In mid-eighteenth-century France, a type of ensemble music was introduced for harpsichord and another instrument(s) in which the harpsichord part is completely written out, instead of a bass line with figures to be realized. Composers of this genre used the word "accompanied" in the tides or in the prefaces of their collections to describe the genre. This study examines the earliest examples of this genre, the works of seven composers, published in the 1740's, (Mondonville, Rameau, Boismoitier, Clement, Dupuits, Guillemain, and Luc Marchand), and compares the various styles of the written out parts, both harpsichord and additional instrument, to determine the nature of the word, "accompaniment."

It is the purpose of this thesis to determine the comparative differences and similarities of the accompanied violin sonatas of the two contemporary eighteenth-century composers, Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel.

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Orientador: Helena Jank / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T17:10:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Morais_Guilhermede_M.pdf: 10305863 bytes, checksum: f040b4ce6fedf1308b3cddb414957ce3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O presente projeto tem como foco de trabalho um conjunto de modinhas encontradas no "Jornal de Modinhas com Acompanhamento de Cravo Pelos Milhores Autores" publicado por Domingos F. Milcent e P.A. Marchal, entre os anos 1792 e 1797 em Lisboa. A menção ao cravo no título da publicação leva-nos a uma reflexão sobre a utilização deste instrumento no acompanhamento das modinhas, que se caracteriza por uma linha de baixo, sem indicações para a mão direita, em um processo idêntico ao do baixo contínuo encontrado na música barroca. Neste projeto propomos a realização dos baixos de maneira a facilitar a execução das obras para os intérpretes que não dominam a arte de acompanhar improvisando sobre uma linha de baixo. A realização se dará a partir da análise destas características, com base em tratados de baixo contínuo, em especial aqueles escritos em Portugal no século XVIII. Será levada em consideração também a análise dos acompanhamentos previamente escritos para algumas modinhas nesta mesma coleção. / Abstract: This project focuses on a set of "modinhas" found in the " Jornal de Modinhas com Acompanhamento de Cravo Pelos Milhores Autores" published by Domingos Milcent and P.A. Marchal, between years 1792 and 1797 in Lisbon. The fact that the harpsichord is mentioned in the title of this publication leads us to think about the use of this instrument in the accompanyment of the "modinhas", which is characterized by a bass-line, with no indications for the right hand, in a process similar to that found in the thorough-bassaccompanyment in Baroque music. Our purpose to this project is the realization of the bassline to a choice of pieces, to facilitate the execution for interpreters not skilled in the art of improvising on a single bass-line. The realization of the basses will be the result of the analysis of the most important caracteristics, based on thorough-bass treatises, especially those published in Portugal in the eighteenth century. The analysis of previously written accompanyments for other "modinhas" found in this collection will also be considered. / Mestrado / Praticas Interpretativas / Mestre em Música

This text outlines recent developments in my artistic practice. The two underlying themes of this work are my intonation practice, with and emphasis on just intonation, as well as the Japanese mouth-organ shō, which I am currently learning to play. The text discusses these topics, along with four of my recent works: Hypothermia for bass drum (2020) for gran cassa and electronics; Stycke för cembalo och elektronik (2021) for harpsichord and electronics; Breathing, bowing (2022) for viola da gamba and electronics; and Solo #1 (2022) for shō and unfiltered sawtooth waves. In these four pieces, I have explored different ways for the electronics to relate to and interact with the respective acoustic instruments with regards to intonation, spectromorphology and timbre. Both the pieces and the two underlying themes have not only been ventures into new aesthetic and technological areas, but they have also shaped my outlook on composition and the relationship between composer and musician. / <p>The presentation refers to my graduation concert, where two of the pieces discussed in this text were presented: <em>Breathing, bowing</em> and <em>Solo #1</em>. Along with these pieces, during the concert a newly composed ensemble piece was presented with me playing the shō alongside Johan Arrias (soprano saxophone), Gard Nergaard (hardingfela) and Vilhelm Bromander (contrabass).</p>

The hypothesis of this study entails the formulation of interpretative solutions for J. S. Bach's Capriccio in B flat major. The "Interpretative Analysis" mentioned in the title, strives to provide a synthesis in which the cognitive understanding of the music can contribute to a more informed aesthetic interpretation of the music. In the ensuing study this objective is realised by examining the origin of the work and the sources from which it was handed down, the style in which the Capriccio was composed and conceived, the performance practices prevalent in the early eighteenth century and the applicability thereof to the music of J. S. Bach, the structure of the Capriccio, and lastly the different instruments on which the Capriccio can be performed and the impact which this choice has on any performance thereof. / Department of Musicology / M.Mus.

The hypothesis of this study entails the formulation of interpretative solutions for J. S. Bach's Capriccio in B flat major. The "Interpretative Analysis" mentioned in the title, strives to provide a synthesis in which the cognitive understanding of the music can contribute to a more informed aesthetic interpretation of the music. In the ensuing study this objective is realised by examining the origin of the work and the sources from which it was handed down, the style in which the Capriccio was composed and conceived, the performance practices prevalent in the early eighteenth century and the applicability thereof to the music of J. S. Bach, the structure of the Capriccio, and lastly the different instruments on which the Capriccio can be performed and the impact which this choice has on any performance thereof. / Department of Musicology / M.Mus.

La musique française pour clavecin des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles est-elle jouée de nos jours telle qu’elle devrait l’être ? De quelles sources disposent musicologues et musiciens pour approcher au plus près l’authentique sonorité du clavecin, la technique de son jeu, et la compréhension de son répertoire ? Cette approche nous a conduit à discerner neuf points déterminants, essentiels à la compréhension de la facture du clavecin. La mesure d’octave des claviers français de l’époque était inférieure à celle des instruments des pays voisins, et notamment inférieure à celle appliquée dans la facture de nos jours. Pour mémoire, cette mesure conditionne l’écartement entre le pouce et l’auriculaire, lequel écartement influence le jeu. Si l’écart est de moindre taille, les doigts sont plus rapprochés, et de ce fait, la main gagne en décontraction. Le jeu à la française se distingue aussi depuis ses origines par l’extrême souplesse de l’harmonisation, le peu de tension des cordes et le diapason bas (le La3 à 392 – 406 Hz). Par ailleurs, nous avons pu révéler l’existence de clavecins à trois claviers, la présence du seize pieds et du jeu nasal dans certains instruments (alsaciens notamment), et la paternité française de l’éclisse courbe en forme de « S ». Concernant les claviers, l’évolution de l’ambitus de l’instrument depuis le début du XVIIe jusqu’à la fin du XVIIIe siècle est bien connue des musicologues et des musiciens. Toutefois, aucune étude de cette évolution n’a été réalisée pour démontrer l’élargissement des claviers depuis le premier livre imprimé en 1670, les pièces de clavecin de Chambonnières, jusqu’à l’ambitus définitif des cinq octaves imposées dans les pièces de clavecin en concerts de Rameau en 1741. Notre étude s’est également étendue aux cordes, par la vérification de leur épaisseur et des matières dont elles étaient faites. Il s’avère que les facteurs de l’époque utilisaient des diamètres inférieurs à ceux des cordes actuelles, et qu’elles n’ont jamais été en cuivre dans les basses. Seul le laiton à forte teneur en cuivre était considéré comme satisfaisant pour la sonorité des cordes les plus graves. Quant aux cordes des trois cinquièmes supérieurs du clavier, elles étaient faites en fer mou qui n’avait qu’une faible tension. Il va sans dire que l’acier, employé de nos jours, était inconnu à cette époque. Enfin, il est admis aujourd’hui que le clavecin, une fois le tempérament posé, s’accorde en octaves pures, alors qu’il en était tout autrement au XVIIIe siècle, ainsi que nous l’avons établi à travers un texte de Corrette. / Is French harpsichord music of the 17th and 18th centuries played today as it should be ? What sources can help musicologists and musicians to reproduce the authentic harpsichord sound and playing techniques of that epoch, and understand its repertoire, as faithfully and fully as possible ? The mere fact that this music went unplayed for so long prompts that question. In fact, the harpsichord was forgotten overnight. The favoured instrument of court and fashionable society under the ancien régime, it had aristocratic associations which doomed it when the Revolution came. A century later, in June 1889, the noble, silvery sound of its plucked strings made a first, hesitant comeback, thanks to Louis Diémer. But it was only in the 20th century, between the two world wars, that Wanda Landowska’s tireless enthusiasm gave this baroque keyboard instrument a new lease of life. Interest in building “old-style” harpsichords, using traditional techniques, first developed in the late 1950s, and their popularity has grown steadily ever since. Today’s enthusiasts want to go back to the origins, and revive old ideas and techniques, but they still have a long way to go. At an earlier stage, techniques used in making pianos were extended to harpsichords - and some of these “alien” elements and additions are still present. We felt the time had come to clarify the picture by consulting certain contemporary texts, which had been unduly neglected. We found indeed that these were at odds with twentieth- century improvements, had been mistranslated or misunderstood, or were, quite simply, hard to find.Anyone wishing to form an idea of the original harpsichord sound must start with organology, and the various instruments used by French musicians in the 17th and 18th centuries offer valuable clues. X-ray examination reveals their design and shows how they were regulated (keys, jacks, plectra).Thanks to this approach, we have identified nine essential factors which illuminate the design and construction of these instruments. French manuals of the time had a narrower octave span than those of instruments made in neighbouring countries - or today. Span, of course, determines the distance between thumb and little finger, which itself affects playing. The smaller the gap, the closer the fingers, and the more relaxed the hand. From the beginning, the French sound was also distinguished by its highly flexible harmonies,low-tension strings and low pitch (A3 at 392-406 Hz.). We also found that some harpsichords had three manuals, that some (particularly Alsatian instruments) had 16 foot stops and a lute stop, and that the S-shaped bentside was a French innovation. Musicologists and musicians already know in general terms how manuals evolved from the early 17th to the late 18th century, but no specific research has been done on the process by which they became wider, between 1670, when the first book, Chambonnière’s Pièces de clavecin, was published, and 1741, when Rameau’s Pièces de clavecin en concerts made five octaves the norm.We have also studied strings, their thickness and the materials of which they were made. We have found that string diameter was smaller than it is now, and that bass strings were never made of copper. Only brass with high copper content was thought to give the deeper strings a satisfactory sound. Strings on the upper three-fifths of the manual were made of soft iron, which had little tension. Steel, which is used today, was obviously unknown.Finally, harpsichords, once their temperament is established, are today tuned in pure octaves –which, as a text by Corrette has shown us, was far from being the case in the 18th century.