A Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (Aids), é uma pandemia com alto nível de letalidade. Os adolescentes no início da atividade sexual, podem se deparar com as Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis (DST), e entre estas a Aids. A gravidez na adolescência é uma epidemia no país, indicando que, se a prevenção para gravidez não está ocorrendo, também não está ocorrendo para as DST. Fazer um diagnóstico prévio da situação em que se deseja intervir, é uma conduta objetiva, utilizada por educadores na elaboração de programas de educação em saúde cientificamente elaborados. Neste sentido, este estudo têm o objetivo de obter dados que possibilitem identificar o perfil demográfico e os fatores que levam os estudantes do ensino médio a adotarem comportamentos de risco para a Aids. A população deste estudo foi constituída de 360 estudantes da primeira, segundo e terceira séries do ensino médio das duas escolas estaduais do município de Peruíbe, São Paulo, Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório - descritivo, para o qual foi aplicado um questionário estruturado. Os resultados demonstraram que 50,6% dos estudantes têm dúvidas de que a masturbação mútua seja uma prática sexual segura; a maioria tem conhecimentos corretos relacionados à Aids, porém 50,5% ainda acreditam, erroneamente, que a doação de sangue pode contaminar o doador; 62,3% referem utilizar o coito interrompido na prevenção da Aids e 30,4% a pílula anticoncepcional; 53,2% consideram não correr nenhum risco ou pequeno risco para a Aids; consideram como muito importante ou importante 87,7% a fidelidade do homem e 89,3% a fidelidade da mulher; 29,7% a virgindade do homem e 40,6% a virgindade da mulher; 23,5% a abstinência sexual masculina e 26,9% a abstinência sexual feminina na prevenção da Aids; 58,6% já tiveram relação sexual; 49,5% dos meninos iniciaram a atividade sexual entre os 10 e 13 anos e 70,0% das meninas entre os 14 e 17 anos de idade; 56,9% relataram atividade sexual nos últimos 30 dias; 48,3% afirmam fazer uso da camisinha todas as vezes que têm relação sexual; 38,3% algumas vezes e 11,0% nunca usam;45,1% afirmaram que fazem uso de bebidas alcoólicas; 95,2% não usam drogas injetáveis; 62,5% declararam que não têm plano ou seguro saúde ou convênio médico; 60,6% utilizam recursos da saúde pública; 45,3% dos estudantes trabalham; 63,3% ganham entre 1 e 2 SM; 25,8% das famílias dos estudantes têm renda mensal entre 1 a 4 SM; citaram como pessoas escolhidas para conversarem sobre HIV/Aids: 70,8% os amigos; 54,4% a mãe; 43,9% o (a) namorado (a); 40,3% os irmãos; 30,6% os professores; 29,7% o pai e 17,5% o profissional da saúde; 50,3% responderam seguir o que essas pessoas dizem; 30,8% seguem às vezes e 12,8% não seguem; 70,8% citaram a televisão como fonte de informação considerada mais importante na formação do conhecimento atual sobre a doença. Este projeto de pesquisa, tem a finalidade de obter dados que possam servir de subsídios, para que os setores responsáveis pela educação e saúde do município, construam programas preventivos de acordo com a realidade apresentada pelos seus próprios estudantes. / The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Aids), is a pandemy with high level of lethality. Adolescents beginning their sexual activity, may get sexual diseases and among these Aids. Adolescence pregnancy is very common all around the country indicating that preventive mesures are not efficient; the same can be said do STD. A previous diagnosis of the situation where one intend to act is an objective way used by educators in education programs of health, scientifically elaborated. Based on these concepts, this study has the target to get information in order to make the demograph profile and identify the factors that make the students of high-school to have a behaviour of risk in relation to Aids. The sample studied was represented by 360 students of the first, second and third series of high-school, in two schools in the town of Peruíbe, São Paulo, Brazil. It was an exploratory and descriptive study in which was used an organized questionnaire. The results showed that 50,6% of the students have doubts on they safety of mutual masturbation as sexual practice; the majority has good knowledge in relation to Aids, but 50,5% believe that people who donate blood can be contaminated; 62,3% say that use interrupted coitus to prevent Aids and 30,4% anticonceptional drugs; 53,2% think that there is small or no risk to get Aids; 87,7% think that it is very important or important men\'s fidelity and 89,3% women\'s fidelity; for 29,7% and 40,6%, the virginity, respectively of men and women, is considerated important; 23,5% and 26,9% respectively men\'s and women\'s sexual abstinency are important in preventing Aids; 58,6% have already had sexual intercourses; 49,5% of boys began sexual activities around 10 and 13 years old and the girls between 14 and 17 years old; 56,9% had sexual intercourses on the last 30 days; 48,3% declare that use condoms in all sexual intercourses, 38,3% sometimes and 11,0% never; 45,1% declare that use alchoolic drinks; 95,2% say that don\'t use injected drugs; 62,5% don\'t have health insurance; 60,6% use the public health system; 45,3% work; 63,3% receive between 1 and 2 minimum salary; 25,8% of the student\'s family have a monthly income between 1 and 4 minimum salary; 70,8% talk about Aids with friends, 54,4% with the mother, 43,9% with boy/girl friends, 40,3% with brother or sister, 30,6% with teachers, 29,7% with the father, 17,5% with the health professional; 50,3% say that follow what these people say, 30,8% follow sometimes and 12,8% don\'t follow at all. 70,8% say that TV is the most important source of information. This study has the aim to obtain information to help the authorities responsible for education and heatlh in elaboration of preventive programs according to reality presented by the students.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2017-09-22T19:16:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alcino A C Golega.pdf: 7388772 bytes, checksum: 8eb5fba312dc9dc756493466ca4bf72a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-22T19:16:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alcino A C Golega.pdf: 7388772 bytes, checksum: 8eb5fba312dc9dc756493466ca4bf72a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-25 / By 2013, UNAIDS has updated its global targets for the year 2020 for HIV-positive people; In which 90% of infected people are tested and will know that they are HIV, 90% of HIV-positive people are receiving ARV treatment, and that 90% of those people must achieve viral suppression to end the transmission of the epidemic by 2030 A The cascade of HIV continuous care is commonly represented as a bar chart that counts the number of individuals engaged in providing services to People Living with HIV / AIDS at all stages of ongoing care. The loss of individuals occurs at different points, which means that the number of people observed in each stage of the cascade is smaller than in the previous one. The objective of this study is to evaluate the steps of the continuous care of patients assisted in a public service specialized in HIV / AIDS (SAE - adult), in Santos, São Paulo, between 2009 and 2013. Methodology: This study was designed according to as standards for the construction of the Continuous Care Cascade for HIV patients, as recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. It is a mixed study of Temporal and Longitudinal series, Transverse, successive and sequential cross-sections are drawn up in continuous care, represented by columns, for the years 2009 to 2013; For study purposes the study population are all HIV patients enrolled in SECRAIDS, from January 2, 2009 to December 30, 2013. Results: A total of 1,179 patients enrolled in SAE - (224), 2010 (253), 2011 (240), 2012 (216) and 2013 (246), we observed that even with a heterogeneous population, we perceive a certain homogeneity in the distribution of socio-demographic factors. In relation to sex we have a predominance of the masculine in relation to the feminine, in all the years and a variation in the reason of sex, that goes of 1.7 until 3 men for each woman. Regarding the category of exposure, each year presents the heterosexual form as preponderant with more than 50% of the cases. Regarding the age group, we noticed that the age group of 30 to 39 holds the largest number of people in every year. In the category of schooling the subgroup with more than 10 years of study concentrates the largest contingent of people. In relation to race / color, it presents above 60% of the cases of race / color White and in average 33% of browns and blacks. However, in the case of the Marital State, the subgroup Singular, more than 50% of the cases, followed by married / amassed with 30% of the cases. Although linkage to service and access to treatment increased during the period, there was a significant decrease in viral suppression. Viral suppression is directly linked to the quality of service offered to HIV patients, since it is directly linked to the link that the service establishes for this patient, as well as the possibility of performing an integral treatment and also linked to the correct use of the medication. Thus we can add that it is necessary, a good adhesion of the patient to the service, the proposed treatment, the support offered, the continuous monitoring, the withdrawal of the medication, that is, the correct use and therapeutic control, that must be studied in other works. / Em 2013 a UNAIDS, atualizou suas metas globais para o ano de 2020 para as pessoas HIV-positivas; em que 90% das pessoas infectadas são testados e saberão que são HIV, 90% das pessoas HIV-positivas estejam tratamento com ARV, e que 90% dessas pessoas devem alcançar a supressão viral, para assim acabar com a transmissão da epidemia até 2030 A cascata do cuidado contínuo do HIV é comumente representada como um gráfico de barras que contabiliza o número de indivíduos inseridos na prestação de serviços às Pessoas Vivendo com HIV/Aids em todas as etapas do cuidado contínuo. A perda de indivíduos ocorre em diferentes pontos, o que faz com que o número de pessoas observadas em cada etapa da cascata seja menor que na anterior. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as etapas de cuidado contínuo dos pacientes atendidos em serviço público especializado em HIV/Aids (SAE ¿ adulto), no município de Santos, São Paulo, entre 2009 e 2013. Metodologia: Este estudo foi construído de acordo com as normas da construção da Cascata de Cuidado Contínuo para os pacientes HIV, nos moldes recomendados pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. É um estudo misto, longitudinal de Série Temporal. Foram elaborados cortes transversais, sucessivos e sequenciais nos cuidados contínuos, representados por colunas, para os anos de 2009 a 2013; para fins desse estudo a população de estudo são todos os pacientes portadores do HIV matriculados no SAE - adulto, no período de 02 de janeiro de 2009 à 30 de dezembro de 2013. Resultados: Foram estudados um total de 1.179 pacientes matriculados no SAE - adulto, referente aos anos de 2009 (224), 2010 (253), 2011 (240), 2012 (216) e 2013 (246), observamos que mesmo possuindo uma população heterogênea, percebemos uma certa homogeneidade na distribuição dos fatores sócio demográficos. Em relação ao sexo temos uma predominância do masculino em relação ao feminino, em todos os anos e uma variação na razão de sexo, que vai de 1,7 até 3 homens para cada mulher. Em relação a categoria de exposição, todos os anos apresenta a forma heterossexual como preponderante com mais de 50% dos casos. Em relação a faixa etária, notamos que a faixa de 30 a 39 anos detém o maior número de pessoas em todos os anos. Na categoria de escolaridade o subgrupo com mais de 10 anos de estudo concentra o maior contingente de pessoas. Em relação a raça/cor, apresenta acima de 60% dos casos da raça/cor Branca e em média 33% de pardos e pretos. Entretanto quanto ao Estado Marital, majoritariamente o subgrupo Solteiro, acima de 50% dos casos, seguido por casados/amasiados com 30% dos casos. Embora a vinculação ao serviço e acesso ao tratamento tenham aumentado no período, houve expressiva queda na supressão viral. A Supressão Viral está diretamente ligada a qualidade do serviço oferecido aos pacientes HIV, pois está diretamente ligado ao vínculo que o serviço estabelece a este paciente, além da possibilidade de realizar um tratamento integral e também ligado ao uso correto da medicação. Assim podemos acrescentar que é necessário, uma boa adesão do paciente ao serviço, ao tratamento proposto, ao suporte oferecido, o acompanhamento contínuo, a retirada da medicação, ou seja, o uso correto e controle terapêutico, que devem ser estudados em outros trabalhos.

Introdução: Estudos apontam maior ocorrência de complicações cardiovasculares na população com HIV/aids. Sabe-se que as alterações iniciais que posteriormente evoluem para doenças cardíacas estão relacionadas às mudanças no perfil inflamatório e oxidativo. Diversas pesquisas, utilizando diferentes populações, demonstraram que os flavonoides presentes no cacau (Theobroma cacao) e na erva mate (Ilex paraguaensis) podem melhorar a função anti-inflamatória e antioxidante do organismo. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da ingestão de chocolate e chá mate no perfil inflamatório e oxidativo de pessoas vivendo com HIV/aids (PVHIV/aids) em terapia antirretroviral (TARV). Metodologia: Ensaio clínico do tipo crossover, aleatorizado, cego e controlado por placebo envolvendo 92 voluntários, de 28-59 anos de idade, em tratamento regular com TARV por, no mínimo, 6 meses e com carga viral <50 cópias/mL. Os voluntários consumiram 65g de chocolate em barra (chocolate preto contendo 36g de cacau e placebo) e 3g de chá (erva mate solúvel e placebo) por 15 dias cada, seguido por 15 dias de washout entre cada período de suplementação. Além das variáveis inflamatórias e oxidativas (PCR-us, fibrinogênio, TBARS, HDL-c), foram avaliadas as seguintes características: perfil demográfico e socioeconômico, variáveis antropométricas, imunológicas e prática de atividade física. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas por análise de variância (ANOVA) utilizando o procedimento pkcross no software Stata versão 11.0. O teste t de Student pareado foi feito para comparação das médias dos parâmetros no baseline e pós suplementação. Considerou-se significante p0,05. Resultados: Os participantes eram na maioria do sexo masculino (63,0 por cento ), com média de idade de 45,0 (±7,3) anos. Observou-se média de 13,3 (5±) anos de diagnóstico de HIV, com 10,7 (±5,1) anos de uso de TARV. Quando feita análise por ANOVA houve melhora significativa apenas para o HDL-c (p = 0,05). Entretanto, na comparação entre as variáveis no baseline x chocolate preto, pelo teste t de Student pareado, observou-se aumento de HDL-c (p = 0,01) e diminuição de leucócitos (p = 0,01) e neutrófilos (p = 0,02), e quando comparados os valores das variáveis entre chocolate preto x placebo também houve diferença estatisticamente significativa para HDL-c (p = 0,05), leucócitos (p = 0,01) e neutrófilos (p = 0,03). Conclusão: Este é o primeiro estudo clínico que avaliou o efeito da ingestão de chocolate (cacau) e chá mate (erva mate) no perfil inflamatório e oxidativo de PVHIV em TARV. No presente estudo, o consumo de ambos os suplementos por 15 dias cada, não foi suficiente para melhorar os marcadores do perfil inflamatório e oxidativo destes indivíduos, apesar da alteração significativa de alguns parâmetros relacionados à inflamação e oxidação, como aumento de HDL-c e diminuição de leucócitos e neutrófilos após o consumo do chocolate preto. Tal resultado pode ser devido ao metabolismo diferenciado de PVHIV/aids, o qual sofre alterações não apenas pela própria infecção, mas também pela TARV, a quantidade e biodisponibilidade dos flavonoides nos suplementos e ao tempo de intervenção. / Introduction: There has been an increase on cardiovascular diseases occurrence in the HIV/AIDS population. It is know that initial alterations that after evolve to cardiovascular diseases are related with changes in inflammatory and oxidative disorders. Several studies in other populations demonstrated that flavonoids in cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and yerba mate (Ilex paraguaensis) may improve cardiovascular function due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Objective: To evaluated the effect of chocolate and yerba mate intake on the inflammatory and oxidative profile of people living with HIV/AIDS in antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methodology: Randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded cross-over trial involving 92 volunteers ages 28-59 years, in ART for at least six months and with viral load <50 copies/mL. The volunteers consumed 65g chocolate bar (36g dark chocolate containing cocoa or placebo) and 3g of tea (yerba mate soluble and placebo) for 15 day each, followed by 15 days washout period before the subsequent treatment. In addition to the inflammatory and oxidative variables (us-CRP, fibrinogen, TBARS, HDL-c) the following characteristics were evaluated: demographic and socioeconomic profile, anthropometric variables, immunological and physical activity. Statistical analyzes were performed by the cross-over analyzes of variance (ANOVA) using the procedure pkcross in Stata version 11.0. The paired Student`s t-test was also utilized. A p value 0,05 was considered significant. Results: Patients were mostly male (63 per cent ), with a mean age of 45,0 years. The mean time of HIV/AIDS diagnosis was 13,3 (5±), with 10,7 (±5,1) years of ART. There was statistically significant difference when analyzed by ANOVA only for HDL-c (p = 0,05). However, comparing the variables in the baseline x dark chocolate by the paired Student`s t-test, there were increase in the HDL-c (p = 0,01) and decrease in the leukocyte (p = 0,01) and neutrophil (p = 0,02), and when compared the values of the variables between dark chocolate and placebo also there was statistically significant difference for HDL-c (p = 0,05), leukocyte (p = 0,01) and neutrophil (p = 0,03). Conclusion: This is the first clinical study that evaluated the effect of chocolate (cocoa) and mate tea (yerba mate) consumption on inflammatory and oxidative profile of individuals with HIV/AIDS on ART. In the present study, daily consumption of neither cocoa nor yerba mate for 15 days was sufficient to improve inflammatory and oxidative profile in this group of individuals, despite the increase in HDL-c and decrease of leukocyte and neutrophil values after consumption of dark chocolate. Such an outcome in this group of individuals can be distinguished due to its metabolism, which is altered not only by the infection, but also by the ART, the amount and bioavailability of flavonoids in supplements and timing of intervention.

Thesis (MPH.) --University of Limpopo, 2018 / Background: The prevalence of HIV in South Africa has increased largely due to the combined effect of new infections, and a successfully expanded antiretroviral treatment programme, which has increased survival among people living with HIV. As the up-scaling of patients on ART has been increased, the aim of the current study was to investigate the variations of the clinical outcomes between patients initiated with CD4 < 350 and of those above 350 after the implementation of the new eligibility criteria for ARV therapy. Methods The current study used quantitative approach to retrospectively review a total of 488 records of adult patient who were registered in health facilities which were purposefully sampled from Sekhukhune District of Limpopo Province. SPSS version 23.0 was used to analyse data. Results Approximately 60% of the patients initiated on ART were having CD4 count <350 and male patients were more at 74% as compared to females at 54.7%. Patients who started ART with a baseline CD4 >350 had a high rate of lost to follow up within 3 months after start of ART at 15% than those with a baseline CD4 <350 at 10.2. More patients were lost to follow-up shortly after starting treatment at 3 months at an average of 13.8% in both CD4 counts. Majority of patients retained in care were those who started ART treatment with a baseline CD4<350 at 87.4%. Viral load completion rate at 12 months was higher than that of 6 months, at 86.8 and 80.5 respectively. Patients with a baseline CD4 >350 suppressed more than those who started ART with a baseline CD4 <350 at both 6 and 12 months at >90% suppression rate. Lastly, most of the patients died within 3 months of ART treatment and had a baseline CD4 < 350 than at 2.4% those with a baseline CD4 >350 at 0.6%. Conclusions The implementation of the new eligibility criteria of ART initiation improves the clinical outcome of patients on ART. There are still patients that are missed to be monitored viral load bloods which play a key role in determining the clinical outcomes of patients. Clinicians and nurses should adhere to the recommended time frames for monitoring of ART patients to improve clinical outcomes. Keywords: HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral therapy, clinical outcome, ART initiation; Eligibility Criteria;

<p>This research proceeds via a mixed methods paradigm using both qualitative and quantitative methods in a case study research design. A conceptual framework of mutually interacting variables influencing each other and impacting on and defining the roles teachers have to execute to deal effectively with HIV and AIDS challenges, is provided to facilitate the research process. This conceptual framework in conjunction with a theoretical framework which includes critical constructivist theory and the pedagogical models of Delors and Bronfenbrenner, guide the course of this study. The main recommendation of this study was that formal focused training should be given to teachers. This formal training should emphasise the role of the teacher as counselor, the teacher as an anti-stigma, anti-discrimination and anti-prejudice agent, a HIV-aware, HIV-competent and HIV-safe teacher and pastoral carer having the competence to deal with the practical issues around HIV and AIDS.</p>

No description available.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how women in Cape Town reflect over and deal with HIV/AIDS in their everyday lives and also how they explain the cause and spread of the virus. The thesis is based on two months of fieldwork in Cape Town, South Africa, where I got the opportunity to interview three women about HIV/AIDS and how they related to the disease as well as how people in general relate to it. The women I interviewed were all working with HIV/AIDS as counsellors and educational staff. The women work in Nyanga, Observatory and Wynberg, three very different areas in Cape Town. / Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka hur kvinnor i Kapstaden reflekterar över och handskas med HIV/AIDS i deras vardagsliv. Jag vill också ta reda på hur de förklarar orsaken till och spridningen av viruset. Uppsatsen är baserad på två månaders fältarbete i Kapstaden, Sydafrika, där jag fick möjligheten att intervjua tre kvinnor om hur de relaterar till sjukdomen och hur människor i stort relaterar till den. Kvinnorna jag intervjuade arbetade som rådgivare och utbildare inom HIV/AIDS. Kvinnorna arbetade i Nyanga, Observatory och Wynberg, tre väldigt olika områden i Kapstaden.

HIV/AIDS remains one of the most challenging public health problems, especially as the number of people living with the disease increased to over 33 million in 2007 while deaths increased to 2.0 million. The progression of HIV/AIDS is often linked to multiple levels of influence such as individual, political, economic, health and social factors. There is little known about the influence of some of these factors on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) of the World Health Organization. Using data from EMR countries, this study analyzed the progression of HIV/AIDS from 2003 to 2005, and examined the correlation between a number of political, economic, social, and health-related indicators with three HIV/AIDS outcome measures (HIV/AIDS estimated rates, HIV/AIDS death rates, and antiretroviral therapy coverage rates) for the year 2005. Bivariate correlation analyses showed several political, economic, social, and health-related variables to be significantly associated with antiretroviral therapy coverage rates. Immunization rate was the only variable significantly associated with the estimated HIV/AIDS rates; while no significant associations were identified with the HIV/AIDS death rates. The results of this study suggest that progression of the disease and treatment accessibility may be influenced by the political, economic, social, and health situations in EMR countries.

<p>This research proceeds via a mixed methods paradigm using both qualitative and quantitative methods in a case study research design. A conceptual framework of mutually interacting variables influencing each other and impacting on and defining the roles teachers have to execute to deal effectively with HIV and AIDS challenges, is provided to facilitate the research process. This conceptual framework in conjunction with a theoretical framework which includes critical constructivist theory and the pedagogical models of Delors and Bronfenbrenner, guide the course of this study. The main recommendation of this study was that formal focused training should be given to teachers. This formal training should emphasise the role of the teacher as counselor, the teacher as an anti-stigma, anti-discrimination and anti-prejudice agent, a HIV-aware, HIV-competent and HIV-safe teacher and pastoral carer having the competence to deal with the practical issues around HIV and AIDS.</p>

This research proceeds via a mixed methods paradigm using both qualitative and quantitative methods in a case study research design. A conceptual framework of mutually interacting variables influencing each other and impacting on and defining the roles teachers have to execute to deal effectively with HIV and AIDS challenges, is provided to facilitate the research process. This conceptual framework in conjunction with a theoretical framework which includes critical constructivist theory and the pedagogical models of Delors and Bronfenbrenner, guide the course of this study. The main recommendation of this study was that formal focused training should be given to teachers. This formal training should emphasise the role of the teacher as counselor, the teacher as an anti-stigma, anti-discrimination and anti-prejudice agent, a HIV-aware, HIV-competent and HIV-safe teacher and pastoral carer having the competence to deal with the practical issues around HIV and AIDS. / Philosophiae Doctor - PhD