Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_alexandro_de_paula.pdf: 1347086 bytes, checksum: 5f7aa723fd96d4d6ee7beb8f49b68039 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-01 / The main goal of this study was to determine the best harvesting time of seed capsule so that the tobacco seed (Nicotiana tabacum L.) presents the best germination percentage and vigor, seeking a combination of maturity, vigor and germination. The study was conducted in the 2010/2011 crop season, at the Agronomic Center of Universal Leaf Tobacco Company, in Rio Pardo, RS, using the hybrid seed of Virginia type ULT 163,. Five sampling periods were established as treatment in a field of commercial production of tobacco seeds (T1 - 30% dry capsules and green sepals, T2 - 90% dry capsules and green sepals; T3 - dried capsules and dried sepals; T4 - 50 % dry stalk; T5 - 100% dry stalk) with eight replicates each treatment. There were germination and vigor, first germination and accelerated aging. It was found that the tobacco harvest seeds from hybrid cultivar ULT 163 may be performed without significant changes in germination and vigor among treatments T3 to T5 consisting of sepals and capsule brown in color until the total drying peduncle. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar qual o melhor momento de colheita da cápsula de sementes de modo que a semente de tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) apresente o maior vigor e a maior porcentagem de germinação, buscando uma combinação entre maturidade, vigor e germinação. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Centro Agronômico da empresa Universal Leaf Tabacos LTDA., em Rio Pardo, RS, utilizando o híbrido de semente tipo Virgínia ULT 163, na safra 2010/2011. Estabeleceram-se cinco momentos de colheita como tratamentos em uma lavoura para produção comercial de sementes de tabaco (T1 30% das capsulas secas e sépalas verdes; T2 90% das capsulas secas e sépalas verdes; T3 capsulas secas e sépalas secas; T4 50% pedúnculo seco; T5 100% pedúnculo seco), com oito repetições cada. Realizaram-se testes de germinação e de vigor - primeira contagem de germinação e envelhecimento acelerado. Verificou-se que a colheita das sementes de tabaco da cultivar híbrida ULT 163 pode ser realizada sem alterações significativas na germinação e no vigor entre os tratamentos T3 a T5 que consiste da cápsula e sépalas na cor marrom até a secagem total do pedúnculo.

The growth of ornamental plant market in Brazil is remarkable nowadays with strong participation of Northeast region, particularly in Alagoas State on the commercialization of tropical flowers. Taking into account this economic aspect, it is of great importance for the productive chain of ornamental species the study of aspects of post harvest activities. Alpinia purpurata (Viell) K. Schum (Zingiberaceae) which occupies the second place in economic importance amongst tropical flowers. It is the main flower for growing and harvesting. The main objective of this research programme is to study the different aspects of Alpinia post-harvesting: (1) time of harvesting and cut of the basis of the stems, and (2) the use of solutions of pulsing ; and/or maintenance of the floral stem by using: (2.1.) biocide compounds and pH of the solution; (2.2) carbohydrates and carbohydrates plus biocides; (2.3) anti-ethylene compounds and antiethylene compounds plus carbohydrates; (2.4) elements as calcium and silicon; and (2.5) senescence retarding growth regulators. It was evaluated the influence of these factors in the water relations, quality and longevity of the stems. Six experiments were carried out in the laboratory (CECA) of the Federal University of Alagoas. In the first experiment, the stems were harvested in three different times and they were cut periodically on their basis. In the second experiment different biocide substances were tested (8- hydroxyquinoline sulphate, aluminum sulphate, salicilic acid and sodium hipocloride) associated to pH variation of the maintenance solution. In the third experiment the stems received sucrose solutions pulsing from 2 to 20% for 12, 24 and 48 hours, following by maintenance in distilled water or in solution of 8- hidroxikinolin (HQS). The fourth experiment comprised three times of exposition (30, 60 and 120 min) with STS 1mM following by the presence or absence of pulsing in sucrose 20% for 12 hours. In the fifth experiment it was evaluated the effect of the addition of Ca (calcium sulphate 50 and 100mM), Si (sodium silicate 1,25 and 2,50 mM) and Ca+Si in maintenance solution. In the sixth experiment the stems were submitted to gibberellins, solutions (GA3), 10, 30 and 60 μm and cytokinin (benzyladenine 6-BA), 10, 20 and 100μm in 24 hours pulsing under continuous light. In all experiments the fresh biomass and the quality (scale of values) of the stems were determined daily or every two days until the end of the experiment. The amount of water was also determined for the floral bracts and dry biomass. The experiments were analised by completely randomized design and the data submitted to the variance analysis, test of averages and , when necessary, to the regression analysis. It was observed that the stems harvested at the end of the afternoon had shown greater commercial value; however, the regular cuts of the basis of the stems reduced their longevity. The use of HQS provided greater durability and humidity of the stems. On the other hand the other biocides did not improve the quality when compared to the control. The reduction of the pH by using citric acid did not interfere with the studied parameters. The use of sucrose in pulsing was only effective when the stems had been kept in distilled water. In this case the concentration sucrose of 20% for 12 hours showed better results. Silver thiosulphate when in pulsing for 30 minutes produced an increase of water contents and for 60 minutes or plus, or when addition of sucrose, caused dehydration of the stems. The only use of calcium sulphate or in association with sodium silicate in maintenance solution caused high improvement of the quality of the stems in comparison to the control and sodium silicate treatment. The use of cytokinin and gibberellins even considering it improved the water contents of the stems did not affect the commercial durability of them. / É notável o crescimento do mercado de plantas ornamentais no Brasil. Com participação efetiva da região Nordeste, destacando-se as exportações de flores tropicais, onde o Estado de Alagoas vem se firmando, com Alpinia purpurata (Viell) K. Schum (Zingiberaceae) como a principal flor de corte, e que ocupa o segundo lugar em importância econômica dentre as flores tropicais. Levando-se em conta esse aspecto econômico, verifica-se ser de grande importância para a cadeia produtiva desses cultivos, o estudo de aspectos relativos à da pós-colheita. Assim sendo, a presente pesquisa, objetivou estudar diferentes aspectos do manejo pós-colheita dessas flores, testando: (1) hora de colheita e corte da base das hastes, e (2) o uso de soluções de pulsing ; e/ou manutenção das hastes florais - neste caso ainda associado (2.1) a substâncias biocidas com o pH na solução sob controle; (2.2) a carboidratos e carboidratos mais biocidas; (2.3) a substâncias anti-etileno e substâncias anti-etileno mais carboidratos; (2.4) a elementos como cálcio e silício; e (2.5) a fitorreguladores retardantes da senescência. Avaliou-se a influência destes fatores nas relações hídricas, qualidade e longevidade das hastes cortadas, através de seis experimentos em laboratório no Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal de Alagoas (CECA/UFAL). No primeiro experimento, as hastes foram colhidas em três diferentes horários, recebendo durante o período pós-colheita cortes periódicos na base da haste. No segundo experimento, foram testadas substâncias biocidas (Sulfato de 8- hidroxiquinolina, Sulfato de alumínio, Ácido salicílico, Hipoclorito de sódio) associadas à redução ou não do pH. No terceiro experimento as hastes receberam tratamento de pulsing com soluções de sacarose entre 2 e 20%, por períodos de 12, 24 e 48 h, seguidas de manutenção em água destilada ou em solução de 8-hidroxiquinolina (HQS) comparando-se com duas testemunhas (água destilada ou solução de HQS). No quarto experimento, foram testados três tempos de exposição (30, 60 e 120 minutos) a STS 1mM, seguido ou não de pulsing em sacarose a 20%, por 12 horas. No quinto experimento, foram verificados os efeitos da adição de Ca (sulfato de cálcio a 50 e 100mM), Si ( silicato de sódio a 1,25 e 2,50 mM) e Ca+Si em solução de manutenção. No sexto experimento, as hastes foram submetidas a soluções de SILVA, A.T.C. 2006 Manejo pós-colheita de alpinia purpurata (Vieill) K. Schum (zingiberaceae)... xv giberelina (GA3), a 10, 30 e 60 μM e citocinina (benziladenina 6-BA), a 10, 20 e 100 μM em pulsing por 24 horas, sob luz contínua. Em todos os experimentos, a massa fresca e a qualidade (com base em notas) das hastes foram determinadas diariamente, ou a cada 2 dias; no final de cada experimento foram também determinados o conteúdo relativo de água das brácteas florais e a massa seca das hastes. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado sendo os dados submetidos à análise de variância, teste de médias e, quando necessário, à análise de regressão. As hastes cortadas ao final da tarde tiveram maior durabilidade comercial, porém o corte periódico da base das hastes reduziu sua longevidade. O uso de HQS proporcionou maior durabilidade e hidratação das hastes, sendo que os demais biocidas testados não melhoraram a qualidade. A redução do pH, pelo uso do ácido cítrico, não influenciou nas variáveis estudadas. O uso de sacarose em pulsing só foi efetivo quando as hastes foram mantidas em água destilada, sendo melhor o resultado para a concentração de 20% por 12 horas. O tiossulfato de prata em pulsing por 30 minutos, promoveu um aumento de hidratação, mas desidratou as hastes a 60 minutos ou mais ou quando adicionado à sacarose. O uso de sulfato de cálcio em solução de manutenção e quando associado ao silicato de sódio promoveu elevada melhoria de qualidade das hastes. O uso de citocininas e giberelinas embora tenha melhorado as relações hídricas das hastes não afetou a durabilidade comercial das mesmas.

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of harvesting time and water stress on the chemical composition of the essential oil and to test the activities against ticks and fungus of the essential oil of L. gracilis. For the analysis of harvest season the plant material was collected from seven genotypes of L. gracilis at the Research Farm "Campus Rural da UFS", in the rainy and dry seasons. The experiment testing water stress was conducted in the dry season. The extraction of essential oils was performed in the Laboratory of Phytotechnology of the UFS through hydrodistillation. Chemical analysis of the essential oil performed using GC-MS in the Laboratory of Chromatography of the UFS. For the activity tests against ticks package larvae and immersion of engorged tick Rhipicephalus microplus in different concentrations of essential oil, thymol or carvacrol. To test of fungicidal activity, the essential oil at different concentrations was added to PDA medium. Each plate was inoculated with mycelia culture of Thielaviopis paradoxa. The essential oil of L. gracilis presented two distinct chemotypes, one genotype LGRA-106 presenting as major compound thymol and the other genotypes presenting carvacrol as major compound. The leaves provided essential oil with an average grade of 1.55% in the rainy season and 2.09% in the dry season. In the rainy season there was no significant difference in both the yield and the content. The chemical composition of essential oils L. gracilis showed high levels of terpenes, 92% in the rainy season and 96% in the dry season. In the experiment with irrigation the values of content and yield of all genotypes were smaller when compared without irrigation. In general, the species L. gracilis, for the presence of water in the soil, provides stability in the chemical composition of the essential oil regardless of season, since plants subjected to irrigation, even in the dry season, the essential oil produced in quantity and quality similar to the rainy season. The essential oil of L. gracilis exhibits high activity against ticks, proven by lethal concentrations of genotypes LGRA-201 (1.31 mg.mL-1) and LGRA-106 (4.66 mg.mL-1), demonstrating efficiency in the control of this parasite. The tests showed that the concentrations 0.45; 0.91 and 2.75 mg.mL-1 of all genotypes of L. gracilis completely inhibited the development of the pathogen T. paradoxa, corresponding to a percentage of mycelium growth inhibition of 100%. The concentration of 0.18 mg.mL-1 of essential oil was sufficient to significantly reduce the number of spores of T. paradoxa. The minimal fungicidal concentration T. paradoxa was found between concentrations from 0.80 to 0.98 mg.mL-1 for the essential oils and 0.26 mg.mL-1 for carvacrol and 0.35 mg.mL-1 to thymol. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a influencia da época de colheita e do estresse hídrico na composição química do óleo essencial e testar a atividade carrapaticida e fungicida do óleo essencial de L. gracilis. Para as análises de época de colheita o material vegetal foi colhido de sete genótipos de L. gracilis no Campus Rural da UFS , nas épocas chuvosa e seca. Já para o ensaio de estresse hídrico o experimento foi conduzido na época seca. A extração de óleos essenciais foi realizada no Laboratório de Fitotecnia da UFS, por meio de hidrodestilação. A análise química do óleo essencial foi realizada utilizando CG-EM, no Laboratório de Cromatografia da UFS. Para a atividade carrapaticida foram realizadas os testes de pacote de larvas e de imersão de fêmeas ingurgitadas do carrapato Rhipicephalus microplus em diversas concentrações de óleo essencial, timol ou carvacrol. Para o teste de atividade fungicida, o óleo essencial, em diferentes concentrações foi adicionado ao meio BDA. Cada placa foi inoculada com micélios da cultura monospórica de Thielaviopis paradoxa. O óleo essencial de L. gracilis apresentou dois quimiotipos distintos um com o genótipo LGRA-106 apresentando o composto timol como majoritário e os demais o carvacrol. As folhas forneceram óleos essenciais amarelados com teor médio de 1,55% na época chuvosa e 2,09% na seca. Na época chuvosa não houve diferença significativa tanto no rendimento como no teor. A composição química dos óleos essenciais de L. gracilis apresentou altos níveis de terpenos, 92% na época chuvosa e 96% na época seca. No ensaio com irrigação os valores de teor e rendimento de todos os genótipos são menores quando comparado com o ensaio sem irrigação. De maneira geral a espécie L. gracilis, quanto à presença de água no solo, apresenta estabilidade na composição química do óleo essencial independente da época do ano, uma vez que as plantas submetidas à irrigação, mesmo no verão, produziram óleo essencial em quantidade e qualidade semelhantes à época do inverno. O óleo essencial de L. gracilis apresenta alta atividade carrapaticida, comprovados pelas concentrações letais dos genótipos LGRA-201 (1,31 mg.mL-1) e LGRA-106 (4,66 mg.mL-1), demonstrando eficiência no controle desse parasita. Os ensaios demonstraram que as concentrações 0,45; 0,91 e 2,75mg.mL-1 de todos os genótipos de L. gracilis inibiram completamente o desenvolvimento do patógeno T. paradoxa, correspondendo a uma porcentagem de inibição do crescimento micelial de 100%. A concentração de 0,18mg.mL-1 de óleo essencial foi suficiente para reduzir significativamente o número de esporos de T. paradoxa. A concentração fungicida mínima de T. paradoxa foi encontrada entre as concentrações de 0,80 a 0,98mg.mL-1 para os óleos essenciais e 0,26mg.mL-1 para o carvacrol, e 0,35mg.mL-1 para o timol.

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of harvesting time and water stress on the chemical composition of the essential oil and to test the activities against ticks and fungus of the essential oil of L. gracilis. For the analysis of harvest season the plant material was collected from seven genotypes of L. gracilis at the Research Farm "Campus Rural da UFS", in the rainy and dry seasons. The experiment testing water stress was conducted in the dry season. The extraction of essential oils was performed in the Laboratory of Phytotechnology of the UFS through hydrodistillation. Chemical analysis of the essential oil performed using GC-MS in the Laboratory of Chromatography of the UFS. For the activity tests against ticks package larvae and immersion of engorged tick Rhipicephalus microplus in different concentrations of essential oil, thymol or carvacrol. To test of fungicidal activity, the essential oil at different concentrations was added to PDA medium. Each plate was inoculated with mycelia culture of Thielaviopis paradoxa. The essential oil of L. gracilis presented two distinct chemotypes, one genotype LGRA-106 presenting as major compound thymol and the other genotypes presenting carvacrol as major compound. The leaves provided essential oil with an average grade of 1.55% in the rainy season and 2.09% in the dry season. In the rainy season there was no significant difference in both the yield and the content. The chemical composition of essential oils L. gracilis showed high levels of terpenes, 92% in the rainy season and 96% in the dry season. In the experiment with irrigation the values of content and yield of all genotypes were smaller when compared without irrigation. In general, the species L. gracilis, for the presence of water in the soil, provides stability in the chemical composition of the essential oil regardless of season, since plants subjected to irrigation, even in the dry season, the essential oil produced in quantity and quality similar to the rainy season. The essential oil of L. gracilis exhibits high activity against ticks, proven by lethal concentrations of genotypes LGRA-201 (1.31 mg.mL-1) and LGRA-106 (4.66 mg.mL-1), demonstrating efficiency in the control of this parasite. The tests showed that the concentrations 0.45; 0.91 and 2.75 mg.mL-1 of all genotypes of L. gracilis completely inhibited the development of the pathogen T. paradoxa, corresponding to a percentage of mycelium growth inhibition of 100%. The concentration of 0.18 mg.mL-1 of essential oil was sufficient to significantly reduce the number of spores of T. paradoxa. The minimal fungicidal concentration T. paradoxa was found between concentrations from 0.80 to 0.98 mg.mL-1 for the essential oils and 0.26 mg.mL-1 for carvacrol and 0.35 mg.mL-1 to thymol. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a influencia da época de colheita e do estresse hídrico na composição química do óleo essencial e testar a atividade carrapaticida e fungicida do óleo essencial de L. gracilis. Para as análises de época de colheita o material vegetal foi colhido de sete genótipos de L. gracilis no Campus Rural da UFS , nas épocas chuvosa e seca. Já para o ensaio de estresse hídrico o experimento foi conduzido na época seca. A extração de óleos essenciais foi realizada no Laboratório de Fitotecnia da UFS, por meio de hidrodestilação. A análise química do óleo essencial foi realizada utilizando CG-EM, no Laboratório de Cromatografia da UFS. Para a atividade carrapaticida foram realizadas os testes de pacote de larvas e de imersão de fêmeas ingurgitadas do carrapato Rhipicephalus microplus em diversas concentrações de óleo essencial, timol ou carvacrol. Para o teste de atividade fungicida, o óleo essencial, em diferentes concentrações foi adicionado ao meio BDA. Cada placa foi inoculada com micélios da cultura monospórica de Thielaviopis paradoxa. O óleo essencial de L. gracilis apresentou dois quimiotipos distintos um com o genótipo LGRA-106 apresentando o composto timol como majoritário e os demais o carvacrol. As folhas forneceram óleos essenciais amarelados com teor médio de 1,55% na época chuvosa e 2,09% na seca. Na época chuvosa não houve diferença significativa tanto no rendimento como no teor. A composição química dos óleos essenciais de L. gracilis apresentou altos níveis de terpenos, 92% na época chuvosa e 96% na época seca. No ensaio com irrigação os valores de teor e rendimento de todos os genótipos são menores quando comparado com o ensaio sem irrigação. De maneira geral a espécie L. gracilis, quanto à presença de água no solo, apresenta estabilidade na composição química do óleo essencial independente da época do ano, uma vez que as plantas submetidas à irrigação, mesmo no verão, produziram óleo essencial em quantidade e qualidade semelhantes à época do inverno. O óleo essencial de L. gracilis apresenta alta atividade carrapaticida, comprovados pelas concentrações letais dos genótipos LGRA-201 (1,31 mg.mL-1) e LGRA-106 (4,66 mg.mL-1), demonstrando eficiência no controle desse parasita. Os ensaios demonstraram que as concentrações 0,45; 0,91 e 2,75mg.mL-1 de todos os genótipos de L. gracilis inibiram completamente o desenvolvimento do patógeno T. paradoxa, correspondendo a uma porcentagem de inibição do crescimento micelial de 100%. A concentração de 0,18mg.mL-1 de óleo essencial foi suficiente para reduzir significativamente o número de esporos de T. paradoxa. A concentração fungicida mínima de T. paradoxa foi encontrada entre as concentrações de 0,80 a 0,98mg.mL-1 para os óleos essenciais e 0,26mg.mL-1 para o carvacrol, e 0,35mg.mL-1 para o timol.

MSCAGR (Plant Production) / Department of Plant Production / Poor soil fertility caused by inadequate supply of nutrients on soil is one of the major constraints limiting crop production especially in the Vhembe District Municipality, Limpopo, South Africa. Therefore, management practices such as application of organic manure to minimize soil infertility is considered as good practice for smallholder farmers. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of macadamia husk compost on selected soil properties as well as the growth and yield of Chinese cabbage on sandy loam soil. A field experiment was carried out during 2018 and 2019 winter season at the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) research farm in Levubu. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 treatments (control (zero)), inorganic fertilizer (100:60:60 NPK Kg ha-1) and compost at 15t ha-1 & 30t ha-1 replicated 3 times. Soil was analyzed before planting and after harvesting to determine the influence of applied compost on selected physical properties (soil bulk density and water holding capacity) and chemical properties (soil pH, soil organic matter, soil organic C, EC, total N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Al, Zn and Mn). Number of leaves, fresh mass, dry mass and leaf area was collected at three harvests interval (28, 46 and 74 days after transplanting). After each harvest period, leaves were analysed for nutrient content (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Mn and B). During the final harvest crops were uprooted and root biomass (fresh mass, dry mass and root length) were recorded. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) were conducted on all data using Genstat package 18th addition. Differences between treatment means were separated using the least significant differences (LSD) procedure and correlations analysis was determined using Pearson’s simple correlation coefficient. Macadamia husk compost application had a significant effect on soil bulk density and water holding capacity. Addition of macadamia husk compost significantly increased soil pH, OC, N, C: N K, P, Mg, Ca, Na, Al, Zn, Ca and Mn. In contrast, addition of macadamia husk compost had no effect on soil EC. Yield components (number of leaves, fresh mass, dry mass), root biomass, root length and leaf area increased with application of macadamia husk compost. Yield components, root biomass, root length and leaf area were significantly affected (p<0.01) by harvesting time. Yield components in the second cropping season was greater than yield components in the first season. Macadamia husk compost application showed no significant effect on leaf nutrient content of Chinese cabbage. However, leaf nutrient content was affected by harvesting time. It is evident from the results of this study that macadamia husk compost affects soil fertility and plant production. The results suggest that macadamia husk compost has a potential to be used as a reliable fertilizer by famers especially smallholder farmers who struggle to buy inorganic fertilizer because they are expensive. Since this study was conducted over two seasons and compost effect tend to be long term, further research is needed on application of macadamia husk compost on soil properties and yield of other crops over wide range of soils. / NRF