La modélisation numérique de la migration des hydrocarbures dans les bassins sédimentaires permet de déterminer les accumulations d’hydrocarbures au sein des formations géologiques. A partir de cela on peut prévoir la hauteur d’hydrocarbure piégé. Cette détermination est essentielle dans l’industrie du pétrole. Cependant grâce à certaines études, on a pu s’apercevoir que des erreurs numériques pouvaient apparaître lors de l’utilisation de pression capillaires polynomiales. Dans cette thèse, nous travaillons principalement sur les modèles dits de Darcy et nous évoquons sommairement les modèles de type percolation. L’objectif de ce travail est de fournir de nouveaux modèles des pressions capillaires, donnant de meilleurs résultats que ceux actuellement utilisés. Dans un premier temps, nous décrivons les mécanismes de la migration des hydrocarbures dans les couches. Ensuite nous étudions plus attentivement les lois des pressions capillaires permettant l’écoulement des fluides. Puis nous établissons la discrétisation, suivant la méthode des volumes finis, du problème. Dans la partie suivante nous testons en une dimension de nouveaux modèles de pressions capillaires affines par morceaux. Puis dans une autre partie, nous faisons les tests en deux dimensions de ces modèles auxquels nous rajoutons un autre modèle, bâti à partir des deux précédents. En conclusion, nous synthétisons l’ensemble des résultats et évoquons certaines perspectives concernant l’amélioration des modèles étudiés. / Numerical modeling of hydrocarbon migration in sedimentary basins makes it possible to determine hydrocarbon accumulations within geological formations. From this it is possible to predict the trapped hydrocarbon height. This determination is essential in the petroleum industry. However, thanks to some studies, it has been found that numerical errors can occur when using polynomial capillary pressure. In this thesis, we work mainly on the so-called models of Darcy and we briefly discuss percolation-type models. The objective of this work is to provide new models of capillary pressures, giving better results than those currently used. First, we describe the mechanisms of hydrocarbon migration in the layers. Then we study more closely the laws of capillary pressures allowing the flow of fluids. Then we establish the discretization, according to the finite volume method, of the problem. In the next part we test in one dimension new models of capillary pressures affine in pieces. Then in another part, we do the two-dimensional tests of these models to which we add another model, built from the two previous ones. In conclusion, we summarize all the results and discuss some perspectives concerning the improvement of the studied models.

Wood contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) represent a serious environmental risk. Composting seems to be an effective method for decontamination of such waste material. PAHs are degraded mainly under aerobic conditions the efficiency of composting could be strongly affected by the process conditions. This work is aimed at the comparison of PAH removal by a 340-days-long composting in laboratory scale composting pilots and a 240-days-long process in a pilot scale. To set up composting piles a "green substrate" commercially used for button-mushroom production and a grass substrate were used. The use of the grass substrate led to a higher PAHs removal (97% of the initial sum of PAHs) in comparison to the green substrate (81% of the initial sum of PAHs). Further, the effect of the size of wood particles on the PAHs removal efficiency was demonstrated. Analysis of phospholipid fatty acids showed an enhanced growth of gramm-negative bacteria and fungi during the composting processes. During the degradation process the enzyme activity of laccase was detected. The ecotoxicological test using a bioluminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri and a seed germination test using seeds of Hordeum vulgare L. showed that probably no toxic products were formed during the PAHs degradation in these experiments.

Inom medicin och kärnkraft ställs höga krav på olika komponenters renhetsgrad. Vid tillverkning av precisionskomponenter inom medicin och kärnkraftsteknik så används skärvätska för att kyla och smörja godset. Skärvätskan behöver tvättas bort innan komponenterna skickas till kunderna. För att kunna tvätta bort skärvätskan används en speciell tvättutrustning. Idag saknas en metod för att kunna påvisa att den speciella tvättutrustningen på ett tillförlitligt sätt uppnår gällande krav och standarder på renhet som ställs av branscherna, på komponenterna. Genom att verifiera tvättutrustningen mot en specifik kravbild, godkänns tvättutrustningens duglighet och således frisläpps utrustningen för produktion. Målet med studien är att ta fram ett underlag för att kunna verifiera en speciell tvättutrustning. Målet uppnås genom att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar renhetsgraden i tvättprocessen och utveckla metoder för att säkerställa att dessa faktorer beaktas. Några av metoderna som används i arbetet är Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA), Acceptanskontroll enligt attributsmetoden, intervju och observation. Resultatet av provgruppsmätningarna från laboratoriet, visar att komponenternas renhetsgrad ligger inom Willos kravställning på restkontamination av olja≤10 μg/cm^2 då komponenterna tvättats med tvättprogram två. Efter att provgupperna genomgått acceptanskontrollen står det klart att provgrupperna accepteras med en sannolikhet på 95,6% och att tvättprocessen är stabil. I studien har gamla och antagna mätvärdena använts eftersom det tar lång tid att ta laboratorieprover och tiden som examensarbetet pågår är begränsad. Med de gamla och antagna mätvärdena skulle den speciella tvättutrustningen kunna verifieras mot Willos kravställning, för att möta branschernas krav på renhetsgrad. Genom verifieringen kan man på så vis påvisa att tvättutrustningen levererar stabilt tvättresultat över tid. / In medical and nuclear power applications, high demands are placed on the level of cleanliness of various components. When precision components in medicine and nuclear power technology are manufactured, cutting fluid is used to cool and lubricate the raw stock. The cutting fluid needs to be washed away before the components are sent to customers. To be able to wash away the cutting fluid, special washing equipment is used. Today, there is no method to demonstrate that the special washing equipment reliably meets current requirements and standards for cleanliness set by the industries on the components. By verifying the washing equipment against specific requirements, the capability of the washing equipment is approved, and thus, the equipment is released for production. The study aims to produce a basis for verifying special washing equipment. The goal is achieved by examining which factors affect the level of cleanliness in the washing process and developing methods to ensure that these factors are taken into account. Some of the methods used in work are Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA), Acceptance sampling according to the attribute method, interview and observation. The results of the test group measurements from the laboratory show that the level of cleanliness on the components is within Willo's requirements for residual contamination of oil≤10 μg/cm^2 when the components have been washed with washing program two. After the sample groups have undergone the acceptance sampling, it is clear that the sample groups are accepted with a probability of 95.6% and that the washing process is stable. In the study, old and assumed measurement values have been used because of the time it takes to perform laboratory samples, and the time that the degree project progresses is limited. With the old and assumed measurement values, the special washing equipment could be verified to Willo's requirements in order to meet the industries' requirements for the level of cleanliness. Through the verification, it can be demonstrated that the washing equipment delivers stable washing results over time.

El presente estudio se ha desarrollado tomando como base investigaciones realizadas respecto a las medidas de satisfacción laboral que se aplican en empresas de diversos sectores, para retener al talento Millennial. Además, para entender cómo evolucionó esta problemática en el tiempo, se han analizado teorías acerca de la gestión de recursos humanos e inclusive se comparó cuán relevante es cada uno de estos factores para los Millennials y para las personas de otras generaciones. Luego, se aplicó un estudio mixto cualitativo y cuantitativo cuyos resultados indican que algunas medidas aplicadas por empresas de otros sectores, no tienen el mismo impacto en los Millennials que trabajan en Empresas Mayoristas Privadas del Sector Hidrocarburos Downstream – Combustibles Líquidos en Lima Metropolitana. En este sentido, se evidenció un problema recurrente para el departamento de RRHH, que es la alta rotación de Millennials; por ello se ha realizado una descripción de generaciones y su perspectiva laboral, para crear un modelo de factores que ellos valoran y que son influyentes en su permanencia en sus actuales centros laborales y se presentó información acerca de la importancia que ha adquirido la línea de negocios Downstream respecto a las demás. Con este fundamento, se indicó la relevancia y justificación del tema elegido, se plantearon hipótesis y objetivos que fueron validados mediante un estudio cuantitativo y cualitativo. El presente estudio demuestra que los factores de satisfacción laboral sí influyen en la permanencia de los Millennials del sector analizado pero cada uno en diferente medida. / This study was developed based on the investigation of job satisfaction measures applied by many companies from different sectors, for the retention of Millenials talents.For understand the evolution of this problem over time, many theories about Human Resources management were analyzed and the relevance of each satisfaction factor for Millenials and people of others generations was compared, then a qualitative and quantitative mixed study was applied, the result was that some factors that apply to companies in others sectors, don’t have the same impact on Millenials working in companies of Private Wholesale Companies of the Downstream Hydrocarbons Sector-Liquid Fuels in Metropolitan Lima. Due to this, we can show a recurring problem in the Human Resources area, which is the high rotation of Millenials, for this reason we made the description of the generations, to create a model of factors that they value and are influential in its permanence in the companies. Information was presented on the importance that the Downstream business line has acquired with respect to the others. On this basis, the relevance and justification of the chosen theme was specified, hypotheses and objectives were raised that were validated through a quantitative and qualitative study. This study shows that job satisfaction factors do influence the permanence of Millennials in the sector analyzed but each one to a different extent. / Tesis

Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), is an effective process to convert oxygenated compounds to hydrocarbons. This process is widely used for improving the negative properties of biomass-derived pyrolysis oils (bio-oils) such as high acidity, poor stability, and low heating value. During this process oxygen is removed from the bio-oil in the form of water, thus the liquid product of HDO process consists of aqueous phase and hydrocarbon phase that can be easily separated. Synthesis of efficient HDO catalyst has been a major challenge in the field of bio-oil upgrading. Red mud, which is an alkaline waste from alumina industry was used to develop a new red mud-supported nickel catalyst (Ni/RM) for the HDO of pinyon-juniper catalytic pyrolysis oil. The new catalyst was more effective than the commercial Ni/silica-alumina catalyst for the HDO of organic phase pyrolysis oil, the aqueous phase pyrolysis oil, and bio-oil model compounds. Less hydrogen was consumed in the case of Ni/RM and more liquid hydrocarbon yield was obtained compared to the commercial catalyst. In addition to HDO reactions, the Ni/RM catalyst catalyzed ketonization and carbonyl alkylation reactions that was important to produce liquid hydrocarbon from low molecular weight oxygenated compounds. Unlike the commercial catalyst, Ni/RM was regenerable by burning off the deposited coke and activation by reduction using hydrogen.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated bHLH-PAS protein that binds its partner, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt), in the nucleus to initiate the expression of proteins involved with detoxification. Published work suggests cross-talk between both proteins and cellular pathways involving the transcription factors, HIF -1 , ER, and NFKB, whose activity is typically upregulated in cancer. This thesis focuses on using a truncated form of AhR, AhR CΔ553, which is thought to act as a dominant-negative to sequester Arnt from its other binding partners. To test this hypothesis, we transfected HeLa cells with AhR CΔ553 fused to pEGFP or a vector under a tetracycline-inducible promoter. Stable cell lines expressing pEGFP-AhR CΔ553 have been generated and confirmed to have nuclear localization. We were also interested in confirming endogenous localization patterns of AhR and Arnt to study the role of p23 in the nuclear translocation of AhR. While we were successful in showing AhR translocating to the nucleus in treated MCF-7 cells, we couldn't clearly see nuclear AhR in Hepalclc7 cells, the cell line with knockdown levels of p23. To compare DNA damage generated in Jm·kat and Hepalclc7 cells, we looked for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and quantified DNA damage after exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and some of its derivatives. Hepalclc7 cells were prone to a wide variety of DNA damage, but Jurkat cells did not appear to undergo damage specifically through ROS production. Finally, we wanted to confirm apoptosis in HeLa cells after being cocultured with Trichomonas vaginalis. The G3 lab strain was more aggressive than Tl , but Parp, and apoptotic marker, was not observed in HeLa cells, suggesting that experimental conditions need to be further optimized.

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated signaling molecule which is involved in diverse biological functions ranging from cancer metastasis to immune regulation. This receptor forms a cytoplasmic complex with Hsp90, p23, and XAP2. We have previously reported that down-regulation of p23 triggers degradation of the AHR protein, uncovering a potentially dynamic event which controls the cellular AHR levels without ligand treatment. Here we investigate the underlying mechanisms for this p23 effect using wild-type HeLa and the p23 knockdown HeLa cells. Reduction of the Hsp90 and XAP2 contents, however, did not affect the AHR protein levels, implying that this p23 effect on AHR is more than just alteration of the cytoplasmic complex dynamics. Association of p23 with Hsp90 is not important for the modulation of the AHR levels since exogenous expression of p23 mutants with modest Hsp90-binding affinity effectively restored the AHR message and protein levels. The protein folding property of p23 which resides at the terminal 50-amino acid region is not involved for this p23 effect. Results from our interaction study using the affinity purified thioredoxin fusion proteins and GST fusion proteins and isothermal titration calorimetry showed that p23 directly interacts with AHR and the interaction surface lies within AHR amino acid 1–216 and p23 amino acid 1–110. Down-regulation of the p23 protein content promotes the ubiquitination of AHR, indicating that p23 protects AHR from the ubiquitin-meditated protein degradation. However, the increased ubiquitination is not through the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) signaling pathway. Troubleshooting and optimization were paramount for understanding and evaluating the p23 and AHR interaction. Specifically, the p23 mutant purification, p23: Hsp90 interaction, transient transfection, p23: AHR assay, and ITC study were phases of this research that required extensive time and critical thinking. These topics were further detailed to outline the specific problems encountered and the various steps taken to alleviate or optimize these issues.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18577号 / 工博第3938号 / 新制||工||1605(附属図書館) / 31477 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 米田 稔, 教授 高野 裕久, 教授 清水 芳久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19006号 / 工博第4048号 / 新制||工||1623(附属図書館) / 31957 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科高分子化学専攻 / (主査)教授 中條 善樹, 教授 赤木 和夫, 教授 秋吉 一成 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20409号 / 工博第4346号 / 新制||工||1674(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科合成・生物化学専攻 / (主査)教授 村上 正浩, 教授 吉田 潤一, 教授 杉野目 道紀 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM