The moral justification of punishment is the fundamental concern of this thesis. It is argued that a moral response to crime has to be a civilised response; therefore, the notion of "civility" is defined and discussed. Punishment is then defended in such a way that it accords with being a civilised response to crime. It is argued that in order to be such a response, and thereby qualify as a moral response, punishment must have a certain structure, i.e. it must fulfil seven necessary conditions, which, it is argued, together constitute the sufficient condition for morally justified punishment. In arguing for each of the necessary conditions, different onedimensional theories of punishment are dealt with (retributivism, utilitarianism, deterrence theory, rehabilitationism, a paternalistic theory of punishment, and restitutionalism}, indicating that each fulfils some of the criteria for morally justified punishment. None of the onedimensional theories fulfils all the necessary conditions, however, and hence none on its own fulfils the sufficient condition for morally justified punishment. This is not to argue that a straightforward theory could never on its own fulfil the conditions for morally justified punishment, but I have not been able to conceive how this could be done. The theory I here present is therefore a hybrid approach, incorporating elements of all the above-mentioned theories into a unitary theory. In doing so, it fulfils all the necessary conditions for being a civilised response to crime, thereby fulfilling the sufficient condition too, and hence providing a morally defensible account of punishment. Finally, the question of how this theory can be put into practice is addressed. Because the objective of punishment ought to be a civilised response, thereby benefiting both society as a whole and those being punished and rehabilitated, the thesis may be seen as a progressive synthesis of the various approaches examined. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Philosophy)

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-06-10T15:26:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Joel da Silva Gonçalves Júnior_.pdf: 1935811 bytes, checksum: 2c6b67ad91c1de26271d67142ef7721b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-10T15:26:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joel da Silva Gonçalves Júnior_.pdf: 1935811 bytes, checksum: 2c6b67ad91c1de26271d67142ef7721b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-07 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O transporte marítimo mercante desempenha um papel fundamental para a economia de uma nação, ligando a produção ao consumo. No cenário de expansão do transporte marítimo, a utilização de contêineres para organização das cargas confere maior facilidade, segurança e rapidez ao transporte, aumentando, assim, a produtividade dos terminais e dos navios. No entanto, a operação de navios porta-contêineres possui limitações de movimentação e de estabilidade que impactam no custo operacional de um terminal portuário. Como os guindastes só podem acessar as pilhas de contêineres a partir do topo, a realização de remoções desnecessárias de contêineres bloqueantes gera um custo adicional de movimentação e de tempo nas operações de carga e descarga. Desta forma, faz-se necessária a elaboração de um plano de estiva eficiente para estas atividades, minimizando tanto os remanejamentos quanto a instabilidade da embarcação. Este estudo propõe uma abordagem híbrida, elaborada através da combinação das metaheurísticas Algoritmo Genético e Busca Tabu, utilizando a codificação da solução baseada em regras, a fim de elaborar uma ferramenta computacional que faça a gestão do número de remanejamentos e da instabilidade da embarcação, que são objetivos conflitantes. Nos experimentos, as metaheurísticas puras foram comparadas ao algoritmo híbrido e os resultados comprovaram que a aplicação hibridizada apresenta uma eficiência maior do que as metaheurísticas puras. As diferentes configurações de regras assumidas mostraram que a proposta de um número maior de regras, em complemento àquelas propostas na literatura, implica em melhores resultados. Através da aplicação da abordagem com múltiplos objetivos, foi possível observar a importância de considerar a movimentação e a estabilidade no plano de estiva. Com os resultados obtidos, demonstrou-se que o uso da abordagem proposta gera soluções melhores que as encontradas até o momento na literatura. / The merchant shipping perform a fundamental role in the economy of a nation, by linking production to consumption. In shipping expansion scenario, the use of containers for cargo organizing provides greater facility, safety and velocity, thus increasing the productivity of terminals and ships. However, the use of container ships has handling and stability limitations that affect the operating cost of a port terminal. As the cranes can only access the container stacks from the top, carrying out unnecessary removals of blocking containers generates an additional cost of handling and time in loading and unloading operations. Thus, it is necessary to elaborate an efficient stowage plan for loading and unloading operations, minimizing both the shifting and the instability of the vessel. This study proposes an hybrid approach developed by the combination of Genetic Algorithms and Tabu Search metaheuristics, using a rules-based encoding for solution representation, in order to create a computational tool that manage both the rehandling and instability, which are conflicting. In the experiments, pure metaheuristics were compared to the hybrid algorithm and the results demonstrate that the hybridization presents greater efficiency than the pure metaheuristics. The different rules configuration have proven that the proposal of a greater number of rules, in addition to those proposed in the literature, implies better results. The application of a multiple objectives approach has proven the importance of considering the handling and stability in the stowage plan. With the results, it was showed that the use of the proposed approach produces better solutions than those found in the literature.

The moral justification of punishment is the fundamental concern of this thesis. It is argued that a moral response to crime has to be a civilised response; therefore, the notion of "civility" is defined and discussed. Punishment is then defended in such a way that it accords with being a civilised response to crime. It is argued that in order to be such a response, and thereby qualify as a moral response, punishment must have a certain structure, i.e. it must fulfil seven necessary conditions, which, it is argued, together constitute the sufficient condition for morally justified punishment. In arguing for each of the necessary conditions, different onedimensional theories of punishment are dealt with (retributivism, utilitarianism, deterrence theory, rehabilitationism, a paternalistic theory of punishment, and restitutionalism}, indicating that each fulfils some of the criteria for morally justified punishment. None of the onedimensional theories fulfils all the necessary conditions, however, and hence none on its own fulfils the sufficient condition for morally justified punishment. This is not to argue that a straightforward theory could never on its own fulfil the conditions for morally justified punishment, but I have not been able to conceive how this could be done. The theory I here present is therefore a hybrid approach, incorporating elements of all the above-mentioned theories into a unitary theory. In doing so, it fulfils all the necessary conditions for being a civilised response to crime, thereby fulfilling the sufficient condition too, and hence providing a morally defensible account of punishment. Finally, the question of how this theory can be put into practice is addressed. Because the objective of punishment ought to be a civilised response, thereby benefiting both society as a whole and those being punished and rehabilitated, the thesis may be seen as a progressive synthesis of the various approaches examined. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Philosophy)

Dans ce travail, on s'intéresse aux méthodes numériques d'ordre élevé pour des écoulements instationnaires autour de géométries complexes. On commence par analyser l'approche hybride pour la méthode industrielle des Volumes Finis à l'ordre faible. Cela consiste à calculer en même temps sur des maillages structurés et non structurés avec des schémas numériques dédiés. Les maillages structurés et non structurés sont ensuite couplés par un raccord non conforme. Ce dernier est analysé en détails avec une attention particulière pour des écoulements instationnaires. On montre qu'un traitement dédié à l'interface empêche la réflexion d'ondes parasites. De plus, l'approche hybride est validée sur plusieurs cas académiques à la fois pour les flux convectifs et pour les flux diffusifs. L'extension de cette approche hybride à l'ordre élevé est limitée par l'efficacité des schémas non structurés d'ordre élevé en terme de temps de calcul. C'est pourquoi une nouvelle approche est explorée : la méthode des différences spectrales. Un nouveau cadre est spécialement développé pour réaliser l'analyse spectrale des méthodes spectrales discontinues. La méthode des différences spectrales semble être une alternative viable en terme de temps de calcul et de nombre de points par longueur d'onde nécessaires à une application donnée pour capturer la physique de l'écoulement. / This work deals with high-order numerical methods for unsteady flows around complex geometries. In order to cope with the low-order industrial Finite Volume Method, the proposed technique consists in computing on structured and unstructured zones with their associated schemes: this is called a hybrid approach. Structured and unstructured meshes are then coupled by a nonconforming grid interface. The latter is analyzed in details with special focus on unsteady flows. It is shown that a dedicated treatment at the interface avoids the reflection of spurious waves. Moreover, this hybrid approach is validated on several academic test cases for both convective and diffusive fluxes. The extension of this hybrid approach to high-order schemes is limited by the efficiency of unstructured high-order schemes in terms of computational time. This is why a new approach is explored: The Spectral Difference Method. A new framework is especially developed to perform the spectral analysis of Spectral Discontinuous Methods. The Spectral Difference Method seems to be a viable alternative in terms of computational time and number of points per wavelength needed for a given application to capture the flow physics.

Submitted by Milena Rubi ( ri.bso@ufscar.br) on 2017-10-17T16:07:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CUNHA_Bruno_2017.pdf: 1281922 bytes, checksum: 605ecd45f46a3b67332ed6bd13043af5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi ( ri.bso@ufscar.br) on 2017-10-17T16:07:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CUNHA_Bruno_2017.pdf: 1281922 bytes, checksum: 605ecd45f46a3b67332ed6bd13043af5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi ( ri.bso@ufscar.br) on 2017-10-17T16:07:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CUNHA_Bruno_2017.pdf: 1281922 bytes, checksum: 605ecd45f46a3b67332ed6bd13043af5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-17T16:08:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CUNHA_Bruno_2017.pdf: 1281922 bytes, checksum: 605ecd45f46a3b67332ed6bd13043af5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / This work proposes both a study and a development of an algorithm for super-resolution of digital images using projections onto convex sets. The method is based on a classic algorithm for spatial super-resolution which considering the subpixel information present in a set of lower resolution images, generate an image of higher resolution and better visual quality. We propose the incorporation of a new restriction based on the Richardson-Lucy algorithm in order to restore and recover part of the spatial frequencies lost during the degradation and decimation process of the high resolution images. In this way the algorithm provides a hybrid approach based on projections onto convex sets which is capable of promoting both the spatial and spectral image super-resolution. The proposed approach was compared with the original algorithm from Sezan and Tekalp and later with a method based on a robust framework that is considered nowadays one of the most effective methods for super-resolution. The results, considering both the visual and the mean square error analysis, demonstrate that the proposed method has great potential promoting increased visual quality over the images studied. / Este trabalho visa o estudo e o desenvolvimento de um algoritmo para super-resolução de imagens digitais baseado na teoria de projeções sobre conjuntos convexos. O método é baseado em um algoritmo clássico de projeções sobre restrições convexas para super- resolução espacial onde se busca, considerando as informações subpixel presentes em um conjunto de imagens de menor resolução, gerar uma imagem de maior resolução e com melhor qualidade visual. Propomos a incorporação de uma nova restrição baseada no algoritmo de Richardson-Lucy para restaurar e recuperar parte das frequências espaciais perdidas durante o processo de degradação e decimação das imagens de alta resolução. Nesse sentido o algoritmo provê uma abordagem híbrida baseada em projeções sobre conjuntos convexos que é capaz de promover simultaneamente a super-resolução espacial e a espectral. A abordagem proposta foi comparada com o algoritmo original de Sezan e Tekalp e posteriormente com um método baseado em um framework de super-resolução robusta, considerado um dos métodos mais eficazes na atualidade. Os resultados obtidos, considerando as análises visuais e também através do erro médio quadrático, demonstram que o método proposto possui grande potencialidade promovendo o aumento da qualidade visual das imagens estudadas.

Submitted by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-01T14:27:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ANTUNES_FILHO_Amauri_2016.pdf: 23049873 bytes, checksum: 5246fc4b37bd3364d5abf8cf81fbdb6f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-01T14:27:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ANTUNES_FILHO_Amauri_2016.pdf: 23049873 bytes, checksum: 5246fc4b37bd3364d5abf8cf81fbdb6f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-01T14:39:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ANTUNES_FILHO_Amauri_2016.pdf: 23049873 bytes, checksum: 5246fc4b37bd3364d5abf8cf81fbdb6f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T14:39:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANTUNES_FILHO_Amauri_2016.pdf: 23049873 bytes, checksum: 5246fc4b37bd3364d5abf8cf81fbdb6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-09 / Não recebi financiamento / The super-resolution aims to obtain a higher resolution image, using information from one or more low resolution images. There are different applications where super-resolution may be used, such as medical and forensic images. This work proposes a study and development of algorithms, based on Tekalp and Sezan’s algorithm, using the projection onto convex sets theory, in order to obtain super-resolution, therefore obtaining a higher resolution image, from a low resolution images set, with subpixel informations. We proposed the adition of a convex restriction based on Richardon-Lucy’s algorithm, modified to be weighted by Canny’s filter, along with total variation regularization, aiming to restore frequencies lost during high resolution images decimation and degradation processes . Therefore, we have a hybrid approach, that implements spatial and spectral super-resolution simultaneously, based on projection onto convex sets. The obtained results by the proposed algorithms were compared to Tekalp and Sezan’s base algorithm. The visual analysis of the images, along with the mean square error were taken in consideration for comparisons. In development, grayscale images were used, but the methods are extensible for color images. Results showed improvement in the obtained images, with less noise, blurring and more edge definition than the low resolution images. We conclude that the approach has potential for medical applications and forensic computation. / A super-resolução tem por objetivo a obtenção de uma imagem de maior resolução, utilizando informações de uma ou mais imagens de baixa resolução. Existem diferentes aplicações onde a utilização da super-resolução é empregada, como imagens médicas e forenses. A proposta deste trabalho é o estudo e desenvolvimento de algoritmos, baseados no algoritmo de Tekalp e Sezan, que utilizam a teoria de projeções sobre conjuntos convexos com o objetivo de super-resolução, obtendo uma imagem de maior resolução a partir de um conjunto de imagens com informações subpixel. Propomos também, uma restrição convexa baseada no algoritmo de Richardson-Lucy, modificado para ser ponderado pelo filtro de Canny, juntamente com regularização total variation, com o intuito de restaurar frequências perdidas durante os processos de decimação e degradação das imagens de alta resolução. Com isso temos uma abordagem híbrida, que implementa super-resolução espacial e espectral simultaneamente, baseada em projeções sobre conjuntos convexos. Os resultados obtidos pelos algoritmos propostos foram comparados com o algoritmo base de Tekalp e Sezan. Para as comparações, levou-se em consideração a análise visual das imagens juntamente com o erro quadrático médio. No desenvolvimento, foram utilizadas imagens em tons de cinza, mas os métodos são extensíveis para imagens coloridas. Os resultados apresentaram melhoria nas imagens obtidas em relação as imagens de baixa resolução, minimizando o ruído, o borramento e melhor definição das bordas. Concluímos que a abordagem possui potencial para aplicações médicas e em computação forense.

Ce travail est une contribution à la simulation numérique d'écoulements turbulents dans un but d'application industrielle. Nous nous intéressons dans un premier temps à une nouvelle combinaison "VMS-LES/procédure dynamique" pour la simulation d'écoulements autour de cylindres circulaire et carré. L'approche VMS-LES mise en œuvre a pour originalité d'utiliser une procédure de moyennage sur des volumes finis agglomérés dans le but de séparer les échelles, l'approche dynamique étant celle introduite par Germano en LES. Une approche hybride RANS/VMS-LES est ensuite évaluée sur le problème du cylindre circulaire à des nombres de Reynolds élevés. Cette approche introduit un paramètre d'hybridation qui selon la résolution locale de grille privilège le modèle RANS ou celui VMS-LES. Enfin, les performances d'un algorithme de Schwarz deux-niveau, qui utilise les méthodes de déflation et de balancing, sont examinées d'un point de vue efficacité et scalabilité dans le cas de simulations VMS-LES. / This work is a contribution to the numerical simulation of turbulent flows with the aim of industrial application. At first, we focus on a new combination "VMS-LES/dynamic procedure" for the simulation of flows around circular and square cylinders. The VMS-LES approach adopted in this work is original in using an averaging procedure over agglomerated finite volumes in order to separate the scales, the dynamic approach being the one introduced by Germano in LES. A RANS/VMS-LES hybrid approach is then evaluated on the circular cylinder test case at high Reynolds numbers. This approach introduces a hybridization parameter which privileges the RANS model or the VMS-LES model according to the grid resolution. Finally, the performance of a two-level Schwarz algorithm, which uses the deflation and balancing methods, are examined in terms of efficiency and scalability in the context of VMS-LES simulations.

The aim of the master thesis is to assess frameworks that are used for development of multiplatform cell phone applications supported by HTML technology. The theoretical part is focused to current market analysis, mobile access issues and the issue of difficulties in specific cases of their application. Analysis is followed by choice of evaluation criteria for setting the most appropriate architecture. Selected evaluation criteria will be used as a tool for detecting of the optimal technology's possibility, which is the most appropriate possibility for development of basic cell phones applications. The practical part is focused to choosing of new evaluation criteria, which helps to create specific questionnaire research. The confirmation or refuse of the hypothesis set up the level of criteria's severity. Based on criteria there will be selected and analysed six of the most used hybrid frameworks. Two of the frameworks with the highest ratings will be tested by real basic cell phone application. The conclusion of the thesis will be follow up by tested frameworks. The frameworks will be described and measured by the author's development experiences.

Cette thèse s'intègre dans le cadre du traitement automatique du langage naturel. La problématique du résumé automatique de documents arabes qui a été abordée, dans cette thèse, s'est cristallisée autour de deux points. Le premier point concerne les critères utilisés pour décider du contenu essentiel à extraire. Le deuxième point se focalise sur les moyens qui permettent d'exprimer le contenu essentiel extrait sous la forme d'un texte ciblant les besoins potentiels d'un utilisateur. Afin de montrer la faisabilité de notre approche, nous avons développé le système "L.A.E", basé sur une approche hybride qui combine une analyse symbolique avec un traitement numérique. Les résultats d'évaluation de ce système sont encourageants et prouvent la performance de l'approche hybride proposée. Ces résultats, ont montré, en premier lieu, l'applicabilité de l'approche dans le contexte de documents sans restriction quant à leur thème (Éducation, Sport, Science, Politique, Reportage, etc.), leur contenu et leur volume. Ils ont aussi montré l'importance de l'apprentissage dans la phase de classement et sélection des phrases forment l'extrait final. / This thesis falls within the framework of Natural Language Processing. The problems of automatic summarization of Arabic documents which was approached, in this thesis, are based on two points. The first point relates to the criteria used to determine the essential content to extract. The second point focuses on the means to express the essential content extracted in the form of a text targeting the user potential needs.In order to show the feasibility of our approach, we developed the "L.A.E" system, based on a hybrid approach which combines a symbolic analysis with a numerical processing.The evaluation results are encouraging and prove the performance of the proposed hybrid approach.These results showed, initially, the applicability of the approach in the context of mono documents without restriction as for their topics (Education, Sport, Science, Politics, Interaction, etc), their content and their volume. They also showed the importance of the machine learning in the phase of classification and selection of the sentences forming the final extract.

Idioms are frequently used in any language and thereby it is important to investigate how these linguistic resources are understood, acquired and mastered. More studies need to be conducted, specially in the learning of a second language. Cooper (1999) examined the processing of idioms in English by L2 learners using the Think-aloud procedure (TAP). He found that a heuristic model consists of the numerous strategies used by these speakers to find the meaning of written idioms by exploring and try to find the meaning which is less familiar to them, compared to the native speakers knowledge and holistic or integrated approach. In the currrent work, realized in Sweden, the TAP was applied to compare the responses given by learners of Spanish as a second language and native speakers about common verbal idioms. The aim is to analyze the interpretation and comprehension of non-literal or figurative meaning of these expressions. As the result indicates, the Spanish idioms were less familiar to the L2 learners, but their figurative meaning was understood in 41% of the times, and including partial associations in 76% of the attempts using the TAP. The descriptions of these L2 Spanish speakers’ group varied notoriously: amid match and partial coincidences with figurative meaning, unusual images were referred and the literal meaning was presented in a few cases as part of the figurative. The heuristic and a kind of hybrid approach to the idiomatic meaning in the oral and semantic elaborations and interpretative strategies were confirmed. However, it was relatively easier to the L2 speakers to propose lexical definitions. With a more holistic processing and descriptions of meaning, the native speakers accessed the non-literal idioms’ meaning with a complete description in 85% of the cases, and including linked information in 98%, which confirmed that regional idioms could be particularly unknown. Some difficulties to give explicit information about concrete terms by members of the group of native speakers were identified. / Las locuciones son expresiones de uso común en el habla cotidiana y por ello es importante investigar cómo son comprendidas y adquiridas, tanto en el aprendizaje de lenguas maternas como en el de segundas lenguas. Cooper (1999) examinó cómo los hablantes de inglés como segunda lengua, usando el procedimiento Pensar en Voz Alta (PVA), describen el significado de locuciones presentadas por escrito. Él identificó que un modelo heurístico de procesamiento se conforma por numerosas estrategias con las cuales estos hablantes intentan encontrar y dar respuestas acertadas acerca del significado idiomático. El PVA se usó en este estudio, realizado en Suecia, para comparar las respuestas de aprendientes de español como segunda lengua y hablantes nativos, enfocando locuciones verbales de uso común en esa lengua. El propósito fue analizar las interpretaciones y comprensión de significado no literal o figurado de las secuencias convencionales presentadas. Los resultados muestran que para los hablantes de español como segunda lengua las locuciones eran poco familiares, pero acertaron en el 41% de sus intentos al describir significados coincidentes con el sentido figurado, y en 76% con asociaciones parciales de significado. Las respuestas de estos hablantes variaron notoriamente: entre aproximación al significado convencional proporcionaron imágenes inusuales y algunos significados literales como parte del figurado, confirmando un abordaje heurístico o indagatorio y cierta aproximación híbrida al conocimiento idiomático en la L2. Sin embargo, fue relativamente más fácil para estos participantes formular definiciones léxicas. El abordaje de los hablantes nativos fue en cambio más holístico o integrador, con la descripción completa de significados del sentido figurado en 85% de casos, y en 98% con asociación de información relacionada, lo que confirma que algunas expresiones pueden ser conocidas de distinta forma en regiones diferentes. En algunos casos hubo ciertas dificultades para exponer información explícita sobre términos concretos en este grupo de hablantes nativos.