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School leadership and teachers with HIV/AIDS : stigma and discrimination in Gauteng Province schoolsMoyo, Zvisinei 09 1900 (has links)
Since the discovery of HIV/AIDS in the late 1980s, the pandemic has become the leading cause of death in South Africa and one of the leading causes worldwide. South Africa has the largest number of people infected with HIV/AIDS in the world. South African teachers, in particular, have experienced unparalleled challenges as a result of HIV/AIDS.
This qualitative research study was designed to explore how principals handle the sensitive HIV/AIDS-related issues affecting teachers in schools in South Africa’s Gauteng Province. The study was carried out within the constructivist paradigm. The narrative inquiry research design within the qualitative research approach was used with purposive and network sampling of participants. The sample consisted of ten handpicked principals and eight teachers living with HIV/AIDS accessed through network sampling from around the province. Data were collected through narrative interviews and the compilation of a reflective diary. The data were analysed according to the qualitative content analysis method. Consent was elicited from participants with confidentiality, anonymity and trust maintained throughout the study.
The participants’ most common responses were that teachers living with HIV/AIDS are faced with the dilemma of disclosure and stigma and discrimination. This research showed that principals are experiencing a range of challenges due to teachers living with HIV/AIDS. The goals of quality education are often defeated because of the challenges surrounding teachers living with HIV/AIDS. Once teachers succumb to the opportunistic illnesses associated with HIV/AIDS, their productivity deteriorates. Principals were clear about the inadequacy that they experience in responding to HIV/AIDS-related issues amongst teachers. They lack the training and management skills to develop long-term strategies to mitigate the impact of HIV/AIDS on teaching and learning. Teacher absenteeism is rife, causing drastically detrimental effects to teaching and learning programmes and posing serious challenges to principals, who are not equipped with the required information and resources. It was evident in this research study that infected teachers often fail to take responsibility or disclose their status; instead, they look to principals for solutions to their HIV/AIDS-related problems. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Education Management)
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Identification of factors affecting the survival lifetime of HIV+ terminal patients in Albert Luthuli municipality of South Africa / Identification of factors affecting the survival lifetime of HIV positive terminal patients in Albert Luthuli municipality of South AfricaBengura, Pepukai 19 December 2019 (has links)
The objective of the study was to identify the factors that affect the survival lifetime of HIV+ terminal patients in rural district hospitals of Albert Luthuli municipality in the Mpumalanga province of South Africa. A cohort of HIV+ terminal patients was retrospectively followed from 2010 to 2017 until a patient died, was lost to follow-up or was still alive at the end of the observation period. Nonparametric survival analysis and semiparametric survival analysis methods were used to analyse the data. Through Cox proportional hazards regression modelling, it was found that ART adherence (poor, fair, good), Age, Follow-up mass, Baseline sodium, Baseline viral load, Follow CD4 count by Treatment (Regimen 1) interaction and Follow-up lymphocyte by TB history (yes, no) interaction had significant effects on survival lifetime of HIV+ terminal patients (p-values<0.1). Furthermore, through quantile regression modelling, it was found that short, medium and long survival times of HIV+ patients, respectively represented by the 0.1, 0.5 and 0.9 quantiles, were not necessarily significantly affected by the same factors. / Statistics / M. Sc. (Statistics)
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Perceptions and attitudes of family members of people living with HIV and AIDS towards community caregiversNziyane, Luzile Florence 30 November 2005 (has links)
The escalating number of people infected by HIV and AIDS poses a challenge to current resources both at the hospital and household level. Community/Home based care is a viable option in response to the scourge of HIV/AIDS to compliment secondary and tertiary care as well as providing support to affected families in coping with the stress of caring for their terminally ill family members. This study explored the effectiveness of the implementation of Community/Home based care services by focusing on three sites at Bushbuckridge i.e. Cunningmore, Maviljan and Hluvukani.
Findings revealed that family members were satisfied to have community caregivers entering their homes to provide care and support to their AIDS ill family members. Significant barriers were highlighted by families and community caregivers that hinder effective implementation of the programme, for instance, cultural sensitivity. The study proffered recommendations on how to deal with these issues. / SOCIAL WORK / MA(SS) (SOCIAL WORK)
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Perceptions and attitudes of family members of people living with HIV and AIDS towards community caregiversNziyane, Luzile Florence 30 November 2005 (has links)
The escalating number of people infected by HIV and AIDS poses a challenge to current resources both at the hospital and household level. Community/Home based care is a viable option in response to the scourge of HIV/AIDS to compliment secondary and tertiary care as well as providing support to affected families in coping with the stress of caring for their terminally ill family members. This study explored the effectiveness of the implementation of Community/Home based care services by focusing on three sites at Bushbuckridge i.e. Cunningmore, Maviljan and Hluvukani.
Findings revealed that family members were satisfied to have community caregivers entering their homes to provide care and support to their AIDS ill family members. Significant barriers were highlighted by families and community caregivers that hinder effective implementation of the programme, for instance, cultural sensitivity. The study proffered recommendations on how to deal with these issues. / SOCIAL WORK / MA(SS) (SOCIAL WORK)
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Molecular detection and identification of Cryptosporidium species isolated from human and animal sources in Limpopo and Gauteng ProvincesHlungwani, Hasani Alone 18 September 2017 (has links)
MSc (Microbiology) / Department of Microbiology / Background: Diarrheal diseases constitute an important problem among children but also
among HIV positive patients particularly in developing countries such as South Africa.
Cryptosporidium infect humans and has been shown to be an important cause of infection
among different types of animals. Because of its small size, Cryptosporidium can easily go
through the water purification system and can easily become a cause of an epidemic.
Previous studies have shown that Cryptosporidium is an important cause of diarrhea in
Limpopo Province. However, very few studies have been conducted on the genetic diversity
of these organisms in the region. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect and identify
the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium species from humans and animals in Giyani situated
in the northern part of South Africa and Pretoria situated in the central part of the country.
Methodology: A total of 560 samples were collected from human and animals and were all
screened by microscopy using modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique. All the samples
were tested by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) using the Cryptosporidium II
kits from Techlab, Virginia, USA. Positive samples from microscopy and ELISA were
examined by different PCR protocols including conventional PCR for amplification of
Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) region; Real-time PCR employing SYBR
Green detection format for amplification of 18S rRNA region; Real-time PCR employing
Hydrolysis probes detection format for amplification of SSU rRNA region; Real-time PCR
specific for amplification of C. hominis region and C. parvum region. Positive samples from
real-time PCR that gave clear bands on gel electrophoresis were sent for sequencing. The
sequences were analysed using Staden package software to edit the nucleotides, Bioedit and
MEGA6 software were used to align sequences and draw phylogenetic trees. The SPSS
software was used for statistical analysis.
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Results: The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium as detected by ELISA method from the
samples collected from humans was 41.2% (239/580). The prevalence was higher from the
rural area 73.0% (159/218) compared to the urban area 22.1% (80/362) and the difference
was statistically significant (χ2 = 145.1; p = 0.0001). Due to the limited amount of samples,
only 134 ELISA-positive samples were tested using real-time PCR. Of these samples, 35.8%
(48/134) tested positive. Of 48 real-time positive samples 25 were successfully sequenced
and two different species (C. hominis and C. muris) were identified. Of all the sequences
obtained, one (4.0%) was C. muris and 20 (80%) were C. hominis isolated from rural area,
whereas 16.0% (4/25) were also C. hominis isolated from samples obtained from urban area.
Cryptosporidium was not associated with diarrhea in the present study.
A total of 85 samples were collected from animals (52 from cattle and 33 from goats) and of
these 4 (4.7%) were positive by microscopy and ELISA. All these samples were non
diarrheal. Conventional PCR also detected a similar number. Of these 4 positive samples, 1
was from a male goat, while the 3 others were obtained from female adult goats.
Real-time PCR detected 56.5% (48/85) positive samples. Only 12 of the 85 animal samples
were diarrheal and of these 4 were positive for Cryptosporidium. The prevalence of
Cryptosporidium infection was higher 68.4% (13/19) in male animals compared to female
animals 53.0% (35/66). The prevalence rates in cattle and goats were 55.8% (29/52) and
60.6% (20/33) respectively.
Of 48 real-time positive samples from animals, 12 (25.0%) were successfully sequenced and
two species (C. parvum and C. andersoni) were identified. Of these 6 were from cattle and
the other 6 were from goats. Out of the 12 samples 10 (83%) were C. parvum while 2 (17%)
were C. andersoni. Of the two C. andersoni, one was from a goat and one was from a cow.
Of the 10 C. parvum, 5 were from goats and 5 were from cattle.
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In conclusion, microscopy remains the low sensitive tool for the detection of
Cryptosporidium while real time PCR appeared to be far much more sensitive by detecting
more samples than all the three other methods combined. Closer to the real time PCR was
ELISA that detected also more samples compared to conventional PCR and microscopy.
The present study identified C. muris from humans’ samples in our area for the first time.
However, C. hominis remains the dominant species that infects humans in our area.
Cryptosporidium species was mostly found in samples from asymptomatic individuals. In
animals, C. parvum was the most commonly isolated organism while C. andersoni was
identified in our region for the first time as well and occurred in both goats and cattle.
Populations in the affected areas need to be made aware of the infections so that care should
be taken to avoid the spread of infection in water sources or in immunocompromised
individuals.
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