L'historiographie du Burundi est le fruit d'une confrontation entre deux cultures, celle de l'oral et celle de l'écrit. D'un côté, les Burundais ont développé un mode de connaissance du passé centré autour de traditions et de légendes mettant en scène la royauté et la société. De l'autre, les Européens, missionnaires et colonisateurs, se sont inspirés de ce matériau local pour écrire une histoire du Burundi, au service de leurs projets et largement imprégnée d'idéologies raciales. L'institutionnalisation de l'ethnie avec la colonisation et les discriminations qui en découlent ont remis en question l'équilibre de la communauté nationale, au point que le pays souffre depuis son indépendance de violences extrêmes et endémiques. L'immense entreprise méthodologique initiée par les scientifiques à partir des années 1960 a ouvert la voie à une connaissance renouvelée du passé du Burundi. Pour autant, les théories raciales construites dans le sillage de la colonisation font partie du discours général sur ce pays, et alimentent les postures partisanes des hommes de pouvoir et d'une partie de la population. Le passé est ainsi appelé pour justifier les massacres et absoudre les vengeances. L'ethnie est devenue un prétexte et un outil de captation du pouvoir. Dans ce contexte, les mémoires s'affrontent et s'enferment, hésitent entre revendication et résignation. L 'écriture de l'histoire est pourtant l'occasion de débats et de questionnements qui s'appuient sur les mémoires pour consigner le passé tel qu'il est. L'enjeu des historiens du Burundi est désormais de parvenir à conjuguer les exigences scientifiques qu'impose leur métier avec le sondage de mémoires multiples. / Burundi's Historiography is due to the collision of two cultures, that of the oral and the written culture. On the one side, the people of Burundi have developed a means of knowledge of the past relying on traditions and legends depicting royalty and the society, passed on from generation to Generation. On the other hand, Europeans, missionaries or colonialists, were inspired by this local tool to write a history of Burundi, to the service of their venture and largely steeped in racial ideologies. The institutionalization of ethnic groups with the colonization and the discriminations that came from it have put into question the equilibrium of the national community, triggering a wave of extreme and endemic violence since its independence. The tremendous methodological venture initiated by scientists since the 1960's has opened the way 10 a renewed knowledge of Burundi's past. Nevertheless, the racial theories formulated in the wake of colonization are part of the general speech in this country, and feed the supremacist positions of men of power and of a certain part of the population. Thus, the past is called upon to justify massacres and to absolve revenge. Ethnicity has become pretence and a mean to poach power. ln this context, memories are confronted and shutting down, hesitating between demanding and resigning. Though writing history is an opportunity to debate and question that leans on memories in order to keep record of the past as it is. The stake for Burundi's Historians, henceforth, is to manage to combine the scientific expectations of their work with the survey of multiple memories.

La conception de l'écriture de l'histoire par les auteurs romains, leur méthodologie historique sont très différentes des nôtres. On a ainsi souvent déploré que le primat littéraire de leur démarche les ait amenés à effacer autant que possible de leurs textes les informations sur leurs recherches préparatoires.Or ces informations existent, bien que ce ne soit pas sous la forme qu'elles adoptent de nos jours : interventions à la première personne, formules introductrices, mais aussi fortes ressemblances dans le traitement de certaines figures, de certains épisodes. Ces traits permettent de saisir les cadres informatifs et narratifs à respecter et, dès lors, de mieux apprécier les choix personnels.Cette thèse étudie ces éléments pour les deux historiens romains du début du IIème siècle ayant écrit sur les premiers empereurs, Tacite et Suétone. Elle étudie ainsi successivement : leur présence visible dans leurs textes (chap. 1) ; les mentions explicites de sources, qu'elles soient nominales ou anonymisées (chap. 2) ; l'influence du genre choisi pour traiter de cette période historique (chap. 3) ; les éléments topiques dans le récit de certaines scènes (chap. 4) ; l'élaboration progressive de certains épisodes (chap. 5) ; le portrait général de chaque empereur (chap. 6) ; la façon dont Tacite et Suétone concevaient l'écriture de l'histoire et leur rapport au passé (chap. 7) ; la conception romaine de cette écriture (chap. 8).Cette recherche met ainsi en évidence les particularités de l'historiographie romaine du IIème siècle, tant par rapport à l'historiographie grecque qu'à celle d'aujourd'hui. Elle fait également apparaître le rapport propre des Romains à leur passé, à la fois souple dans l'établissement des faits historiques et tourné vers le futur. / How Roman authors conceived the writing of history, their historical methodology are very different from ours. For instance, it has been quite often found regrettable that, as their main goal was literary, they cancelled as much as possible any trace of their preparatory researches.But these informations exist, even though not presented as they would be today : there are direct interventions in the first person singular and plural ; introductive formulas ; similarities between the presentation of certain people or how some episodes are narrated. These elements reveal the informative and narrative frames which were to be respected and, as a consequence, the personal choices that were made by the authors.This PhD dissertation aims at studying these pecularities for the two Roman historians of the IInd century CE who wrote on the first emperors, Tacitus and Suetonius. It thus successively studies : their visible presence in their texts (chap. 1) ; the explicit mentions of sources, whether they be nominal or anonymous (chap. 2) ; the influence of the genre chosen to narrate that historical periode (chap. 3) ; the topic elements in the narration of certain scenes (chap. 4) ; the progressive elaboration of certain episodes (chap. 5) ; the general portrait of each emperor (chap. 6) ; how Tacitus and Suetonius conceived the writing of history and their relation to the past (chap. 7) ; how the Roman in general conceived that activity (chap. 8).This research thus demonstrates the pecularities of Roman historiography in the IInd century CE, in front of Greek and modern pratices. It also shows the personal relation Roman society had with its past, at the same time quite flexible about the narration of historical facts and subordinating it to the future.

Orientador: Tânia Regina de Luca / Banca: Antonio Celso Ferreira / Banca: Ana Luiza Martins / Banca: Marcia Barbosa Mansor D'Alessio / Banca: Claudio Silveira Amaral / Resumo: O trabalho trata da relação intelectual e de amizade entre o escritor Mário de Andrade e o arquiteto Luiz Saia. O estreito convívio de dez anos, entre 1935 e 1945, realizado no respeito mútuo e no diálogo sincero, promoveu uma influência recíproca, no trabalho teórico e no posicionamento artístico que professaram. Os desdobramentos dessa relação se apresentam na obra do arquiteto, veemente batalhador por uma arquitetura brasileira fundada na racionalidade e no utilitarismo necessário, da cultura popular. Tal construção teórica se desvela em suas obras teóricas, dedicadas ao estudo dos procedimentos metodológicos da arquitetura e do urbanismo, na produção historiográfica da arquitetura no Brasil e, notadamente, paulista, instrumentalizada no processo conceptivo da arquitetura e do urbanismo, e nas suas obras de restauração do patrimônio histórico paulista, durante os trinta e sete anos em que esteve à frente da regional do SPHAN, em São Paulo. Desse modo, o objetivo do trabalho é a investigação da construção teórica de uma idéia de arquitetura moderna brasileira, de raízes populares, instigada pela relação intelectual do escritor e do arquiteto / Abstract: The work deals with the intellectual relation and friendship between the writer Mário de Andrade and the architect Luiz Saia. The strait convivial of ten years, between 1935 and 1945, carried out in the mutual respect and in the sincere dialogue, promoted a reciprocal influence, in the theoretical work and in the artistic position that they professed. The developments of this relationship are presented in the work of the architect, a passionate campaigner for a Brazilian architecture founded on rationality and on the necessary utilitarianism, of the popular culture. Such intellectual construction is revealed in his theoretical works, devoted to the study of the methodological proceedings of the architecture and town planning, in the historiographic production of the architecture in Brazil and, especially, the Sao Paulo's architecture, used in the conceptive process of architecture and town planning, and in his works of restoration of the historical inheritance of Sao Paulo, throughout the thirty-seven years that he headed the regional SPHAN in Sao Paulo. In this way, the objective of the work is the investigation of the theoretical construction of an idea of modern Brazilian architecture, from popular roots, instigated by the intellectual relationship between the writer and the architect / Doutor

Orientador: Maria Celeste Consolin Dezotti / Banca: Cláudio Aquati / Banca: Márcia Valéria Zamboni Gobbi / Resumo: A Ciropedia de Xenofonte, escrita no século IV a.C., é uma obra de caráter híbrido, em que a ficção e a história se mesclam com muita liberdade. Em virtude disto, tem-se discutido qual seria a melhor classificação de gênero para a obra: romance biográfico, obra historiográfica, romance histórico. A presente dissertação investiga em que medida a Ciropedia de Xenofonte apresenta elementos narrativos que nos permitam reconhecer nela aspectos do gênero do romance, mais especificamente do "romance de formação" (Bildungsroman), gênero cujo paradigma se encontra na obra de Goethe, Os Anos de Aprendizagem de Wilhelm Meister (1795-1796). Primeiramente, procuramos definir em que medida nós podemos ler a Ciropedia como uma obra de ficção, e não como uma obra historiográfica, a partir de reflexões a respeito das relações entre Literatura e História, e, principalmente, por meio de uma análise comparativa entre a narrativa da Ciropedia com a narrativa das Histórias de Heródoto. Percebe-se que Xenofonte ficcionaliza a narrativa estabelecida por Heródoto, seja retomando temas, seja fazendo alusões à narrativa herodoteana. Em seguida, partindo-se da noção bakhtiniana de que todo gênero conserva, em sua estrutura, elementos formais da archaica, que não só caracterizam o gênero de forma distintiva, mas também permitem a sua renovação a cada nova manifestação literária, procuramos definir quais elementos essenciais presentes no Romance de Formação moderno encontramos na Ciropedia. Analisamos cenas em que são evidentes a partipação de mentores, a presença de uma instituição pedagógica, a visão teleológica da educação. Além disso, uma das características essenciais do "Romance de Formação" é a presença de uma personagem dinâmica e evolutiva, que se forma e educa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The Xenophon's Cyropaedia, written in the fourth century B.C., it is a work of hybrid character, in which fiction and history mingle with a lot of freedom. Because of this, it has been discussed what would be the best genre classification for the work: biographical novel, work of historiography, historical novel. This dissertation investigates the extent to which Cyropaedia Xenophon's narrative has elements that allow us to recognize aspects of her romance genre, specifically the "Novel of Education" (Bildungsroman), genre whose paradigm is in the work Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship (1795-1796). First, we looked to define to what extent we can read the Cyropaedia as a work of fiction, and not as a work of historiography, from reflections on the relationship between Literature and History, and mainly through a comparative analysis between the narrative of Cyropaedia and the narrative of Herodotus' Histories. We realize that Xenophon fictionalizes the narrative established by Herodotus, whether taking up subjects, or alluding to the Herodotus' narratives. Then, starting from the Bakhtin's notion that every genre preserves, in the structure, formal elements of archaica, that not only characterize the genre in the form distinctive, but also allows its renewal every new literary manifestation, we tried to define which essential elements present in modern novel of education we can find in Cyropaedia. We analyze scenes where are evident the action of mentors, the presence of an educational institution, the theological view of education. Moreover, an important characteristic essential of the "Novel of Education" is the presence of a dynamic and evolutionary character, that get formation in the course of the narrative. We analyzed the construction and evolution of the main character of the narrative... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Over the eighteenth century, ancient history was increasingly read in English, appearing in new forms and interpretations. This reflected the development of history in universities as a subject not merely read, but taught. This teaching took on many forms: serving as a predecessor to other studies, building a knowledge base of case studies for 'higher' subjects, or (increasingly) an independent subject. What ancient history was taught, how was it taught, why was it taught, and what did students go on to use it for? Ancient history as an independent subject had a limited role in the curriculum despite the foundation of Chairs of History in most universities. When it was taught as such, the focus was on explaining modern institutions via ancient comparisons; on the training of statesmen by classical examples; or, more rarely, on demonstrating a particular conception of social development. These uses of history could be seen across both national and subject boundaries. Whilst differences between universities are evident, evidence in the teaching of history suggests the absolute dichotomy between the English and Scottish systems has been overstated. The interesting case of Trinity College Dublin suggests common features across Britain in how 'liberal education' was conceived of and how history fit into it. The practical application of ancient history to the education of statesmen may be seen in the variety of ways it was used in political discourse. This is explored mainly in Parliament, the ultimate destination of the "statesmen" in whose training history was supposed to play a large part, via debates over questions of empire and imperial rights in the second half of the eighteenth century. Superior knowledge of ancient history constituted a rhetorical claim to the twin statuses of gentleman, being classically-educated, and statesman - showing understanding of historical context and precedent.

The main focus of interest in this PhD dissertation is the Reformation historian and diplomat Johann Sleidan (1506-1556). Born in Schleiden and brought up together with Strasbourg's famous Jean Sturm, Sleidan soon entered a period of active political life with his employment at the chancellory of Cardinal Jean Du Bellay in Paris in the mid-1530s. There and later in Strasbourg his main concern was to encourage a rapprochement or possible alliance between France and the German Protestants. It was also in Paris that Sleidan discovered history as his second passion. After translating key French historians into Latin, Sleidan moved on to produce his own works of a political-historical nature. His main work, De statu religionis et reipublicae Carolo Quinto Caesare commentarii, 'Commentaries on religion and state under Emperor Charles V', published in 1555, was initially commissioned by the Schmalkaldic League as the official history of the Reformation. Despite early hostile reactions, this history was an immediate success with the buying public, published in numerous editions and by the year 1560 circulated in six different languages. Chapters one to three explore Sleidan's biography in depth. The collection and analysis of contemporary correspondence has provided the cornerstone for a new narrative of Sleidan's life in the second half of this thesis I move to a detailed study of his principal published works. Chapter four concentrates on Sleidan's main work, the Commentaries. After placing this history in the context of contemporary German history writing, I examine this work in detail, treating its genesis, character, and methodology. I examine the unexpectedly hostile reactions to the first edition and its very rapid success with purchasers. I then move on to consider the longer-term reaction to Sleidan's great work, first in Germany and then in France. I explore the controversies aroused by Sleidan's work, among both Catholics and Protestants, and in contrast, the great respect for his scholarship that also straddled the religious confessions. Sleidan provided the context through which I have been able to analyse the life of a scholar in the sixteenth century, and the works of one of the foremost historians of the new evangelical movement. His life and his works have not, until this point, been placed in a broader context. His work as a translator and historian provides an excellent example of the movement of text around the cultural communities of Europe. Sleidan played a vital part in this process by offering Latin translations of leading French historians which would later be translated into other languages, and by publishing his own works in German or Latin, which were then translated into many other vernaculars. But Sleidan was also engaged in the world of public affairs. Sleidan's position in Du Bellay's chancellery in Paris has provided a new picture of French evangelism. This contact was not given up when Sleidan moved to Strasbourg. The Franco-imperial city has been shown again as one of the cultural centres of Europe from where an intellectual and political elite operated on a cross-national and cross-confessional level. Strasbourg with its francophone scholars was also the Schmalkaldic League's gateway to France. Sleidan's connections as a diplomat linked Germany and France, and have formed the basis for a new study of those in the Franco-German world who shared Sleidan's concerns to promote peace across the religious divide.

Neste estudo, meu objetivo é investigar a influência da idéia de kairós na philosophía de Isócrates. Defendo que, a partir da noção de kairós, considerada tanto como oportunidade quanto como a particularidade de uma circunstância, Isócrates propõe uma philosophía que valoriza as opiniões (dóxai) em detrimento de um conhecimento seguro (epistḗmē), inalcançável para a natureza humana. Por fim, busco traçar relações entre a philosophía isocrática e questões da historiografia contemporânea, assim como refletir sobre a posição de Isócrates dentro da nossa tradição filosófica. / In this study I aim to research the influence of the idea of kairós in Isocrates’ philosophía. I argue that, considering the notion of kairós both as an opportunity and particularity of a circumstance, Isocrates proposes a philosophía that values the opinions (dóxai) instead of a secure knowledge (epistḗmē), unreachable to human nature. Finally, I seek to elaborate relations between the isocratic philosophía and issues of contemporary historiography, as well as meditate about Isocrates’ setting within our philosophical tradition.

"Who controls the past [...] controls the future: who controls the present controls the past". In the first century BCE Diodorus of Sicily described a corner of the British Isles he called Belerion and drew attention to the ingenious way the inhabitants extracted tin and the civilised manner they had acquired through trading that metal. In 2012 a tourist may stay in a bed and breakfast near Penzance or buy books from a shop named after that promontory. However, during the nineteenth century a debate amongst historians arose as to the meaning of Diodorus' Greek text, its relationship to other classical texts and the status of Cornwall in antiquity. The discussion involved at least ten treatments specifically of the topic in Cornwall alone and was incorporated into a variety of other narratives. The debate offers an unusual insight into the role of classical texts in the description and understanding of local identity. This thesis looks at passages from the classical world that have been linked to Cornwall and which often have very little academic scholarship relating to them, and examines how they have been interpreted by Cornish historians. It will show how, despite the inconclusiveness of the ancient material, a connection between Cornwall and Greek and Roman traders has been constructed by Cornish writers, and why they were interested in doing so. This thesis suggests that the political and social contexts of local historiographers has actively shaped the interpretations of the texts often assigning a meaning to classical texts that allows a narrative of independence, cultural sophistication and unbroken mining innovation to be constructed concerning Cornwall. As such this thesis will form part of a rapidly expanding inter-disciplinary interest in our understanding of responses to the Classics and to our conception of the formation of regional historical narrative.

This thesis is an interdisciplinary comparative analysis of the socio-economic developments of three regions in Anatolia: Lycia, Isauria and north central Anatolia in the late antique period (c. AD 330-600s). I present the most up-to-date picture of late antique settlement in these regions by collating recent evidence, particularly amphorae and settlement remains, derived from research conducted in these regions over the past few decades. From this picture, I analyse what the location of settlement and archeological remains within sites may reveal concerning the ways in which settlements participated in local, region and interregional exchange networks. As these three regions share the common geographic features of bordering major maritime areas and encompassing mountainous interiors, I examine how geography may have impacted the location of settlement and the movement of goods and people. By integrating areas located on opposite Anatolian coastlines, I examine how differing maritime networks may have impacted settlement development. This tripartite comparison attempts to establish northern Anatolia alongside its southern counterpart in the discourse of late antique economy and settlement development. Alongside this regional analysis, I discuss methodological considerations, such as the ways in which the current state of research and various research methods impact our analysis and interpretation of late antique settlement development. This study reveals that sub-regions within Lycia, Isauria and north central Anatolia developed in diverse ways and that the ways in which each region participated in wider exchange differed. I argue that overarching narratives of development, such as 'prosperity' and 'decline' do not accurately reflect the development of these regions. In sum, this thesis contributes an up-to-date analysis of the settlement development of Lycia, Isauria and north central Anatolia to the wider discourse of late antique regional development, which engages and challenges discourse surrounding the economic development of these regions in Late Antiquity.

This essay examines the shifting conceptions of the state and development through recent waves of Peruvian historiography. The broad structuralist-dependency interpretations of the 1970s and 1980s gave way to a more diffuse and creative ‘political turn’ during and after the 1990s. These changing historical ideas, which still defy synthesis, relate to distinctive global conceptions and phases of economic liberalism, the changing perceived role of states in development, and the integration and social disciplining of a vastly unequal Peruvian nation. Aspects of these Peruvian historical debates may help to shed light on similar controversies through much of the region. / Este ensayo examina las concepciones cambiantes del Estado y el desarrollo dentro de los recientes materiales de la historiografía peruana. Las amplias interpretaciones de una dependencia estructural de las décadas de 1970 y 1980 dieron paso a un «giro político» más difuso y creativo durante la de 1990 y después. Estas cambiantes ideas históricas, que todavía no se logran sintetizar del todo, se relacionan con diferentes concepciones globales y fases de liberalismo económico; el cambiante papel que se percibe de los Estados sobre el desarrollo; y la integración y disciplinamiento social de una nación peruana enormemente desigual. Algunos aspectos de estos debates históricos peruanos pueden ayudar a esclarecer controversias similares en gran parte de la región.