Bibliographical record: KUDLÁČEK, Jiří. EMG study: Nordic hamstring exercises vs. isometric training. Prague: Charles Univerzity, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020, 79p. Supervisor MUDr. Kryštof Slabý. Abstract This thesis is an EMG study, which examines an electric activity of knee flexors and m. quadriceps femoris during 3 types of exercises: Nordic hamstring exercise, single leg sliding leg curl, and isometric contraction. The theoretical part summarizes anatomy, physiology, and kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system, as well as the principle of surface EMG. In the experimental part, the EMG study was conducted on 20 healthy individuals aged 20 to 30 years-old. Each patient underwent an applied kinesiology procedure and subsequently went through an 16 channel surface EMG technique. The aim of this work is to compare the maximal and average value of the EMG amplitude of particular muscles during each exercise. While providing Nordic hamstring exercise and single leg slide, the light was shed on a question of whether there is a statistically significant difference between activation of m. biceps femoris and m. semitendinosus in terms of EMG values. The following phase of the thesis scrutinized the timing of hamstring muscles during Nordic hamstring...

Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Master’s Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2012. / Background: Hamstring muscle strains are a common musculoskeletal injury amongst athletes, with a high rate of recurrence that suggests room for improvement in the treatment and management of these injuries. Cibulka et al. (1986) suggest a possible link between injuries of the hamstring muscles and dysfunction of the sacroiliac joint. A study by Fyfer (2005) found that sacroiliac manipulation alone had a positive effect in the treatment of recurrent hamstring strains, but this was not combined with or compared to conventional treatment for muscle strain. Fox (2006) found that sacroiliac manipulation added to hamstring stretching increased the resultant flexibility of uninjured hamstring muscles. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the relative effectiveness that manipulation may have when combined with and compared to a regime of hamstring stretching and strengthening in the treatment of chronic hamstring strains. Method: Thirty two participants suffering from chronic hamstring injuries and concomitant dysfunction of the sacroiliac joint were randomly allocated into two treatment groups. Both groups attended six consultations over a period of three weeks. Group one received treatment in the form of proprioceptive neuromuscular feedback (PNF) stretching and resisted isometric exercises of the hamstring, and were taught a home routine consisting of static stretching of the hamstring and Theraband® exercises directed at the hamstring. Group two received the same treatment and home routine as those in Group one, with the addition of Chiropractic manipulation of the dysfunctional sacroiliac joint. Outcomes were obtained by using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NRS-101), inclinometer testing of passive straight leg raiser test, and algometer assessment of pain threshold in the injured hamstring muscle and ipsilateral sacroiliac joint. Results: Data was analysed using the SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, Ill, USA). Subjective and objectives outcomes were measured quantitatively. The effect of the intervention was measured using repeated measures ANOVA testing. The time versus treatment group interaction effect assessed whether the effect of the different treatment over time is the same, with a p value of <0.05 being v considered significant. Both treatment groups showed improvement of outcomes, and manipulation showed a marginally non-significant trend of greater improvement with regards to sacroiliac joint algometry. Conclusion: This study did not provide conclusive evidence of either a benefit or no benefit of manipulation, but where non-significant trends were shown, it is likely that this was due to lack of statistical power and that with an appropriate a priori analysis being done a greater sample size may have shown the same effect to be statistically significant.

A dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for a Master's Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban Institute of Technology, 2005. / Low back pain has been shown to be associated with inhibition of the lower limb musculature. This inhibition is called arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI). Sacroiliac joint dysfunction has been linked with AMI of the ipsilateral and contralateral quadriceps and hamstring muscles. Sacroiliac manipulation has been shown to significantly reduce ipsilateral AMI, however no studies have been conducted to illustrate the effect of sacroiliac manipulation on contralateral AMI. Neither have their been studies to show the presence or extent of spinal dysfunction between the levels of L2-L5 and its significance on muscle inhibition in the quadriceps and hamstring muscles, nor the effect of manipulation of these levels on AMI of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine whether spinal manipulation has an effect on AMI of the contralateral limb as well as that of the ipsilateral limb. / M

De acuerdo con la literatura científica, la frecuencia del acortamiento de los isquiotibiales, está relacionado con factores genéticos, hábitos diarios y actividades deportivas. Sin embargo, con las numerosas metodologías de tratamiento propuestas en la literatura se hace difícil establecer cuál de ellas resulta ser la más efectiva. En este trabajo se llevó a cabo meta-análisis sobre la eficacia de los tratamientos para la ganancia de flexibilidad en los músculos isquiotibiales. La búsqueda de la literatura permitió identificar 41 estudios, 39 publicados y 2 no publicados, entre 1930 y 2007, que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, totalizando 85 comparaciones entre grupo tratado y control. El índice del tamaño del efecto utilizado fue la diferencia de medias estandarizada. Los tratamientos obtuvieron una efectividad estadísticamente significativa (d+ = 1,054). El estiramiento muscular, más la combinación de estiramiento más calentamiento resultaron ser los tratamientos más efectivos. La relación entre el tamaño del efecto con las demás variables de tratamiento, de sujeto, metodológicas y extrínsecas, también fueron examinadas. El sesgo de publicación no fue una amenaza contra la validez de los resultados. Los tratamientos son más eficaces cuando: son empleados en sujetos del género femenino; cuanto más jóvenes sean los sujetos; y cuando se utiliza un número mayor de semanas de tratamiento. / According to the scientific literature, the frequency of the shortened hamstring, is related to genetic factors, daily habits and sports activities. In spite of the found treatment methodologies diversity is difficult to establish which of them is more effective. In this paper we carried out a meta-analysis about the efficacy of the treatment for the increase the flexibility in the hamstring muscle. The searched of the literature enabled us identify 41 studies, 39 published and 2 no published, between 1930 and 2007, that fulfilled our the selection criteria, giving a total 85 comparisons between a treated an a control group. The effect size index was the standardized mean difference in the posttest. The treatments obtained a statistically significant effectiveness (d+ = 1,054). The stretching and stretching plus warming -up resulted to be the treatment more effective. The relationship of others treatment, subjects, methodological and extrinsic variables with the effect size were also examined. The publication bias was not a threat against the validity of the results. The treatments are more efficient when: they are applied in subjects of the feminine gender; the more young be the subjects and when a greater number of weeks of treatment are utilized

Introduktion: Fotboll är en av de mest skadedrabbade idrotterna. 70-90% av skadorna är lokaliserade i nedre extremiteter. Den vanligaste skadan är hamstringsruptur och utgör 37% av skador i nedre extremiteter. Det finns idag mycket forskning gjord på hamstringsrupturer hos manliga fotbollsspelare, men skadefrekvensen för hamstringsrupturen minskar inte. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att bidra med ökad medvetenhet och kunskap om uppkomst, rehabilitering och preventiva åtgärder på hamstringsrupturer för tränare i manliga fotbollslag. Metod: Studien har sammanställt redan befintlig litteratur om de valda område för att besvara studiens syfte. Studiens valda metod är en litteraturstudie. Resultat: (1) Uppkomst: Höghastighetssprint &amp; förlängning. (2) Rehabilitering: Individuell konservativ behandling. (3) Preventiva åtgärder: Excentriska övningar ex: Nordic hamstrings exercise, Asklings glider. Slutsats: Mer kunskap behövs inom området, både för tränare och spelare i idrottsföreningar, och kunskapen måste presenteras på ett användbart sätt. / Introduction: Soccer is one of the most injured sports. 70-90% of the injuries are located in the lower extremities. The most common injury is hamstring strain and accounts for 37% of lower limb damage. There is a lot of research done today on hamstring strains for male soccer players, but the injury rate for hamstring strains is not diminishing. Purpose: This study wants to contribute to increased awareness and knowledge of the origin, rehabilitation and prevention of hamstring strains for coaches in male football teams. Method: The study has complied already existing literature on the chosen areas to answer the purpose of the study. The chosen method on the study is a literature study. Result: (1) Origin: High Speed Sprint &amp; extension. (2) Rehabilitation: Individual conservative treatment. (3) Preventive measures: Eccentric exercises eg: Nordic hamstrings training, Askling Glider. Conclusion: More knowledge is needed in the field, for both athletes and coaches, and the knowledge must be presented in a useful way.

ACL injuries are severe injuries and also the most common diagnosis among alpine skiers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate alpine skiers isokinetic strength and the risk of ACL injury. 31 alpine skiers were included in this study, 17 men and 14 women, who had conducted physiological assessments between 1999 and 2007 during their active careers. The participants were sent an online questionnaire in 2018 regarding ACL injuries during their active alpine careers. The risk of injury was then evaluated by comparing injured athletes concentric isokinetic strength, hamstring to quadriceps ratio and limb symmetry index with non-injured athletes. Results showed a significant likelihood of injury for having a lower hamstring to quadriceps ratio in the left limb but not in the right limb. There was no significant likelihood of injury and having a greater limb asymmetry. Because of the small number of participants and few ACL injured there is difficult to draw any conclusions. However, there seems to be a relationship of having a lower H/Q ratio on the left limb and the risk of ACL injury. Further research is recommended.

A thesis presented in partial compliance wnh the requirements for the Master's Degree in Chiropractic, Technikon Natal, 1999. / Sacroiliac syndrome is a common condition causing low back pain (Mierau et al. 1984, Guo and Zhao 1994). It is a painful, debilitating condition that may cause considerable discomfort (Haldeman 1992:220). According to Frymoyer et al. (1991:2114), sacroiliac syndrome is a frequently overlooked source of low back pain as it may mimic other well known causes of low back pain / M

The aim of this study is to examine to which degree Swedish news media reported about food consumption during the coronavirus pandemic 2020 and how it was framed. The coronavirus pandemic caused several countries to shut down and citizens consuming behaviour started to change into purchasing more food and household supplies than usual. Pictures of empty shelves and consumers with full shopping carts were published on social media. The pictures eventually made the news in Sweden and several newspapers wrote about the risk of food and household supplies running out in stores due to citizens stacking up. The methods used in this study was a quantitative and qualitative analysis. The study used the theories agenda setting, framing and news value to examine 93 articles about the food consumption in Sweden's four biggest newspapers. These were Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Expressen and Svenska Dagbladet. The study examined the time frame between 26 February - 25 March 2020, which was when the spreading of the coronavirus increased in Sweden. The results showed that the Swedish news media reported in different ways. Some news articles presented the lack of food and households supplies while other news articles said that there was no risk of food and households supply running out. Despite this the news media mainly framed the news in an alarming and fear/scaremongering way.

Bakgrund: Förkortad hamstringmuskulatur är vanligt bland fysiskt aktiva. Inadekvat hamstringmuskellängd och ökad styvhet i hamstringsmuskulatur är möjliga orsaker till skador i hamstring. Den senaste tiden har det blivit allt vanligare med användning av foamroller till syfte att behandla dessa förkortningar och styvhet.  Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är undersöka om användning av foamroller har någon direkt påverkan på töjbarheten och smärttolerans i hamstringsmuskulatur efter ett behandlingstillfälle. Metod: En experimentell studie utfördes där tio friska fysiskt aktiva män (ålder 25,4 ± 3 år, längd 183 ± 9,5 cm, vikt 78,5 ± 7,2 kg) med självrapporterad nedsatt rörlighet baksida lår rekryterades och genomgick två kortare behandlingar (3 x 30 sekunder), med foamroller och statisk stretch på deras dominanta ben (det ben dom sparkar boll med), vid två separata tillfällen. Mätningar av passiv rörlighet i knäled, styvhet i hamstringmuskulatur och smärttolerans på biceps femoris mest ömmande punkt utfördes före och direkt efter varje testtillfälle. Data sammanställdes och analyserades i IBM SPSS för skillnader före och efter gällande förändringar på rörlighet, styvhet och smärttolerans. Resultat: Små skillnader kunde observeras mellan behandlingarna.  Vid statisk stretch noterades en viss skillnad i styvhet på -0,76 Nm. I båda behandlingarna noterades en ytterst liten ökning i rörlighet på hamstringsmuskulaturen med större förändring i statisk stretch, +0,1 grader.  Smärttröskeln var lägre efter båda behandlingar, -125,5 kPa efter foamroller respektive -99,3 kPa efter statisk stretch. Dock visade inte resultatet på någon statistiskt signifikant skillnad i påverkan av passiv ledrörlighet, uppmät styvhet i hamstring eller smärttröskel.   Konklussion: Studien var liten och undersökte endast korttidseffekter, men resultatet talar för att det inte finns någon reell påverkan på biceps femoris styvhet eller smärttolerans med användning av foamroller. / Nej

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