No description available.

No description available.

SUMMARY The topic of final work for Master‘s degree is The Drug Habit Spread Prevention In Correctional Institutions. Due to this topic the main goal of this work is to specify particularities and evaluate the problems of implementing the measures of drug habit prevention in correctional institutions and to give some offers of possible solution of them and of improving underway prevention. Although drug habit prevention, implemented in different spheres and levels has common features, drug habit prevention in correctional institutions has some particularities. It is important that prevention would fulfil the changes of habits and opportunities of using drug in correctional institutions. For attaining this object the up-to-date state of drug habit spread in correctional institutions, tendencies and the reasons are analyzed. The main provision of legal acts, regulating the prevention of drug habit in correctional institutions, is also provided. The particularities of prevention measures applied in Vilnius’ correctional institutions are also investigated. The experience of implementing drug habit prevention measures in some foreign countries is being examined here as well. Summing up of the results are set forth in the conclusion of this work.

No description available.

Many studies have proved that a model with habit formation can well capture consumers’ responses to monetary policy and thus serves as a better platform for monetary policy analyses. However, most studies on monetary policy of Taiwan neglect habit formation. The goal of this paper is to verify the behavior of habit formation in consumption in Taiwan with the generalized methods of moments (GMM). Following Leith and Malley (2005), we develop a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model in a closed economy and find that habit formation behavior is significant in Taiwan. The results from GMM estimation are as follows. The estimated value of habit persistence is 0.934, accord with that of other countries. Households would spend about 4 years to set the new wage contracts. Furthermore, it takes about 4.5 years for firms to reset the new price.

The controversial play Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett is a play in which nothing but waiting really seems to happen. Throughout the play, the two characters Vladimir and Estragon continue waiting for Godot despite the fact that he never comes. While they are waiting they appear to conduct absurd and meaningless exchanges and games to pass the time. This essay explores the nature of the waiting for the absent character Godot: what is implied by this persistent waiting and what is the result of them doing so? The essay tries to explain the waiting through exploring the ideas of habit. Furthermore, it also deals with existential theories of consciousness and meaning through the ideas of Sartre. The essay argues that the meaning of the play emerges through the two characters’ act of waiting, and that the seemingly meaningless activities that Vladimir and Estragon perform are highly important as they provide the two characters with their raison d’être. The essay also shows that the two characters’ existence is dependent on Godot, because through the acknowledgement that he exists and in the hope that he will come to save them, they create their own rationale for waiting, regardless of it being true or not. Thus Vladimir and Estragon are able to create their meaning by choosing to continue waiting for Godot. They are also able to create this meaning through the conscious interaction between their surroundings and one another by the games they play while waiting. The essay also argues that the waiting is a conscious choice, and that the seemingly unreflective habitual games they play are as well. Furthermore, the choice of waiting is then reflected in the audience by their conscious choice to watch the play and join the character in their waiting for Godot. Thus, Beckett has created a play in which the focus is the experience and meaning of waiting, regardless of whether the one on which we are waiting will come or not.

<p>Literary modernism followed a century during which philosophical speculations about the mechanistic basis of human life found experimental validation in the work of physiologists, who stressed the power of environment to shape and delimit thought and action. By the late 19th century, the hypothesis that humans were "automata," as Descartes had conjectured, began to seem much more than philosophical speculation, as statesmen and industrialists appropriated blueprints of the human machine originally mapped by the sciences. So dominant was the conjunction of politics and habit that, writing in 1890s, the American psychologist William James would call the automatic operations of body and mind the very engine of political life: "Habit," he declared, "is the enormous fly-wheel of society, its most precious conservative agent. It alone is what keeps us all within the bounds of ordinance, and saves the children of fortune from the envious uprisings of the poor." But James was only anticipating the wide range of thinkers who would associate physiological automatism with politics in the coming years. By century's end, the belief that habit determined social action and circumscribed individual volition was to find wide currency in a variety of cultural fields, including literary modernism.</p><p>Situating literary modernism in relation to this emergent sense of political modernity, <italic>Automatic Modernism</italic> argues that modernists reconfigured the discourse of automatism for political and aesthetic ends. Wary of the new political environment in which government, political parties and industry exploited the science of conditioned reflex to ensure automatic responses from docile subjects, writers of this period turned to the resources of literature in order to both disrupt the clichés of thought and action enforced by environmental stimuli and to imagine forms of politics adapted to the physiologically automatic body. Looking in particular at the fiction and non-fiction work of D. H. Lawrence, Wyndham Lewis, Rebecca West, and Samuel Beckett, this dissertation attempts to understand the recurrent equation of automatic behavior and twentieth-century modernity. Even as modernists vigorously rejected habitual behavior as the very element of twentieth century life that imperiled authentic art and social belonging, they forged alternative notions of bodily being, investing in the potentialities of human automatism as the basis of aesthetic possibility and social coherence. The formal experiments of these modernists emerge, then, as efforts to foreground, manipulate, rupture, and mimic the political habits of readers.</p> / Dissertation

RESUMO Introdução. O tabaco é, mundialmente, uma relevante causa prevenível de morte. O hábito de fumar, na maioria das vezes, estabelece-se na adolescência. Considerando-se a prevalência de tabagismo e o potencial de seu crescimento, entre os jovens brasileiros, justifica-se o presente estudo que visa a embasar programas abrangentes de controle do tabagismo. Objetivo. Identificar fatores associados ao tabagismo em estudantes de 13 a 15 anos de idade, nas capitais dos três estados da Região Sul do Brasil. Métodos. Foram utilizados dados secundários provenientes do Inquérito de Tabagismo em Escolares, relativos a Curitiba, Florianópolis e Porto Alegre, em 2002 e 2004. A população compreendeu adolescentes de 13 a 15 anos, cursando as 7a. e 8a. séries, do ensino fundamental, e primeira, do ensino médio, de escolas públicas e privadas. Coletou-se a informação por meio de um questionário auto-aplicável e anônimo. Consideraram-se tabagistas os que informaram ter fumado em um ou mais dias, nos últimos trinta dias. Para análise, foram estimados proporções ponderadas e os respectivos intervalos com 95% de confiança e aplicadas técnicas de regressão logística múltipla por meio do programa computacional SPSS?, para detectar os principais fatores associados ao vício de fumar. O nível de significância adotado foi de 10% (? <= 0,10). Resultados. A prevalência de fumantes entre esses escolares variou de 10,7% em Florianópolis a 17,7% em Porto Alegre e foi sempre mais elevada, entre as meninas. Observou-se, nas três capitais, que as proporções entre estudantes fumantes foram maiores na presença de pai fumante, mãe fumante ou ambos fumantes, amigo fumante, exposição à fumaça ambiental em casa e fora de casa, de possuidores de objetos com o logotipo de marca de cigarros e que receberam mais freqüentemente oferta gratuita de cigarros, comparativamente às dos não fumantes. Conclusões. Entre escolares residentes nas capitais do Sul do Brasil, a prevalência de tabagismo é elevada, e os fatores comuns associados ao tabagismo, estatisticamente significantes, foram possuir indivíduos fumantes como melhores amigos e estar exposto à fumaça ambiental, fora de casa. / ABSTRACT Introduction. Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death worldwide and adolescents are at a great risk to initiate the smoking habit. The prevalence of tobacco use and its potential growth among Brazilian school youth justify this work, which intends to subside a comprehensive tobacco control program. Objective. To identify relevant factors associated with the tobacco use among students aged 13 to 15 years, in the capital cities of the three States of the Brazilian South Region. Methods. Sample data was obtained in the Global Youth Tobacco Survey, related to Curitiba, PR, Florianópolis, SC, and Porto Alegre, RS, in 2002 and 2004. Adolescents 13 to 15 years, attending the 7th, the 8th grades and the 1st grade of highschool of private and public schools, have composed the study population. Data was collected through an anonymous and self-administered questionnaire. Those who smoked at least one day within the last 30 days were considered smokers. For the statistical analysis of the results, weighted proportions and their respective confidence intervals of 95%, as well as multinomial logistic regression model were applied through the SPSS?, a computer statistical program. The level of significance adopted was 10% (? <= 0.10). The smoking prevalence among the students varied from 10.7% in Florianópolis, SC, to 17.7% in Porto Alegre, RS, and was higher among girls. In the three capitals, the proportion of smokers was higher among those whose mother, father, both parents or best friends had the smoking habit; also, the occurrence of smokers was higher among students exposed to tobacco smoke environment (at home or outside); the same situation was detected among the students who owned objects with a cigarette brand logo, or if more often were offered free cigarettes. Conclusions. Among school youths living in the three capitals of the states of the South of Brazil, it was estimated high prevalence of smokers and the factors statistically associated with the tobacco use were presence of best peer friends addicted to the smoking habit and environmental exposition to the smoke outside home.

The car is the most popular travel mode in the UK, but reliance on the car has numerous negative effects on health, the economy, and the environment. Encouraging sustainable travel mode choices (modal choice) can minimise these problems. To promote behaviour change, psychologists have an interest in understanding modal choice. Historically, modal choice has been understood as a reasoned and rational decision that requires a conscious assessment of thoughts and attitudes: but evidence suggests this approach has limitations when promoting behaviour change. Alternatively, processes that are automatically enacted, without conscious effort, can have an influence on thought and behaviour. Two automatic processes in particular have been proposed as useful factors when considering modal choice: habit and affect. Habits are behaviours that are learned over time in stable contexts, have become automatic, and moderate the link between intentions and behaviour. Affect is an automatically positive or negative sensation, which can influence consciously accessed attitudes and perceptions. This thesis explores these two automatic concepts in travel mode choice, with the aim of applying the concepts to promote sustainable travel. Using a mixed-methods approach, initial exploratory work used qualitative and quantitative methods to define how people construct affective responses to modal choice, and whether certain travel modes are more automatic than others. The exploratory work inspired three investigations: modelling the influence of automatic and reasoned decisions to use a travel mode, measuring automatic and implicit environmental preferences, and illustrating how changing the context of routines can increase use of available information. Exploratory and investigative results are then applied in the creation of the UK’s first Walking Network, a series of walking routes designed to deliver targeted information and knowledge to promote walking. This thesis concludes that automatic influences are beneficial factors when considering modal change interventions.

Chronic tic disorders (CTDs), including Tourette’s disorder and persistent motor or vocal tic disorder, are neurobiological conditions affecting an estimated 3 to 4 percent of children and adolescents. These disorders include the presence of motor and/or phonic tics, which can range in number, frequency, and severity. Although CTDs are typically treated through medications, the available medications have the potential of adverse side effects, do not result in long-term coping strategies, and may not be effective or preferable for all individuals. Habit reversal training (HRT), a behavioral intervention for tics, has been identified as a well-established treatment. The purpose of habit reversal is to build an individual’s awareness of his or her tics and disrupt tics through developing a competing behavioral response. One avenue or service delivery that has not yet been explored for individuals with CTDs is use of a parent-mediated approach to habit reversal. Parent-mediated interventions have been used successfully with children with challenging behavior and autism. They are based on a triadic model, in which a therapist works directly with a parent to teach the therapeutic techniques. Parents, in turn, work directly with their children while receiving feedback from the therapist. The current study investigated a parent-mediated habit reversal intervention for the treatment of chronic tic disorders in two children. A delayed multiple baseline design was used. Baseline data were collected for three sessions. Intervention was delivered over six sessions, during which time coaching was faded. Follow up data collection occurred one month after the end of treatment. Based on changes in parental fidelity of implementation from baseline to intervention, this study provides preliminary evidence for parents being trained as therapists and providing habit reversal training strategies to their children. This treatment was reported as acceptable by both parent participants and by one of the child participants. Treatment motivation remained high and stable throughout baseline, intervention, and follow up. Child motivation was more variable during baseline, intervention, and follow up. Tic severity was also variable and more research would be needed to determine the impact of treatment for tics. Limitations and implications for future research are provided.