina, F?sica e Climatologia. No presente trabalho, utilizamos a t?cnica do DFA para obter o expoente de Hurst (H) do perfil el?trico de densidade (RHOB) de 53 po?os provindos do Campo Escola de Namorado. Neste trabalho queremos saber se podemos, ou n?o, utilizar este expoente para caracterizar espacialmente o campo. Duas hip?teses surgem: Na primeira o conjunto dos H reflete a geologia local, po?os com mesmo H se encontram pertos, e ent?o se pode pensar em utilizar H em procedimentos geoestat?sticos espaciais. Na segunda hip?tese cada po?o tem seu H, a informa??o dos H de cada po?o est? descorrelacionada e o conjunto dos perfis mostra apenas flutua??es aleat?rias em H que n?o revelam qualquer estrutura espacial. A an?lise de agrupamentos ? um m?todo bastante utilizado na realiza??o de an?lises estat?sticas. Nesta disserta??o utilizamos o m?todo de agrupamento n?o hier?rquico chamado m?todo do k-m?dia. Com o objetivo de verificar se um conjunto de dados gerados pelo m?todo do k-m?dia, ou de forma aleat?ria, forma padr?es espaciais, criamos o par?metro ? (?ndice de vizinhan?a). Altos ? implicam em dados mais agregados, baixos ? em dados dispersos ou sem correla??o espacial. Com aux?lio deste ?ndice e do m?todo de Monte Carlo verificamos que os dados agrupados aleatoriamente apresentam uma distribui??o mais baixa de ? do que os obtidos dos dados concretos e agrupados pelo k-m?dia. Desta forma conclu?mos que os dados de H obtidos nos 53 po?os est?o agrupados e podem ser usados na caracteriza??o espacial de campos. A an?lise de curvas de n?vel confirmou o resultado do k-m?dia

Ce travail concerne les analyses visant à étudier les données où les individus sont structurés en différents groupes (données multi-groupes). La thèse aborde la question des données multi-groupes ayant une structure en un seul tableau, plusieurs tableaux, trois voies et deux blocs (régression). Cette thèse présente plusieurs méthodes d'analyse de données multi-groupes dans le cadre de l'analyse factorielle. Notre travail comporte trois parties. La première partie traite de l'analyse de données multi-groupes (un bloc de variables divisé en sous-groupes d'individus). Le but est soit descriptif (analyse intra-groupes) ou prédictif (analyse discriminante ou analyse inter-groupe). Nous commençons par une description exhaustive des méthodes multi-groupes. En outre, nous proposons deux méthodes : l'Analyse Procrustéenne duale et l'Analyse en Composantes Communes et Poids Spécifiques duale. Nous exposons également de nouvelles propriétés et algorithmes pour l'Analyse en Composantes Principales multi-groupes. La deuxième partie concerne l'analyse multi-blocs et multi-groupes et l'analyse trois voies et multi-groupes. Nous présentons les méthodes existantes. Par ailleurs, nous proposons deux méthodes, l'ACP multi-blocs et multi-groupes et l'ACP multi-blocs et multi-groupes pondérée, vues comme des extensions d'Analyse en Composantes Principales multi-groupes. L'analyse en deux blocs et multi-groupes est prise en compte dans la troisième partie. Tout d'abord, nous présentons des méthodes appropriées pour trouver la relation entre un ensemble de données explicatives et un ensemble de données à expliquer, les deux tableaux présentant une structure de groupe entre les individus. Par la suite, nous proposons quatre méthodes pouvant être vues comme des extensions de la régression PLS au cas multi-groupes, et parmi eux, nous en sélectionnons une et la développons dans une stratégie de régression. Les méthodes proposées sont illustrées sur la base de plusieurs jeux de données réels dans le domaine de la biologie. Toutes les stratégies d'analyse sont programmées sur le logiciel libre R. / This work deals with multi-group analysis, to study multi-group data where individuals are a priori structured into different groups. The thesis tackles the issue of multi-group data in a multivariate, multi-block, three-way and two-block (regression) setting. It presents several methods of multi-group data analysis in the framework of factorial analysis. It includes three sections. The first section concerns the case of multivariate multi-group data. The aim is either descriptive (within-group analysis) or predictive (discriminant analysis, between-group analysis). We start with a comprehensive review of multi-group methods. Furthermore, we propose two methods namely Dual Generalized Procrustes Analysis and Dual Common Component and Specific Weights Analysis. We also exhibit new properties and algorithms for multi-group Principal Component Analysis. The second section deals with multiblock multi-group and three-way multi-group data analysis. We give a general review of multiblock multi-group methods. In addition, we propose two methods, namely multiblock and multi-group PCA and Weighted-multiblock and multi-group PCA, as extensions of multi-group Principal Component Analysis. The two-block multi-group analysis is taken into account in the third section. Firstly, we give a presentation of appropriate methods to investigate the relationship between an explanatory dataset and a dependent dataset where there is a group structure among individuals. Thereafter, we propose four methods, namely multi-group PLS, in the PLS approach, and among them we select one and develop it into a regression strategy. The proposed methods are illustrated on the basis of several real datasets in the field of biology. All the strategies of analysis are implemented within the framework of R.