The purpose of this study is to fill the gap in research about women in Venezuela by investigating the determinants of their labor force participation between 1995 and 1998. The Central Office of Statistics and Information in Venezuela provides cross-sectional data collected semiannually about individual, demographic, socio-economic and geographical characteristics of individuals living in Venezuela during this period. This study uses binomial and multinomial logit models to test a number of hypotheses. First, the full sample of women between 15 and 60 years old is used to investigate the importance of individual, demographic, socioeconomic, and geographical characteristics in the labor force participation decision, also controlling for a time trend. The same decision is also analyzed for three subsamples: married women, single women, and women heads of household. Comparisons are made between each subsample and the full sample, and also among the different subsamples. Next, multinomial regressions using the same explanatory variables are performed to examine labor market behavior when there is a three-way choice: whether to participate in the formal sector, the informal sector or not to participate in the labor market at all. The multinomial regressions are also performed on the three subsamples as well as on the full sample. Again comparisons are made between each subsample and the full sample and also among the three subsamples. The results of these analyses show considerable differences in motivating factors among the three groups. The conclusion that must be drawn from this research is that one cannot generalize about the women's labor force participation just by studying the behavior of women in the aggregate. The relative importance of motivating factors depends strongly on the specific subsample to which a woman belongs, a fact unrevealed by previous empirical work. The more detailed analyses produced by this dissertation provide deeper understanding of the labor force participation of Venezuelan women. This information will make a valuable contribution to policy-makers who seek to encourage the important economic contribution of women to this previously under-studied labor market.

135f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-11T16:36:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fabiana Costaseg.pdf: 752488 bytes, checksum: 21be37d658f94d1e0b6f449561271918 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Valdinéia Ferreira(neiabf@ufba.br) on 2013-05-07T15:33:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fabiana Costaseg.pdf: 752488 bytes, checksum: 21be37d658f94d1e0b6f449561271918 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-07T15:33:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fabiana Costaseg.pdf: 752488 bytes, checksum: 21be37d658f94d1e0b6f449561271918 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Pensar a questão da chefia familiar feminina é ter no horizonte a clareza de que estamos lidando com um objeto extremamente diversificado, inclusive porque o próprio contexto que perpassa sua existência – a família (ou as famílias?) - já é bastante complexo e rico de formas e significados. Partindo de uma pesquisa empírica com 32 mulheres negras chefes de famílias residentes em bairros do Subúrbio Ferroviário de Salvador-BA, desenvolvemos este trabalho buscando principalmente compreender como alguns dos principais eixos de subordinação se articulam no exercício da chefia familiar, e em que medida essas dimensões se traduzem em maiores dificuldades ou, paradoxalmente, numa abertura de possibilidades para novas formas de se pensar a família e o papel que a mulher desempenha, sobretudo em nosso contexto, a mulher negra e pobre, tanto no âmbito privado das relações, quanto na sua dimensão pública. As reflexões neste trabalho buscam atentar também para a desconstrução do mito da “coitadinha” que tomou força com as discussões acerca da feminização da pobreza. Dessa forma, a análise proposta permite reafirmar que as chefes não são dupla ou triplamente afetadas pelas desigualdades, mas afetadas de um modo distinto que só pode ser compreendido quando entram em jogo todas as facetas da desigualdade, não sobrepostas, mas interrelacionadas. / Salvador

This thesis focuses on children who have lost both parents and are currently living on their own as child headed households (CHHs) in a rural community in Zimbabwe. Children heading households and taking care of siblings is a very “un-childlike” behaviour yet these are growing phenomena. Through an exploration of how CHHs are constituted and evolve the thesis aims to examine whether local constructions of childhood are being (re) conceptualised as a result of Zimbabwe’s escalating HIV/AIDS crisis. In particular it examines whether the socialisation of children within ‘child only’ units is leading to social transformation and/or whether children are in some way attempting to mimic ‘normal’ family/gender relations. It also looks at CHH’s interactions with adults and explores how these affect survival strategies, socialisation and conceptualisations of childhood. This thesis draws on an intensive ethnographic research project with five CHHs and their siblings in a rural community in Zimbabwe. Participant observation, narratives, drama, essays, focus groups, conversations and participatory techniques were employed to gain an in-depth insight into household evolution, the socialisation of family members, gender roles and survival strategies. The thesis shows that while children living in CHHs are vulnerable, they exhibited considerable competence and capabilities to sustain themselves. However, state and non-governmental organisations’ definition of childhood and orphanhood on the other hand, and cultural and local understanding of childhood and orphanhood produce new conceptual struggles of childhood that impacts negatively on the CHHs’ integration into society and their capacity to function fully. The ambivalent position of orphaned children in CHHs needs to be addressed if CHHs are to be recognised as an alternative orphan care arrangement.

247f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-11T19:39:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marcia Macedoseg.pdf: 2163527 bytes, checksum: 6780afa8a23b65f3c47a7d37991c40b7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-16T17:33:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marcia Macedoseg.pdf: 2163527 bytes, checksum: 6780afa8a23b65f3c47a7d37991c40b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-16T17:33:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marcia Macedoseg.pdf: 2163527 bytes, checksum: 6780afa8a23b65f3c47a7d37991c40b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Nesta tese busco entender a realidade ainda pouco conhecida das mulheres chefes de família de classes médias em Salvador, visto que a grande maioria dos estudos sobre chefia feminina vem insistindo na homogeneidade desse grupo social e tem associado sua expansão à ampliação dos processos de pauperização, contemporaneamente sintetizado na idéia de uma feminização da pobreza. Assim, através de estudo qualitativo, me proponho a discutir as trajetórias e experiências de 32 mulheres soteropolitanas de classe média, face à condição de chefia dos seus núcleos doméstico-familiares, tentando entender a pluralidade de caminhos que levou essas mulheres – na condição de separada, viúva, solteira e mesmo de casada – a assumir a responsabilidade pela provisão econômica e exercício da autoridade junto às suas respectivas famílias. Assim, busco ainda refletir, nesse contexto, como esta experiência de chefia vem sendo conformada face à articulação interseccional dos pertencimentos sociais de classe, gênero, raça/etnia e idade/geração, dando ênfase, portanto, às possíveis interconexões entre sistemas de opressão. Nessa perspectiva, me proponho ao duplo desafio de discutir os significados dessa experiência intra-classe, a partir do entendimento da combinação dos múltiplos pertencimentos sociais e, ainda, comparativamente, buscarei entender, mesmo que em menor profundidade, na dimensão inter-classe, como essas experiências se afastam e se aproximam quando confrontadas com a realidade vivida pelas mulheres chefes de família de classes populares, a partir de pesquisa realizada anteriormente como dissertação de mestrado. / Salvador

La presenten investigación busca determinar el efecto del nivel educativo de los jefes del hogar sobre la seguridad alimentaria de los hogares peruanos. El análisis se realiza a través del modelo Tobit con el fin de evidenciar cuales son los factores y en que cantidad; es decir, busca determinar si el impacto del nivel educativo de los padres es positivo o negativo, junto a otros determinantes dentro del hogar, y cuánta es la probabilidad de ocurrencia de que un hogar cuente con seguridad alimentaria. La investigación concluye que un hogar cuente con seguridad alimentaria, medida como el gasto alimentario del hogar, si los jefes del hogar tienen un nivel educativo más alto junto con mayores ingresos. / This research project aims to determine the effect of the educational level of household heads on the food security of Peruvian households. The analysis is carried out through the TOBIT model in order to show which are the factors and in what quantity. That is, aims to determine whether the impact of the parent’s educational level is positive or negative, together with other determinants within the household has food security. The research concludes that a household has food security, measured as the household’s food expenditure, if the heads of the household have a higher educational level along with higher income. / Trabajo de investigación