How does political power affect populist rhetoric? The research on populism has failed to describe the difference in discourse between populist parties in opposition and in government. The previous academic debate has consisted of two fundamental areas of focus; definitions that are centered around identity formations, and the political or societal effects of populism in power, referring to issues related to democracy and rule of law. This study argues that populist rhetoric contains both elements and should therefore be studied as such. It aims to increase the understanding of how populism is expressed before and during governance, and how this differs. Using rule of law as an analytical measuring instrument and tools and theories from discourse analysis, Fidesz, the ruling party of Hungary, is examined by qualitative text analysis. The study finds that the idea of “us” as the people and “them” as the elite survives with populism in power, where “them” as the elite no longer consists of domestic political opponents, but rather international political opponents and organizations. Further it finds that the values connected to rule of law are abandoned in favor of a more technical meaning.

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I feel the need to warn you This will get personal  Whether I like it or not, I must tell you I was born in Miskolc    The city of heavy industry  Where you find 161,265 souls The county capital of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén The fourth largest city of Hungary.   My mother once or twice  or rather 31 times told me a story  She had already moved up to Budapest  Met my biological father and had gotten pregnant   I keep the other part out of this story the part about her education in architecture  – We don’t have the time for that  Even-tho it is tempting to tell   It has some funny turns as well  Just like the story about my birth I don’t know why But my mother likes to talk about herself   But this time it’s getting too far She doesn’t know but it bothers me I don’t want to hear this particular story / I am interested in notions of memory, found stories that people might not notice but are important to me. These stories originate in my home country, Hungary. I collect Hungarian words and phrases, translating them into English and then into Swedish—I have noticed that I often use English as the bridging language between Hungarian and Swedish. This puzzle of languages shapes my current work, which takes the form of multimedia installations. For my solo exhibition presented at Galleri Mejan, I created an installation called Invisible Trains, which revolves around found footage filmed in my hometown, Miskolc. In the work, a tourist visiting the city decides to film her trip on a little railway. She films her journey up to a mountain called Bükk, passing all sorts tourist attractions and sights. While visiting her husband’s family in Miskolc, they decide to go up to the famous fish farm called Garadna, however, the fish farm is closed when they arrive so they decide to go back to the city. The footage feels edited but at the same time not, as there seems to be a linear order. Jumping on the little railway, going up the mountain and then down again, they end their journey at a viewpoint. They look down at the houses they recognize. I decided to travel to Miskolc and take the same journey up to the mountain. I then transformed this experience into an installation where the sound of a whisper guides the visitor around the gallery space. A video work, sculptures, and analog projections serve as clues embodying the attraction sights.

Hungary has garnered much international attention throughout this decade due to the program of economic reforms undertaken by the Kadar regime. In particular, the introduction of new regulations which have for the first time permitted the development of small-scale private enterprise in the official economy, the tolerance shown towards some activities in the unofficial economy, and also the success of small-scale private agriculture have prompted a discussion concerning the increasing role of private initiative in socialist Hungary. Attention has also been focused on the impact of these reforms upon the stature of the Kadar regime, and whether or not they have provided a measure of popular legitimation for it. The amazing transformation of Kadar from traitor of the revolution to the popular reformist of Eastern Europe has been unique among the socialist states. Equally fascinating was his quick fall from grace in 1988. The recent reforms in the non-socialist sector in the Hungarian economy will be examined in terms of the model of bureaucratic centralism, as put forward by Andrew Arato, and the crisis of legitimacy it posits. / Master of Arts

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 166-174).

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The present study explores how the guiding principles and aspirations of the II Vatican Council concerning the theological status and significance of the laity and their involvement in the apostolic mission of God come to fruition in the `movement church' within the Roman Catholic Church of Hungary. The restoration of the lay status and function, distorted through the centuries in the Roman Catholic Church worldwide, is a crucial and indispensable task of the Roman Catholic Church if she wants to fulfil her prophetic, pastoral and holistic mission. This is indispensable for the Church to become what she really is, the eschatological people of God. Two revival movements in the Roman Catholic Church in Hungary are studied: the Bokor Movement and the Roman Catholic Charismatic Movement from the perspective of the role of the laity. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M.Th. (Missiology)

The present study explores how the guiding principles and aspirations of the II Vatican Council concerning the theological status and significance of the laity and their involvement in the apostolic mission of God come to fruition in the `movement church' within the Roman Catholic Church of Hungary. The restoration of the lay status and function, distorted through the centuries in the Roman Catholic Church worldwide, is a crucial and indispensable task of the Roman Catholic Church if she wants to fulfil her prophetic, pastoral and holistic mission. This is indispensable for the Church to become what she really is, the eschatological people of God. Two revival movements in the Roman Catholic Church in Hungary are studied: the Bokor Movement and the Roman Catholic Charismatic Movement from the perspective of the role of the laity. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M.Th. (Missiology)

The history of the ethnic borderlands of Hungary and Romania in the years 1867–1944 were marked by changing national borders, ethnic conflicts and economic problems. Using a local case study of the city and county of Szatmár/Satu-Mare, this thesis investigates the practice and social mechanisms of economic nationalizing. It explores the interplay between ethno-national and economic factors, and furthermore analyses what social mechanisms lead to and explain inclusion, exclusion and annihilation. The underlying principle of economic nationalizing in both countries was the separation of citizens into ethnic categories and the establishment of a dominant core nation entitled to political and economic privileges from the state. National leaders implemented a policy of economic nationalizing that exploited and redistributed resources taken from the minorities. To pursue this end, leaders instrumentalized ethnicity, which institutionalized inequality and ethnic exclusion. This process of ethnic, and finally racial, exclusion marked the whole period and reached its culmination in the annihilation of the Jews throughout most of Hungary in 1944. For nearly a century, ethnic exclusion undermined the various nationalizing projects in the two countries: the Magyarization of the minorities in dualist Hungary (1867–1918); the Romanianization of the economy of the ethnic borderland in interwar Romania (1918–1940); and finally the re-Hungarianization of the economy in Second World War Hungary (1940–1944). The extreme case of exclusion, namely the Holocaust, revealed that the path of exclusion brought nothing but destruction for everyone. This reinforces the thesis that economic nationalizing through the exclusion of minorities induces a vicious circle of ethnic bifurcation, political instability and unfavorable conditions for achieving economic prosperity. Exclusion served the short-term elite’s interest but undermined the long-term nation’s ability to prosper.

Competition policy is an important tool for assurance of the efficient allocation of resources in functioning market economies. Applicability of modern competition policy to situations in former planned economies, however, raises doubts because of fundamentally different states of competition in such markets. This study analyses development of competition policy in Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic. Particular attention is given to the influence of the EU competition policy in the framework of negotiations for final membership in the EU. / This study proposes reassessment of the competition policy of the three countries in order to better tackle the economic complexities of transition to fully functioning market economies. Harmonization of competition policy of the three candidate countries for EU membership with competition policy of the EU assumes appropriateness of EU competition policy for transition situations. Contrary to this assumption, the thesis argues that competition policy in transition should be tailored closely to the needs of transition. Since harmonization of competition law is only an instrument to evaluate whether a candidate country has a functioning market economy that can be integrated in the EU Internal Market, competition policy aimed at better promoting competition should be welcomed.