This dissertation comprises three studies with the overarching goal of investigating effective messaging strategies to encourage e-cigarette cessation among youth who use e-cigarettes. Study one employs the McGuire’s Communication/ Persuasion model to identify research gaps in the literature on health messages targeting youth e-cigarette use. The systematic review reveals a lack of research specifically targeting vaping cessation among youth who currently use e-cigarettes. As a result, the subsequent studies in this dissertation focus on youth vaping cessation to address this research gap. Study two presents a content analysis of existing vaping-cessation related TikTok videos. The findings of study 2 suggest that themes pertaining to physical health outcomes, nicotine addiction, harmful chemicals, and relatable message sources were associated with higher engagement, underscoring the importance of tailored messaging content and relatable sources to engage the young audience on TikTok. Study 3 consists of an experimental study that specifically examines the effects of message frames (gain vs. loss) and two types of expert message sources (formal vs. informal expert sources) on youth intention to quit vaping. The study found that TikTok videos employing gain-framed messages hold promise in promoting positive emotional responses and, consequently, intention to quit vaping among youth. Lastly, chapter 5 provides a summary of the findings within this dissertation, offering insights into future research directions and proposing practical implications derived from the three studies.

In early Victorian England, a coalition of men of Government and the local community established a centralized and uniform policy toward public health. The long and arduous campaign (1831-1875) for public health impelled the need to solve the serious social, political and economic problems spawned by the Industrial Revolution. This study concludes that Britain's leaders came to believe that Government indeed had an obligation to redress grievances created by injustice, a decision which meant the rejection of laissez-faire. Through legislation based on long study, Parliament consolidated the work of sanitation authorities, trained medical officers, and essential environmental improvements. The public sanitation program soon decreased the mortality rate by breaking the frequent cycle of cholera, typhoid, typhus, and dysentery plagues, all this notwithstanding that no doctor of that age knew that bacteria and viruses caused disease.

Estudo qualitativo que tem como objetivo compreender os significados socioculturais relacionados à saúde, doença e morte de crianças de 0 a 5 anos na comunidade de Mopeia tendo por objeto as campanhas sanitárias governamentais em Moçambique, particularmente, vacinação de crianças, utilização de redes mosquiteiras e amamentação exclusiva até os 6 meses de idade. Através do método etnográfico e particularmente da observação participante, do uso de diário de campo e entrevistas semidiretivas, no sentido de captar as vinculações das práticas e saberes socioculturais com os elementos do contexto de vida da comunidade, realizou-se o trabalho de campo entre os meses de Julho e Setembro de 2010. Os resultados apontam que certas praticas socioculturais relacionadas à falta de higiene e saneamento do meio, à não-amamentação exclusiva até os 6 meses, bem como ao uso incorreto das redes mosquiteiras, associadas às limitações na efetividade das intervenções sanitárias, podem estar contribuindo para a mortalidade de crianças menores de 5 anos por doenças preveníveis. Observou-se também que há falta de consonância entre os programas de intervenção de saúde pública, particularmente as medidas mecânicas para o controle de certas doenças preveníveis, como a malária e a diarréia, através de campanhas sanitárias e a realidade de vida das populações. Neste contexto, há necessidade de se articular as campanhas sanitárias com as práticas socioculturais da região, concomitantemente com a disponibilidade e expansão de infra-estruturas básicas, para que haja mais eficácia na intervenção das políticas de saúde pública na luta contra a redução da mortalidade de menores de 5 anos por doenças preveníveis / This qualitative study seeks to understand the socio-cultural meanings about health, disease and death of children aged between 0-5 at Mopeia community. Its object is the government run health campaigns in Mozambique, particularly children vaccination, mosquito nets use, exclusive breast feeding up to six years of age. By applying the ethnographic method, particularly through participative observation, field diary and interviews to capture the relationship between the practices, the socio-cultural knowledge and the individuals of the community, a field work was carried out between July and September 2010. The results show that some socio-cultural practices like lack of hygienic practices and community sanitation, non exclusive breast feeding up to six years of age, the improper use of mosquito nets, associated to the shortage of health care assisance can be contributing to the mortality of children under five by preventable diseases. It was also observed that there is a mismatch between public health programs, particularly those addressed to preventable diseases like malaria and diarrhea and the reality of the community. Thus, there is the need to match the campaigns to the socio-cultural practices in the region, make available and expand infrastructure for primary health care to boost the efficacy of the intervention in public health policies aimed at fighting and reducing the death rates by preventable diseases of children under five years of age

Childhood obesity is a major public health concern for Americans. Many school-based health interventions and campaigns have been in place in the elementary school setting to help lower the rates of childhood obesity and to make students aware of their health. This study focuses on the implementation of the Healthy Monday campaign to fourth and fifth grade students in two Kentucky elementary schools. Particularly the focal points of the campaign consist of nutrition and physical activity. The campaign highlights two spin-off campaigns from the Healthy Monday campaign titled the Monday Mile and Meatless Monday. This study looks at the effectiveness of the overall health campaign to the fourth and fifth grade students, their parents, and teachers in the two schools. Pre and post surveys were developed in order to test four components of the health campaign: campaign awareness, attitudes, nutrition knowledge, and behavior change. This study shows that the health campaign increased student’s awareness, nutrition knowledge, and behavior change. Also the parent and teacher population showed significant increase in campaign awareness and behavior change. Overall, the health campaign created awareness among all three populations.

Nilsson, P. (2014). Promoting physical activity at a local level, a study conducted at a local health campaign. Bachelor thesis in Public Health science. Department of work- and public health science. The academy of health and working life. University of Gävle.   The aim: Physical activity is strongly associated to good health, both physically and mentally. In this study carried out at a local health campaign, the aim was to investigate whether the participants found the campaign motivating for physical activity. Method: This was examined through interviews in which 4 participants were asked to answer some questions about motivation and physical activity. Results: The results showed that the respondents experienced the local health campaign motivating to physical activity. The participants felt that they received social support from other participants, which seemed motivating to physical activity. Conclusion: Those who were interviewed in this study experienced the local health campaign as motivated for physical activity. Their participation has helped them find new ways to do their exercise. The inspiration the participants got during the campaign, they also had used for from a longer period of time after their participation.   Keywords: Physical activity, motivation, health promotion, health campaign

Estudo qualitativo que tem como objetivo compreender os significados socioculturais relacionados à saúde, doença e morte de crianças de 0 a 5 anos na comunidade de Mopeia tendo por objeto as campanhas sanitárias governamentais em Moçambique, particularmente, vacinação de crianças, utilização de redes mosquiteiras e amamentação exclusiva até os 6 meses de idade. Através do método etnográfico e particularmente da observação participante, do uso de diário de campo e entrevistas semidiretivas, no sentido de captar as vinculações das práticas e saberes socioculturais com os elementos do contexto de vida da comunidade, realizou-se o trabalho de campo entre os meses de Julho e Setembro de 2010. Os resultados apontam que certas praticas socioculturais relacionadas à falta de higiene e saneamento do meio, à não-amamentação exclusiva até os 6 meses, bem como ao uso incorreto das redes mosquiteiras, associadas às limitações na efetividade das intervenções sanitárias, podem estar contribuindo para a mortalidade de crianças menores de 5 anos por doenças preveníveis. Observou-se também que há falta de consonância entre os programas de intervenção de saúde pública, particularmente as medidas mecânicas para o controle de certas doenças preveníveis, como a malária e a diarréia, através de campanhas sanitárias e a realidade de vida das populações. Neste contexto, há necessidade de se articular as campanhas sanitárias com as práticas socioculturais da região, concomitantemente com a disponibilidade e expansão de infra-estruturas básicas, para que haja mais eficácia na intervenção das políticas de saúde pública na luta contra a redução da mortalidade de menores de 5 anos por doenças preveníveis / This qualitative study seeks to understand the socio-cultural meanings about health, disease and death of children aged between 0-5 at Mopeia community. Its object is the government run health campaigns in Mozambique, particularly children vaccination, mosquito nets use, exclusive breast feeding up to six years of age. By applying the ethnographic method, particularly through participative observation, field diary and interviews to capture the relationship between the practices, the socio-cultural knowledge and the individuals of the community, a field work was carried out between July and September 2010. The results show that some socio-cultural practices like lack of hygienic practices and community sanitation, non exclusive breast feeding up to six years of age, the improper use of mosquito nets, associated to the shortage of health care assisance can be contributing to the mortality of children under five by preventable diseases. It was also observed that there is a mismatch between public health programs, particularly those addressed to preventable diseases like malaria and diarrhea and the reality of the community. Thus, there is the need to match the campaigns to the socio-cultural practices in the region, make available and expand infrastructure for primary health care to boost the efficacy of the intervention in public health policies aimed at fighting and reducing the death rates by preventable diseases of children under five years of age

In the early 1900s, African Americans died at higher rates, got sick more often, and had worse health outcomes for almost all diseases when compared to whites. This disparity was due to a combination of racism, discrimination, and segregation. Most blacks could only afford to live in unhealthy conditions and had little or no access to medical professionals. Problematically, poor black health led many whites to think of blacks as being inherently diseased, promoting the segregation and discrimination that contributed to black ill health in the first place. This project examines Negro Health Week (NNHW), which became National Negro Health Week (NNHW), a public health campaign designed by African Americans as a systematic effort to improve their health that lasted between 1915 and 1950. The dissertation reveals the strategies African Americans used to empower themselves to combat ill health and the ways medical ideas became accessible to blacks. The racism of the white medical establishment limited the ability of African Americans to enter the medical profession. The small number of black doctors and nurses meant that NHW had to rely on non-medical professionals to teach health practices. Originally begun as a local campaign in Savannah, Booker T. Washington adopted Negro Health Week as a program to teach formerly enslaved blacks in Tuskegee, Alabama how to live. Working as sharecroppers and living in the small cabins they had inhabited as enslaved people, the majority of blacks lived in squalor. Margaret Murray Washington, who co-founded the National Association of Colored Women in 1896, laid the groundwork for NHW at Tuskegee. During her tenure as Lady Principal of Tuskegee, she created the Tuskegee Woman’s Club and brought together local organizations and women’s clubs to work with women in improving their homes by providing advice on basic hygiene and sanitation that they could implement with little cost. Booker T. Washington coopted the TWC program and brought Monroe Work from Savannah to Tuskegee to head up a more ambitious program which he envisioned expanding throughout the rural South. In 1900 Washington founded the National Negro Business League (NNBL) which included key black business men from throughout the nation, especially the South. The NNBL was instrumental in helping Washington to expand and publicize Negro Health Week. Under the leadership of Booker T. Washington and his successor, Robert Moton, NHW continued to focus on providing advice on basic hygiene and sanitation in one’s home and neighborhood. The emphasis on low-cost individual health practices, such as basic privy sanitation or proper whitewash technique, gave African Americans the ability to take ownership of their health. The Week explained how blacks could improve their health and that of the community even without medical professionals. After Booker T. Washington’s death in 1915, Moton succeeded in getting the support of the national Public Health Service (PHS) and National Negro Health Week came into existence in 1921. The Service’s vast network of health professionals and connections with state and local health departments allowed the campaign to expand out of the South. However, with the involvement of the PHS, the Week began to change. As hygiene practices became more accepted, the Service reframed NNHW to focus on vaccinations and regular physician and dentist visits. As medical professionals became NNHW leaders, the campaign’s message transformed from emphasizing how individuals could improve health on their own to describing how much people needed physicians to obtain good health. Under the PHS, lay people could do little to improve their health. Instead, they had to rely on the medical profession. The PHS used NNHW to reposition the medical establishment as the ultimate arbiter of African American health. Today, there is still a wide racial disparity in participation in, and access to, public health, and indeed in health outcomes in the United States. Understanding the Week can better position scholars and public health officials to understand how race and health intersect and the ramifications of health policies on race relations. / History

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Autism is the fastest-growing developmental disability in the United States. Proactive adult behaviors leading to early intervention are a child’s best hope to reach their full potential. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention partnered with Porter Novelli to develop a public health campaign called “Learn the Signs. Act Early.” The goal of this campaign was to increase awareness about the early warning signs of autism to help invoke positive behaviors in parents so that children receive services at the youngest age possible. HealthStyles survey data were analyzed to assess the difference in level of autism awareness of those surveyed before the campaign launch and of those surveyed two years post-campaign launch. Association between awareness of autism and early intervention behavior was also examined. Results of the study show improvements in awareness of autism issues; however, the results indicate minimal association between awareness and early intervention behavior. Further research efforts are essential to modify the campaign and target the issues necessary to instigate early intervention behavior.

Titel: The ZAZI campaign’s Facebook page- A field study of the use of Facebook in the ZAZI campaign Level: Bachelor thesis, C-level Area: Media and Communication Studies Author: Alexandra Svedström, V14MKand Supervisor: Associate professor Eva Åsén Ekstrand, Department of Media and Communication Studies Date: The field study will be conducted during March - May in 2014 Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the motives and attitudes of a group of South African women and men (aged between 20 to 30 years) have towards responding to the questions set on the ZAZI campaign’s Facebook page that may involve private and sensitive information. It also seeks to examine whether the questions that ZAZI campaign sets are consistent with the informant’s attitudes and motives. Rationale: The result may be used to improve the campaign whose ultimate goal is to prevent the spread of HIV / AIDS by strengthening women's self-efficacy and confidence. Questions: What are the selected informant’s motives for using Facebook in general? What attitudes and motives do the selected South African Facebook users have toward commenting on the questions on the ZAZI campaigns Facebook page? How are the selected informants’ attitudes and motives consistent with the type of questions the campaign set? Method: Content analysis and focus groups. Result: The study indicate that the motives for writing on the ZAZI campaign's Facebook page differs depending on socio-economic status and that the campaign should vary the content of the questions so all women's motives become satisfied. The page appears, for those groups with a lack of socio-economic status, to serve as a platform that encourages and create conversations about private matters. Keywords: Health campaign, Facebook, Internet, social media, South Africa, focus groups, ZAZI campaign, uses and gratification, self-efficacy, HIV