En stor andel av dagens barn och ungdomar är inte tillräckligt fysiskt aktiva, vilket är oroande då det finns ett positivt samband mellan pulshöjande fysiska aktiviteter och hälsa. Insatser för att öka barn och ungdomars fysiska aktiviteter är därför viktiga, där skolan som arena har en betydande roll. Skolan ska arbeta hälsofrämjande och ge eleverna en miljö där deras hälsa och lärande främjas. En viktig del i den stödjande skolmiljön är att stärka elever till att kunna ta makten över sina egna liv (egenmakt) där delaktighet är ett viktigt inslag. Tidigare studier visar på att pulshöjande fysiska aktiviteter kan ha en positiv effekt på koncentrationen, minnet och förbättra de akademiska prestationerna hos barn och ungdomar. Dock visar andra studier på motstridiga resultat och ifrågasätter även tidigare studiers resultat. Mer kunskap om skolpersonalens uppfattningar om pulshöjande fysiska aktiviteter i skolan behövs för att bättre kunna möta utmaningarna som uppstår samt få mer kunskap om vilka fördelar som pulshöjande fysiska aktiviteter i skolan för med sig. Studiens syfte var därför att utforska och beskriva hur skolpersonal uppfattar en pulshöjande fysisk aktivitetsintervention (PuLH). För att kunna svara på syftet användes följandefrågeställning: Vilka fördelar och utmaningar uppfattar skolpersonalen med PuLH? PuLH har genomförts i åtta kommuner i Jönköpings län. Interventionen har innehållit tre pulshöjande fysiska aktivitetspass i veckan, förutom de två obligatoriska idrott och hälsa lektionerna. Studien är en fallstudie med en explorativ design. Datainsamlingen genomfördes genom fokusgruppsintervjuer, öppna frågor och enskilda intervjuer. Totalt har 32 personer deltagit i studien varav 10 ämneslärare, 14 idrott och hälsa lärare samt åtta skolsköterskor. Datainsamlingen bearbetades och analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Dataanalysen ledde fram till tre teman och sex subteman. Skolpersonalen beskrev flera fördelar med PuLH både för elevernas hälsa, välbefinnande och deras villkor för lärande. De uppfattade även att de flesta av eleverna deltog och uppskattade de pulshöjande fysiska aktiviteterna. PuLH kan vara ett sätt att arbete hälsofrämjande i skolan eftersom det skapas förutsättningar till delaktighet och eleverna coachas att delta utifrån deras egna behov och de får delta på sina egna villkor. Skolpersonalen beskrev strukturella barriärer och divergens kring PuLH som utmanande. / A large proportion of today's children and adolescents are not sufficiently physically active, which is worrying as there is a positive relationship between moderate to vigorous physical activities (MVPA) and health. Efforts to increase the physical activity of children and adolescents are therefore important, where school as an arena plays a considerable role. The school aims to promote health and provide pupils with an environment where their health and learning are promoted. An important part of the supportive school environment is that pupils are strengthened to be able to take control of their own lives (empowerment) and where participation is important. Previous studies show that MVPA can have a positive effect on concentration, memory and improve the academic performance for children and adolescents. However, other studies show contradictory results and question previous studies' results. More knowledge about school staff's perceptions of MVPA at school is needed to better meet the challenges that arise and gain more knowledge about the benefits that MVPA at school brings. The purpose of the study was therefore to explore and problematize how school staff perceive a MVPA intervention (PuLH). In order to answer the purpose, the following question was used: What advantages and challenges do school staff perceive with PuLH? PuLH has been implemented in eight municipalities in Jönköping County. The intervention included three MVPA sessions a week, in addition to the two compulsory sports and health lessons. The study is a case study with an explorative design. The data collection was conducted through focus group interviews, open questions and individual interviews. A total of 32 people participated in the study, of which 10 subject teachers, 14 sports and health teachers and eight school nurses. The data collection was processed and analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The data analysis led to three themes and six subthemes. School staff described several advantages of PuLH both for pupils' health, well-being and their conditions of learning. They also perceived that most of the pupils participated and appreciated the MVPA. PuLH can be a way to work health promotion in school because opportunities are created for participation and pupils are coached to participate according to their own needs and they can participate on their own terms. School staff described structural barriers and divergence around PuLH as challenging.

Thesis "Health Education in School Books and Educational Reality at Primary School" deals with the realization of Health Education at primary school. Theoretical part of diploma paper results from the content of Health Education in curricular documents, further there is stated up-to-date legislation which regulates this topic. Furthermore the most frequent school books with Health Education are described in this thesis. Practical part of the diploma paper includes the assessment of teachers' attitude on primary schools towards this topic. Thesis evaluates real use of school books by teachers in their effort to achieve the main objectives of Health Education. Further it analyses selected school books of general science considering the health support and protection. In conclusion the results of research work are sumarized in this thesis with the intention to reveal the curent situation in the application of school books and other school materials in the process of realization of Health Education in chosen schools.

Realiza-se um estudo teórico com o objetivo de identificar categorias centrais na promoção da saúde na escola, expressas na concepção de Escola Promotora de Saúde, examinando sua potencialidade em contribuir na construção de um conhecimento-emancipação, no contexto da educação fundamental no Brasil. Utiliza-se como metodologia a análise de conteúdo de uma comunicação conjunta de organismos internacionais, entre eles a Organização Mundial de Saúde, em defesa da implantação de políticas nacionais de promoção da saúde na escola. Emergem no estudo quatro categorias, identificadas em função de sua freqüência e centralidade na defesa da proposição: a efetividade da promoção da saúde na escola, reciprocidade e sinergismo entre saúde e educação, a relevância dos riscos para a saúde de crianças e adolescentes, saúde na escola como estratégia para a promoção da equidade. Essas categorias são exploradas com o apoio de conceitos, experiências e propostas documentadas, tomando-se como eixo estruturante da análise a noção de conhecimento-emancipação apresentada por Boaventura de Souza Santos. Conclui-se que a concepção original do campo da saúde na escola atravessou um século, apesar dos questionamentos profundos do modelo e de seus pressupostos. O movimento da promoção da saúde traz novas dimensões para a questão, mas também vive formas de colonização com as quais a Escola Promotora de Saúde tende a alinhar-se em função do instituído nas tradições desse campo. Avalia-se, entretanto, que a concepção de promoção da saúde apresenta-se como um referencial expressivo da transição paradigmática, oferecendo oportunidades para a construção de um conhecimento-emancipação na medida em que busque alinhar-se com tendências contra-hegemônicas no campo da saúde pública, da educação e da saúde na escola. / A theoretical study is made with the objective of identifying central categories of health promotion in schools, present in the proposal of Health Promoting Schools. The potential contribution of this conception to the construction of an emancipation-knowledge is examined, in the context of fundamental education in Brazil. The methodology is a content analysis of a joint communication of international organisms, among them the World Health Organization, in behalf of the implementation of national policies for health promotion in schools. Four categories emerged, identified due to their frequency and centrality in the advocacy of the proposition: the effectivity of health promotion in schools, reciprocity and synergism between health and education, the relevance of health risks for children and adolescents, school health as an strategy for equity promotion. These categories are explored with support of documented concepts, experiences and proposals, taking the emancipation-knowledge notion presented by Boaventura de Souza Santos as a theoretical reference. The conclusion points out that the original conception of school health survived the XXth century, despite profound questioning of the model and its premises. The health promotion movement brings new dimensions to the question. But this movement also goes through colonization tendencies, with which the Health Promoting School tends to align due to its own traditions. The study reveals health promotion as an expressive referential of paradigmatic transition, thus offering opportunities for the construction of emancipation knowledge in the school health field, depending on the search for counter-hegemonic alliances in the public health, educational and school health fields.

A história da educação em saúde na escola passou por várias fases incluindo a fase higienista, quando se atribuía a \"culpa\" pela falta de higiene e saúde, consideradas praticamente como sinônimos e pela fase biologicista, na qual os distúrbios de desenvolvimento dos escolares eram explicados apenas com base em fatores orgânicos e biológicos. A Escola Promotora da Saúde trouxe uma nova visão para a área considerando que o desenvolvimento infantil está ligado também às condições ambientais; de convivência com a família e com a sociedade em geral; de alimentação e nutrição adequadas; às oportunidades de aprendizagem de habilidades; de construção de conhecimentos e de acesso à recreação e às condições de segurança que lhes são oferecidas. O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar os conhecimentos, percepções e práticas dos professores da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Vargem Grande Paulista sobre os temas Saúde e Educação em Saúde. Para tanto foram selecionadas cinco escolas em cinco diferentes regiões geopolíticas, distribuídas geograficamente de forma a representar todas as regiões da cidade, denominadas \"Escolas-pólo\". Foi realizado em duas fases, utilizando-se em ambas a mesma metodologia: um questionário semi-estruturado, com questões abertas e fechadas e a entrevista grupal denominada grupo focal. Do seu desenvolvimento participaram 20 professores que lecionavam no ensino infantil ou fundamental. Após a realização da 1a fase, de diagnóstico inicial, e a discussão dos resultados com a Secretária da Educação, com as coordenadoras pedagógicas e com os professores organizou-se um processo de Educação Continuada estabelecendo-se uma relação de \"Temas Geradores\" em educação e em saúde. O diagnóstico situacional permitiu o reconhecimento do despreparo dos professores para atuar como agentes de Promoção da Saúde na Escola, e a avaliação permitiu concluir que a Educação Continuada pode atuar como ferramenta poderosa de transformação de pessoas e de seus locais de trabalho. A 2a fase, de avaliação do impacto das ações, foi realizada ao final da Educação Continuada após terem sido abordados todos os temas selecionados, e a análise feita por meio da comparação qualitativa dos resultados das duas fases. / The history of health education at school has undergone several stages, including the hygienist one, when one would “blame" the lack of hygiene and health, considered practically as synonyms, and the biologicist one, in which the developmental problems presented by the students were explained based only on organic and biological factors. The Health Promoting School brought a new vision for the area, by taking into account that the children’s development is also related to environmental conditions, family relationships as well as interactions in the society; food and nutrition conditions, adequate to the opportunities of skills development; conditions for building up knowledge and having access to recreation and also safety conditions which are offered them. This study aims at investigating the knowledge, perceptions and practices of the teachers at the Municipal Schools of the city of Vargem Grande Paulista, about the Health and Health Education subjects. In order to carry out this research, we selected five schools located in five different geopolitical areas, in such a way as to represent all regions of the municipality; these schools were denominated “Pole-Schools". The study was performed in two phases, with the same methodology applied to both of them: a semi-structured questionnaire, with open and closed questions, and the group interview denominated focal group. 20 teachers who either taught at the kindergarten or at the elementary school participated in the development of this study. Upon the conclusion of the 1st phase – a preliminary diagnosis, - and the discussion of the results with the Secretariat of Education, the pedagogical coordinators and the teachers, a Continuous Education process was organized, with the elaboration of a list of “Generating Themes" in education and health. The situational diagnosis enabled the awareness of the lack of background of the teachers to act as agents of Health Promotion at School, and the evaluation allowed us to conclude that the Continuous Education may act as a powerful tool for the transformation of the people and their working environment. The 2nd phase, - the evaluation of the impact of the actions, - was carried out at the end of the Continuous Education, after the presentation of all themes selected; the analysis was made by means of a qualitative comparison of the results of both phases.

A história da educação em saúde na escola passou por várias fases incluindo a fase higienista, quando se atribuía a \"culpa\" pela falta de higiene e saúde, consideradas praticamente como sinônimos e pela fase biologicista, na qual os distúrbios de desenvolvimento dos escolares eram explicados apenas com base em fatores orgânicos e biológicos. A Escola Promotora da Saúde trouxe uma nova visão para a área considerando que o desenvolvimento infantil está ligado também às condições ambientais; de convivência com a família e com a sociedade em geral; de alimentação e nutrição adequadas; às oportunidades de aprendizagem de habilidades; de construção de conhecimentos e de acesso à recreação e às condições de segurança que lhes são oferecidas. O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar os conhecimentos, percepções e práticas dos professores da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Vargem Grande Paulista sobre os temas Saúde e Educação em Saúde. Para tanto foram selecionadas cinco escolas em cinco diferentes regiões geopolíticas, distribuídas geograficamente de forma a representar todas as regiões da cidade, denominadas \"Escolas-pólo\". Foi realizado em duas fases, utilizando-se em ambas a mesma metodologia: um questionário semi-estruturado, com questões abertas e fechadas e a entrevista grupal denominada grupo focal. Do seu desenvolvimento participaram 20 professores que lecionavam no ensino infantil ou fundamental. Após a realização da 1a fase, de diagnóstico inicial, e a discussão dos resultados com a Secretária da Educação, com as coordenadoras pedagógicas e com os professores organizou-se um processo de Educação Continuada estabelecendo-se uma relação de \"Temas Geradores\" em educação e em saúde. O diagnóstico situacional permitiu o reconhecimento do despreparo dos professores para atuar como agentes de Promoção da Saúde na Escola, e a avaliação permitiu concluir que a Educação Continuada pode atuar como ferramenta poderosa de transformação de pessoas e de seus locais de trabalho. A 2a fase, de avaliação do impacto das ações, foi realizada ao final da Educação Continuada após terem sido abordados todos os temas selecionados, e a análise feita por meio da comparação qualitativa dos resultados das duas fases. / The history of health education at school has undergone several stages, including the hygienist one, when one would “blame” the lack of hygiene and health, considered practically as synonyms, and the biologicist one, in which the developmental problems presented by the students were explained based only on organic and biological factors. The Health Promoting School brought a new vision for the area, by taking into account that the children’s development is also related to environmental conditions, family relationships as well as interactions in the society; food and nutrition conditions, adequate to the opportunities of skills development; conditions for building up knowledge and having access to recreation and also safety conditions which are offered them. This study aims at investigating the knowledge, perceptions and practices of the teachers at the Municipal Schools of the city of Vargem Grande Paulista, about the Health and Health Education subjects. In order to carry out this research, we selected five schools located in five different geopolitical areas, in such a way as to represent all regions of the municipality; these schools were denominated “Pole-Schools”. The study was performed in two phases, with the same methodology applied to both of them: a semi-structured questionnaire, with open and closed questions, and the group interview denominated focal group. 20 teachers who either taught at the kindergarten or at the elementary school participated in the development of this study. Upon the conclusion of the 1st phase – a preliminary diagnosis, - and the discussion of the results with the Secretariat of Education, the pedagogical coordinators and the teachers, a Continuous Education process was organized, with the elaboration of a list of “Generating Themes” in education and health. The situational diagnosis enabled the awareness of the lack of background of the teachers to act as agents of Health Promotion at School, and the evaluation allowed us to conclude that the Continuous Education may act as a powerful tool for the transformation of the people and their working environment. The 2nd phase, - the evaluation of the impact of the actions, - was carried out at the end of the Continuous Education, after the presentation of all themes selected; the analysis was made by means of a qualitative comparison of the results of both phases.

Realiza-se um estudo teórico com o objetivo de identificar categorias centrais na promoção da saúde na escola, expressas na concepção de Escola Promotora de Saúde, examinando sua potencialidade em contribuir na construção de um conhecimento-emancipação, no contexto da educação fundamental no Brasil. Utiliza-se como metodologia a análise de conteúdo de uma comunicação conjunta de organismos internacionais, entre eles a Organização Mundial de Saúde, em defesa da implantação de políticas nacionais de promoção da saúde na escola. Emergem no estudo quatro categorias, identificadas em função de sua freqüência e centralidade na defesa da proposição: a efetividade da promoção da saúde na escola, reciprocidade e sinergismo entre saúde e educação, a relevância dos riscos para a saúde de crianças e adolescentes, saúde na escola como estratégia para a promoção da equidade. Essas categorias são exploradas com o apoio de conceitos, experiências e propostas documentadas, tomando-se como eixo estruturante da análise a noção de conhecimento-emancipação apresentada por Boaventura de Souza Santos. Conclui-se que a concepção original do campo da saúde na escola atravessou um século, apesar dos questionamentos profundos do modelo e de seus pressupostos. O movimento da promoção da saúde traz novas dimensões para a questão, mas também vive formas de colonização com as quais a Escola Promotora de Saúde tende a alinhar-se em função do instituído nas tradições desse campo. Avalia-se, entretanto, que a concepção de promoção da saúde apresenta-se como um referencial expressivo da transição paradigmática, oferecendo oportunidades para a construção de um conhecimento-emancipação na medida em que busque alinhar-se com tendências contra-hegemônicas no campo da saúde pública, da educação e da saúde na escola. / A theoretical study is made with the objective of identifying central categories of health promotion in schools, present in the proposal of Health Promoting Schools. The potential contribution of this conception to the construction of an emancipation-knowledge is examined, in the context of fundamental education in Brazil. The methodology is a content analysis of a joint communication of international organisms, among them the World Health Organization, in behalf of the implementation of national policies for health promotion in schools. Four categories emerged, identified due to their frequency and centrality in the advocacy of the proposition: the effectivity of health promotion in schools, reciprocity and synergism between health and education, the relevance of health risks for children and adolescents, school health as an strategy for equity promotion. These categories are explored with support of documented concepts, experiences and proposals, taking the emancipation-knowledge notion presented by Boaventura de Souza Santos as a theoretical reference. The conclusion points out that the original conception of school health survived the XXth century, despite profound questioning of the model and its premises. The health promotion movement brings new dimensions to the question. But this movement also goes through colonization tendencies, with which the Health Promoting School tends to align due to its own traditions. The study reveals health promotion as an expressive referential of paradigmatic transition, thus offering opportunities for the construction of emancipation knowledge in the school health field, depending on the search for counter-hegemonic alliances in the public health, educational and school health fields.

Varje elev i den svenska skolan har rätt att få kunskap om och insikt i demokratiska principer. Detta är stadgat i den svenska Skollagen och i läroplanen sedan 1946. Skolverket gav 2004 alla svenska skolor i uppdrag att arbeta på ett hälsofrämjande sätt. Elevinflytande och delaktighet i skolan är positiva hälsofrämjande faktorer, genom att eleverna ges möjligheter att själva få påverka sin situation och därmed skapa tillhörighet, sammanhang och meningsfullhet med skolarbete. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur åtta grundskoleelever från åk 9 förklarade och upplevde elevinflytande och delaktighet. Kvalitativ undersökningsmetod användes i form av intervjuer och resultatet från intervjuerna analyserades och relaterades till två huvudområden; det demokratiska och det hälsofrämjande perspektivet. Resultatet av intervjufrågorna visade att informanterna till viss del kunde förklara begreppen elevinflytande och delaktighet, och även relatera till demokratiskt arbete i skolans kontext. Upplevelserna av detta arbete beskrevs som positiva, trygga och meningsfulla. Kopplingen mellan elevinflytande/delaktighet och hälsa blev dock inte tydligt i undersökningen, därtill krävs ytterligare studier. / Every child in Swedish schools should have the right to gain knowledge about and insight in democratic principles related to school matters. This is stated in the Swedish Education Act and in the national curricula since 1946. In 2004 all Swedish schools were commissioned by the National Agency of Education to work in a health promoting way. Democracy, as in influence and autonomy, help young people to protect their health and give opportunities for connectedness and sense of belonging to adolescents own school situation in a positive healthy way. The aim of this study was to investigate how eight pupils from a comprehensive school class (9th degree) perceived and expressed influence and autonomy at school. A qualitative methodology through interviewing was used. The results of the interviews was analyzed and related to two perspectives; the democratic and the health promoting perspective. The findings showed that the informants to a certain extent were able to explain the meaning of, and also relate to some situations connected to influence and autonomy. They described the experiences as being positive, confident and meaningful for them. However, it became difficult to find a distinct connection between the informant´s experienced democracy work and health. Further studies about this coherence are needed.

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / Transition from school to work entails the preparation, education and training of learners, leading to their placement in desired work situations. The right of children with disabilities to be included in ordinary schools and employment thereafter is being advocated internationally. However, despite this, preparation for transition from school to work still poses a major challenge for many learners with intellectual disabilities. The aim of this study was to explore how schools in the Cape Metropole, South Africa, are preparing adolescent learners with Down syndrome for the transition to work. The objectives of the study were to explore: school policies related to the transition process; schools’ physical and psychosocial environments; the link between schools and the community; learners’ acquisition of skills and education support services. Collaborative qualitative research design was used with a partnership between the researcher and the Western Cape Down Syndrome Association. The participants included two teachers with experience of teaching learners with intellectual disabilities, two parents of adolescent learners with Down syndrome, ten participants with Down syndrome, amongst them, two adolescent youths in post school training who were identified in this study as role models and eight learners at school. As learners with Down syndrome might not be fluent in verbal communication, an alternative research strategy, photovoice was used. Photovoice (photography) was used a means of accessing learners’ views of the transition planning and making these views accessible to others. The eight schoolgoing learners were given cameras and requested to take photographs of things and experiences that helped to prepare them for work. The learners were then interviewed. Subsequently adults with Down syndrome (role models), who were in post school training, were also interviewed. Finally, parents and teachers were interviewed. Data analysis included translating, transcribing of raw data from the recorded tapes and content analysis by using codes and identifying themes. The synthesis of the findings from all the participants yielded multiple themes including: education support services: acquisition of skills: supportive relationships; home, community, classroom and school environments; and dreams of the participants. Ethical considerations included getting permission from the University of the Western Cape, the Western Cape Education Department, the principals of the schools, the participants and their parents/guardians. The study has illustrated that, given opportunities and proper preparation in school, adolescent learners with Down syndrome have the potential to become active members of society. For better outcomes of the transition planning process, there is need for: teachers to work closely with the parents; increased government support; job coaches and class assistants in the schools and a greater collaboration between government departments.