Introdução: Conhecida desde os tempos de Hipócrates, a varicela é autolimitada e isenta de complicações na maioria dos casos, mas responde por absenteísmo escolar das crianças e laboral dos cuidadores, além de hospitalizações e óbitos em pacientes previamente hígidos. Após a incorporação da vacina varicela no calendário americano em 1995, diversos países têm verificado suas epidemiologias para análise de custo-benefício da vacinação; alguns já vêm publicando resultados do impacto da vacina. O Brasil incluiu a vacina no calendário vacinal para crianças de 15 meses em 2013 e vem avaliando o seu impacto. Objetivos: Aprimorar dados pré-vacinais num hospital universitário de atenção secundária, descrevendo atendimentos de Pronto-Socorro Infantil (PSI), hospitalizações e internações em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) por varicela; caracterizar o perfil etário, sazonalidade e diagnósticos das complicações da doença, além de analisar possíveis fatores de risco para internação e evolução grave. Metodologia: Estudo retrospectivo descritivo de crianças e adolescentes menores de 15 anos com varicela, no período entre janeiro de 2003 e dezembro de 2012. Relacionamos os resultados à população local para calcular taxas de incidência, hospitalização, internação em UTI e óbito relacionadas à doença. O registro informatizado do hospital forneceu a lista de pacientes com diagnóstico de varicela no atendimento de PSI ou na internação; prontuários foram consultados para coleta de dados que foram submetidos a análise em programas estatísticos. Resultados: Ocorreram 8520 atendimentos em PSI com varicela, 508 destes (6,0%) sendo hospitalizados, 36 destes últimos (7,1%) necessitando de UTI e 2 óbitos (0,4% dos internados), fornecendo as seguintes taxas médias anuais: 887,5 atendimentos, 52,9 hospitalizações, 3,8 internações em UTI e 0,21 óbitos para 100.000 habitantes até 15 anos. Crianças abaixo de 5 anos representaram 75% dos atendimentos, 92,3% das hospitalizações e 88,9% das internações em UTI. Lactentes entre 12 e 15 meses representaram 4,5% dos atendimentos, 6,5% das hospitalizações e 6,1% das internações em UTI. O segundo semestre do ano representou 89,4% dos atendimentos de PSI. Os menores de 5 anos atendidos no PSI tiveram 4,3 vezes maior chance de internação que os maiores de 5 anos, mas a idade não representou diferença no risco para necessidade de UTI. Infecções de pele e partes moles causaram 72,6% das hospitalizações, enquanto problemas respiratórios e neurológicos responderam por 20,1% e 1%, respectivamente. O motivo principal da indicação de UTI foi instabilidade hemodinâmica; 58,3% necessitaram de drogas vasoativas. Comparando os que necessitaram de UTI e os que não necessitaram, os primeiros apresentavam maior tempo de varicela à admissão, febre mais prolongada após internação, maior quantidade absoluta e relativa de neutrófilos e suas formas jovens, Proteína C reativa mais alta e plaquetas reduzidas nos exames admissionais. Conclusão: As taxas epidemiológicas verificadas neste estudo se mostraram dentro do descrito em literatura; as infecções secundárias de pele e partes moles na varicela, sem CID10 específico, prevalecem sobre complicações como pneumopatia, meningite e encefalite, que possuem descritores específicos, como causas de internação e dados de história e exames admissionais podem ajudar a apontar gravidade / Introduction: Known since Hippocrates times, varicella is self-limited and complication-free in most cases, but it responds to school and labor absenteeism of children and caregivers, as well as previously healthy patients hospitalizations and deaths. After varicella vaccine was recommended for routine use in United States in 1995, several countries reviewed their epidemiology for cost-benefit analysis of vaccination; some of then published vaccine impact results. Brazil included varicella vaccine in immunization routine for 15 months child in 2013 and has been appraising its impact. Objectives: Improve pre-vaccination data from secondary care university hospital describing pediatric urgent care (PUC) assessment, inpatient department and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) hospitalizations; define age profile, seasonality and varicella complications diagnoses and analyze hospitalization and severe evolution possible risk factors. Methods: This report is aimed to retrospectively discriminate children and adolescents under 15 years with varicella from January 2003 to December 2012. Local population was considered to propose varicella-related PUC visit, hospitalization, PICU stay and death rates. Hospital registration provided computerized varicella-diagnosed PUC assessment, inpatient and PICU patient list; data collected from its charts were submitted to statistical program analysis. Results: 8520 PUC varicella cases were reported, 508 of them (6.0%) were hospitalized, 36 of them (7.1%) required PICU and 2 died (0.4% of hospitalized patients), providing following annual rates: 887.5 assessments, 52.9 hospitalizations, 3.8 PICU admissions and 0.21 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants up to 15 years. Children younger than 5 years accounted for 75% of PUC visits, 92.3% of hospitalizations and 88.9% of PICU admissions. Infants between 12 and 15 months represented 4.5% of PUC visits, 6.5% of hospitalizations and 6.1% of PICU admissions. Second half of the year accounted 89.4% of PUC attendances. Under 5 years PUC child had 4.3 more hospitalization risk than those older than 5 years, but age did not represent difference in PICU risk. Skin and soft tissue infections caused 72.6% of hospitalizations, while respiratory and neurological problems accounted for 20.1% and 1%, respectively. The main reason for PICU indication was hemodynamic instability; 58.3% required vasoactive drugs. Comparing those who needed PICU and those who did not need them, the former had longer time of varicella on admission, longer fever after hospitalization, greater absolute and relative amount of neutrophils and their young forms, higher C-reactive protein levels and reduced platelets in admission exams. Conclusion: epidemiological rates verified in this study were within described in literature; secondary skin infections and soft tissues in varicella, without specific ICD-10, overcome complications as pneumopathy, meningitis, and encephalitis, which have specific descriptors; anamnesis and admission examinations data may help predict severity

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-19T19:02:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SilviaMariaCostaAmorim.pdf: 957239 bytes, checksum: b98502fdc52522d7a931ae44f18b1454 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-19T19:02:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilviaMariaCostaAmorim.pdf: 957239 bytes, checksum: b98502fdc52522d7a931ae44f18b1454 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-01 / Introduction: The More Health Program (Programa Mais Médicos – PMM) for Brazil was created in order to reduce professional shortage in the regions with the greatest need and vulnerability and invest in training and qualification of all the professionals involved. In Maranhão, the program included 558 professionals until the 8th cycle in nineteen regions of health. Objective: analyze the evolution of health indicators with the implementation of PMM to Brazil in Maranhão municipalities. Methods: This was an ecological study, temporal, descriptive and analytical series. Secondary data will be analyzed, aggregated to the municipal level, through means (± standard deviations) if the variables have normal distribution, or median (± interquartile deviations) for variables with asymmetric distribution. To assess the normality of the distribution will be considered histograms, box-plots, skewness coefficient, kurtosis and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Correlations between the n° of PMM physicians and the study variables were estimated by Spearman correlation coefficient (R). To test differences in health indicators with the implementation of PMM were estimated regression coefficients (β) in linear regression analysis of mixed effects, with hierarchical modeling (alpha = 5%). Results: 214 municipalities have received at least one doctor from PMM until the eighth cycle. Of these, seven in Special Indigenous Health District. The majority received from 1-4 physicians. Maranhão went from 0.58 to 0.67 physicians / 100 inhabitants. Most benefited municipalities had poverty profile (74.67%) and were between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants. There was a significant correlation between the number of PMM doctors deployed in municipalities with the following structure variables: Numbers of Basic Health Units (BHU) in construction (R = 0.115), average doctors / staff (R = 0.475), doctors in Primary Health Care (PHC) / 3000 inhabitants (R = 0.194), % BHU opening in minimum time (R = 0.127), % BHU that supply ≥75% of vaccines of the basic calendar (R = 0298), % BHU to offer rapid tests (R = 0.137) and % BHU that has minimal structure for Telehealth (R = 0491). There was no correlation with the working process variables (P> 0.05). There was also correlation with three variables expressing outcome – prenatal exam in pregnant women (R = 0.134). After adjustment of the models, remained associated with the number of implanted in PMM only one structure variable (number of BHU under construction: β = 0.188, P = 0.035) and one indicator of work process (% of family health team with access to telehealth in the city (β = 0.175, P = 0.008). Conclusion. Despite advances harmonized by the program, such as increased physician / inhabitant ratio and distribution of physicians to locations with greater vulnerability, remain the shortage of professionals and care empty. It is noticeable impact on rehabilitation of BHU and improving access to telehealth. / Introdução. O Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) foi criado com objetivo de diminuir a carência profissional nas regiões com maior necessidade e vulnerabilidade com o provimento de médicos e investimento na formação e na qualificação do conjunto dos profissionais envolvidos. No Maranhão, foram incluídos pelo programa 419 profissionais, até o 4º ciclo, nas dezenove regiões de saúde. Objetivo. Analisar a evolução de indicadores de estrutura, processo de trabalho e resultados com a implantação do PMM em municípios maranhenses. Métodos. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, de série temporal, descritivo e analítico. Foram analisados dados secundários, agregados para o nível do município, por meio de médias (± desvios padrão), caso as variáveis tenham distribuição normal, ou mediana (± desvios interquartílicos), para variáveis com distribuição assimétrica. Para avaliar a normalidade da distribuição foram considerados histogramas, box-plots, coeficiente de assimetria, curtose e o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Correlações o nº de médicos do PMM e as variáveis do estudo foram estimadas pelo coeficiente de correlação de Spearman (R). Para testar diferenças nos indicadores de saúde com a implantação do PMMB, foram estimados coeficientes de regressão (β) em análises de regressão linear de efeitos mistos, com modelagem hierarquizada (Alpha=5%). Resultados. 214 municípios receberam pelo menos um médico do PMM. Destes, sete em Distritos Especiais de Saúde Indígena. A maior parte recebeu entre 1-4 médicos. O Maranhão passou de 0,58 para 0,67 médicos/1000 habitantes. Municípios mais beneficiados possuíam perfil de pobreza (74,67%) e tinham entre 10.000 e 50.000 habitantes. Houve correlação significativa entre o número de médicos do PMM implantados nos municípios com as seguintes variáveis de estrutura: nº de Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) em reforma (R=0,115), média de médicos/equipe (R=0,475), médicos da Ateção Básica em Saúde (ABS) / 3000 hab. (R=0,194), %UBS que abre em horário mínimo (R=0,127), %UBS que oferta ≥75% das vacinas do calendário básico (R=0,298), %UBS que oferta os testes rápidos (R=0,137) e %UBS que possui estrutura mínima p/Telessaúde (R=0,491). Não houve correlação com as variáveis de processo de trabalho (P>0,05). Houve ainda correlação com três variáveis que expressam resultado/impacto: Exame de pré-natal em gestantes (R=0,134), Nº de óbitos infantis (R=0,209) e Nº de óbitos maternos (R=0,193). Após ajuste dos modelos, permaneceram associadas com o número de médicos implantados no PMM apenas uma variável de estrutura (Nº de UBS em construção: β=0,188; P=0,035); uma de processo de trabalho (% de equipes de saúde da família com acesso ao Telessaúde no município: β=0,175; P=0,008) e uma de resultado (Nº de óbitos infantis: β=0,354; P=0,013). Conclusão. Apesar dos avanços harmonizados pelo Programa, como o aumento da razão médico/habitante e a distribuição dos médicos para localidades com maior vulnerabilidade, permanecem a escassez de profissionais e os vazios assistenciais. É perceptível o impacto na requalificação das UBS e a melhoria do acesso ao Telessaúde.

<p>Prema literaturnim podacima poslednjih godina velika pažnja je usmerena ka operativnom riziku i mortalitetu koji su postali najvažniji kriterijumi u ocenama rezultata rada hirur&scaron;kih ustanova, ali i svakog hirurga posebno. Zahvaljujući kompleksnom profilu pacijenata koji se podvrgavaju hirur&scaron;kim intervencijama, precizna procena operativnog rizika postaje sve teža. Predikcija ishoda intervencije u najvećoj meri zavisi od preoperativnih faktora rizika. Ipak, neminovno je da i faktori koji su vezani za samu operaciju u određenom stepenu utiču na ishod hirur&scaron;ke intervencije. Shodno tome, dobar model za procenu rizika treba da obuhvati faktore koji će imati najbolju prediktivnu vrednost. Thoracoscore je prvi bodovni sistem razvijen od strane Francuskog udruženja grudnih i vaskularinih hiruga. Zbog nedovoljne primene tokom poslednje decenije i nekonzistentnih rezultata nije do&scaron;lo do &scaron;irokog međunarodnog prihvatanja ovog modela i njegove rutinske upotrebe. Ova činjenica ukazuje na nedostake samog modela i potrebu za rekalibracijom u cilju postizanja bolje saglasnosti između predikcije operativnog rizika i kliničkog stanja bolesnika. Cilj rada je bio da se ustanovi realna vrednost Thoracoscore bodovnog sistema u proceni operativnog rizika i mortaliteta nakon anatomskih i neanatomskih resekcija pluća u na&scaron;im uslovima, i da se utvrdi prediktivna vrednost faktora rizika koji nisu obuhvaćeni Thoracoscore bodovnim sistemom na ishod grudno-hirur&scaron;kih operacija. Istraživanje je sprovedeno po tipu prospektivne kliničke studije i obuhvatilo je 957 bolesnika operisanih na Klinici za grudnu hirurgiju Instituta za plućne bolesti Vojvodine. Izvr&scaron;ene hirur&scaron;ke procedure bile su anatomske resekcije (lobektomija, bilobektomija, pneumonektomija, Sleeve resekcija, segmentektomija) i neanatomske resekcije pluća (Wedge resekcija i druge atipične resekcije). Thoracoscore je izračunat za svakog bolesnika na osnovu devet parametara: godine starosti, pol, ASA skor, dispnea skor, procena op&scaron;teg stanja bolesnika, dijagnostička grupa, hitnost operacije, vrsta operacije i broj komorbiditeta. S obzirom da prediktivna vrednost Thoracoscore bodovnog sistema u proceni operativnog rizika nije bila adekvatna realnom stanju, regresionom analizom je evaluiran značaj tri nova faktora: forsirani ekspiratorni volumen u prvoj sekundi (FEV1), reoperacija i hirur&scaron;ki pristup (torakotomija, video-asistirana torakoskopija &ndash; VATS). Nakon &scaron;to je univarijantnom analizom potvrđeno da su ovi faktori nezavisni prediktori operativnog ishoda, originalni Thoracoscore model je rekalibrisan. Multivarijantnom analizom putem logističke regresije izračunati su novi beta koeficijenti za originalnih devet faktora, kao i za tri nova, te je kreiran lokalni model za procenu operativnog rizika koji je prilagođen na&scaron;oj populaciji. Prosečna starosti bolesnika bila je 62 &plusmn; 7,52 godina. Većinu uzorka (60,7%) činili su pripadnici mu&scaron;kog pola. Najveći broj resekcija činile su lobektomije (61,4%). Malignitet je bio najučestalija indikacija za operaciju (90,3%). Najveći broj bolesnika imao je 1-2 komorbiditeta (64,3%). Prosečna stopa operativnog rizika na osnovu Thoracoscore-a (4,7% ) bila je veća je od stvarnog (2,9%) intrahospitalnog mortalita (p&lt;0,01). Ovaj model je pokazao zadovoljavajuće rezultate jedino u grupi niskog rizika. Predikcija mortaliteta lokalnim modelom za procenu operativnog rizika u grudnoj hirurgiji se, u statističkom smislu, ne razlikuje od stvarnog mortaliteta (p = NS). Thoracoscore ima dobru diskriminativnu moć, ali nezadovoljavajuću kalibrisanost. Shodno tome, Thoracoscore model se može koristiti za stratifikaciju rizika, ali ne i za predikciju mortaliteta. Za razliku, lokalni model je pokazao dobru diskriminaciju i kalibrisanost u na&scaron;im uslovima. Interni model za procenu rizika bi bio od velike koristi u svakodnevnom kliničkom radu, budući da bi oslikavao realno stanje populacije u kojoj je razvijen i vr&scaron;io preciznu predikciju operativnog rizika.</p> / <p>According to the literature data, over the past several years, great attention has been focused on operative risk and mortality which have become the most important criteria in evaluating the results from surgical departments and individual surgeons, as well. Because of complex profiles of patients undergoing surgical interventions, it is becoming more difficult to assess the risk precisely. Prediction of surgical outcomes mostly depends on the preoperative risk factors. However, factors related to the procedure itself effect the surgical outcome to a certain degree. Therefore, a good risk assessment model must contain factors which will have the best predictive value. Thoracoscore is the first scoring system developed by the French Association of Thoracic and Vascular Surgeons. Due to insufficient utilization over the past decade and inconsistent results, this model has not been widely accepted for routine use. This fact indicates that the model lacks certain aspects and needs to be recalibrated in order to achieve better concordance between the predicted operative risk and the clinical state of the patient. The aim of this study was to determine real value of Thoracoscore scoring system for estimation of operative risk and mortality following anatomic and non-anatomic lung resections in our settings, and to determine predictive value of factors not included in Thoracoscore on the outcome of thoracic surgeries. This prospective study included 957 patients who underwent lung resections at the Thoracic surgery clinic of Institute for Lung Diseases of Vojvodina. Performed surgical procedures were anatomic lung resections (lobectomy, bilobectomy, pneumonectomy, Sleeve resection, segmentectomy) and non-anatomic lung resections (Wedge resection and other atypical resections). Thoracoscore was calculated for each patient based on the following nine parameters: age, gender, ASA score, dyspnea score, performance status classification, diagnostic group, urgency of surgery, surgical procedure and number of comorbidities. Because predictive value of Thoracoscore did not correspond to the actual results, regression analysis was used to evaluate the significance of three new risk factors: forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), reoperation, and surgical approach (thoracotomy, video-assisted thoracoscopy &ndash; VATS). After univariate analysis confirmed that these three factors are independent predictors of operative risk, the original Thoracoscore model was recalibrated. With the use of multivariate analysis by logistic regression, new beta coefficients were calculated for the original nine parameters, as well as for the new three, and consequently a local model for surgical risk assessment that is adapted to our population was created. Average age of patients was 62 &plusmn; 7.52 years. Most of the patients were males (60.7%). Lobectomies constituted the largest number (61.4%) of performed surgeries. The most common indications for surgery were malignant causes (90.3%). Most frequently, patients had 1-2 comorbidities (64.3%). Mean operative risk based on Thoracoscore (4.7%) was greater than the actual intrahospital mortality (2.9%) (p&lt;0.01). This model had adequate results only in the low risk group of patients. Predicted mortality by the local model was not statistically different from the actual mortality (p = NS). Thoracoscore had good discriminative ability, but inadequate calibration. Because of this, Thoracoscore model can be used for risk stratification, but not for mortality prediction. On the other hand, local model showed good discrimination and calibration in our population. Therefore, an internal model for risk assessment would be of great use in everyday clinical practice because it would reflect the real state of the population in which it was developed, predicting the risk more precisely.</p>

Measuring socioeconomic position (SEP) in population chronic disease and risk factor surveillance systems is essential for monitoring changes in socioeconomic inequities in health over time. A life course approach in epidemiology considers the long-term effects of physical and social exposures during gestation, childhood, adolescence, and later adult life on health. Previous studies provide evidence that socioeconomic factors at different stages of the life course influence current health status. Measures of SEP during early life to supplement existing indicators of current SEP are required to more adequately explain the contribution of socioeconomic factors to health status and monitor health inequities. The aim of this thesis was to examine how a life course perspective could enhance the monitoring of SEP in chronic disease and risk factor surveillance systems. The thesis reviewed indicators of early life SEP used in previous research, determined indicators of early life SEP that may be useful in South Australian surveillance systems, and examined the association of SEP over the life course and self-rated health in adulthood across different population groups to demonstrate that inclusion of indicators of early life SEP in surveillance systems could allow health inequities to be monitored among socially mobile and stable groups. A variety of indicators, such as parents’ education level and occupation, and financial circumstances and living conditions during childhood, have been used in different study designs in many countries. Indicators of early life SEP used to monitor trends in the health and SEP of populations over time, and to analyse long-term effects of policies on the changing health of populations, need to be feasible to measure retrospectively, and relevant to the historical, geographical and sociocultural context in which the surveillance system is operating. Retrospective recall of various indicators of early life SEP was examined in a telephone survey of a representative South Australian sample of adults. The highest proportions of missing data were observed for maternal grandfather’s occupation, and mother’s and father’s highest education level. Family structure, housing tenure, and family financial situation when the respondent was aged ten, and mother and father’s main occupation had lower item non-response. Respondents with missing data on early life SEP indicators were disadvantaged in terms of current SEP compared to those who provided this information. The differential response to early life SEP questions according to current circumstances has implications for chronic disease surveillance examining the life course impact of socioeconomic disadvantage. While face-to-face surveys are considered the gold standard of interviewing techniques, computer-assisted telephone interviewing is often preferred for cost and convenience. Recall of father’s and mother’s highest education level in the telephone survey was compared to that obtained in a face-to-face interview survey. The proportion of respondents who provided information about their father’s and mother’s highest education level was significantly higher in the face-to-face interview than in the telephone interview. Survey mode, however, did not influence the finding that respondents with missing data for parents’ education were more likely to be socioeconomically disadvantaged. Alternative indicators of early life SEP, such as material and financial circumstances, are likely to be more appropriate than parents’ education for life course analyses of health inequities using surveillance data. Questions about family financial situation and housing tenure during childhood and adulthood asked in the cross-sectional telephone survey were used to examine the association of SEP over the life course with self-rated health in adulthood. Disadvantaged SEP during both childhood and adulthood and upward social mobility in financial situation were associated with a reduced prevalence of excellent or very good health, although this relationship varied across gender, rurality, and country of birth groups. Trend data from a chronic disease and risk factor surveillance system indicated that socioeconomic disadvantage in adulthood was associated with poorer self-rated health. The surveillance system, however, does not currently contain any measures of early life SEP. Overlaying the social mobility variables on the surveillance data indicated how inequities in health could be differentiated in greater detail if early life SEP was measured in addition to current SEP. Inclusion of life course SEP measures in surveillance will enable monitoring of health inequities trends among socially mobile and stable groups. Life course measures are an innovative way to supplement other SEP indicators in surveillance systems. Considerable information can be gained with the addition of a few questions. This will provide further insight into the determinants of health and illness and enable improved monitoring of the effects of policies and interventions on health inequities and intergenerational disadvantage. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1367190 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Population Health and Clinical Practice, 2009

Measuring socioeconomic position (SEP) in population chronic disease and risk factor surveillance systems is essential for monitoring changes in socioeconomic inequities in health over time. A life course approach in epidemiology considers the long-term effects of physical and social exposures during gestation, childhood, adolescence, and later adult life on health. Previous studies provide evidence that socioeconomic factors at different stages of the life course influence current health status. Measures of SEP during early life to supplement existing indicators of current SEP are required to more adequately explain the contribution of socioeconomic factors to health status and monitor health inequities. The aim of this thesis was to examine how a life course perspective could enhance the monitoring of SEP in chronic disease and risk factor surveillance systems. The thesis reviewed indicators of early life SEP used in previous research, determined indicators of early life SEP that may be useful in South Australian surveillance systems, and examined the association of SEP over the life course and self-rated health in adulthood across different population groups to demonstrate that inclusion of indicators of early life SEP in surveillance systems could allow health inequities to be monitored among socially mobile and stable groups. A variety of indicators, such as parents’ education level and occupation, and financial circumstances and living conditions during childhood, have been used in different study designs in many countries. Indicators of early life SEP used to monitor trends in the health and SEP of populations over time, and to analyse long-term effects of policies on the changing health of populations, need to be feasible to measure retrospectively, and relevant to the historical, geographical and sociocultural context in which the surveillance system is operating. Retrospective recall of various indicators of early life SEP was examined in a telephone survey of a representative South Australian sample of adults. The highest proportions of missing data were observed for maternal grandfather’s occupation, and mother’s and father’s highest education level. Family structure, housing tenure, and family financial situation when the respondent was aged ten, and mother and father’s main occupation had lower item non-response. Respondents with missing data on early life SEP indicators were disadvantaged in terms of current SEP compared to those who provided this information. The differential response to early life SEP questions according to current circumstances has implications for chronic disease surveillance examining the life course impact of socioeconomic disadvantage. While face-to-face surveys are considered the gold standard of interviewing techniques, computer-assisted telephone interviewing is often preferred for cost and convenience. Recall of father’s and mother’s highest education level in the telephone survey was compared to that obtained in a face-to-face interview survey. The proportion of respondents who provided information about their father’s and mother’s highest education level was significantly higher in the face-to-face interview than in the telephone interview. Survey mode, however, did not influence the finding that respondents with missing data for parents’ education were more likely to be socioeconomically disadvantaged. Alternative indicators of early life SEP, such as material and financial circumstances, are likely to be more appropriate than parents’ education for life course analyses of health inequities using surveillance data. Questions about family financial situation and housing tenure during childhood and adulthood asked in the cross-sectional telephone survey were used to examine the association of SEP over the life course with self-rated health in adulthood. Disadvantaged SEP during both childhood and adulthood and upward social mobility in financial situation were associated with a reduced prevalence of excellent or very good health, although this relationship varied across gender, rurality, and country of birth groups. Trend data from a chronic disease and risk factor surveillance system indicated that socioeconomic disadvantage in adulthood was associated with poorer self-rated health. The surveillance system, however, does not currently contain any measures of early life SEP. Overlaying the social mobility variables on the surveillance data indicated how inequities in health could be differentiated in greater detail if early life SEP was measured in addition to current SEP. Inclusion of life course SEP measures in surveillance will enable monitoring of health inequities trends among socially mobile and stable groups. Life course measures are an innovative way to supplement other SEP indicators in surveillance systems. Considerable information can be gained with the addition of a few questions. This will provide further insight into the determinants of health and illness and enable improved monitoring of the effects of policies and interventions on health inequities and intergenerational disadvantage. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1367190 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Population Health and Clinical Practice, 2009

Measuring socioeconomic position (SEP) in population chronic disease and risk factor surveillance systems is essential for monitoring changes in socioeconomic inequities in health over time. A life course approach in epidemiology considers the long-term effects of physical and social exposures during gestation, childhood, adolescence, and later adult life on health. Previous studies provide evidence that socioeconomic factors at different stages of the life course influence current health status. Measures of SEP during early life to supplement existing indicators of current SEP are required to more adequately explain the contribution of socioeconomic factors to health status and monitor health inequities. The aim of this thesis was to examine how a life course perspective could enhance the monitoring of SEP in chronic disease and risk factor surveillance systems. The thesis reviewed indicators of early life SEP used in previous research, determined indicators of early life SEP that may be useful in South Australian surveillance systems, and examined the association of SEP over the life course and self-rated health in adulthood across different population groups to demonstrate that inclusion of indicators of early life SEP in surveillance systems could allow health inequities to be monitored among socially mobile and stable groups. A variety of indicators, such as parents’ education level and occupation, and financial circumstances and living conditions during childhood, have been used in different study designs in many countries. Indicators of early life SEP used to monitor trends in the health and SEP of populations over time, and to analyse long-term effects of policies on the changing health of populations, need to be feasible to measure retrospectively, and relevant to the historical, geographical and sociocultural context in which the surveillance system is operating. Retrospective recall of various indicators of early life SEP was examined in a telephone survey of a representative South Australian sample of adults. The highest proportions of missing data were observed for maternal grandfather’s occupation, and mother’s and father’s highest education level. Family structure, housing tenure, and family financial situation when the respondent was aged ten, and mother and father’s main occupation had lower item non-response. Respondents with missing data on early life SEP indicators were disadvantaged in terms of current SEP compared to those who provided this information. The differential response to early life SEP questions according to current circumstances has implications for chronic disease surveillance examining the life course impact of socioeconomic disadvantage. While face-to-face surveys are considered the gold standard of interviewing techniques, computer-assisted telephone interviewing is often preferred for cost and convenience. Recall of father’s and mother’s highest education level in the telephone survey was compared to that obtained in a face-to-face interview survey. The proportion of respondents who provided information about their father’s and mother’s highest education level was significantly higher in the face-to-face interview than in the telephone interview. Survey mode, however, did not influence the finding that respondents with missing data for parents’ education were more likely to be socioeconomically disadvantaged. Alternative indicators of early life SEP, such as material and financial circumstances, are likely to be more appropriate than parents’ education for life course analyses of health inequities using surveillance data. Questions about family financial situation and housing tenure during childhood and adulthood asked in the cross-sectional telephone survey were used to examine the association of SEP over the life course with self-rated health in adulthood. Disadvantaged SEP during both childhood and adulthood and upward social mobility in financial situation were associated with a reduced prevalence of excellent or very good health, although this relationship varied across gender, rurality, and country of birth groups. Trend data from a chronic disease and risk factor surveillance system indicated that socioeconomic disadvantage in adulthood was associated with poorer self-rated health. The surveillance system, however, does not currently contain any measures of early life SEP. Overlaying the social mobility variables on the surveillance data indicated how inequities in health could be differentiated in greater detail if early life SEP was measured in addition to current SEP. Inclusion of life course SEP measures in surveillance will enable monitoring of health inequities trends among socially mobile and stable groups. Life course measures are an innovative way to supplement other SEP indicators in surveillance systems. Considerable information can be gained with the addition of a few questions. This will provide further insight into the determinants of health and illness and enable improved monitoring of the effects of policies and interventions on health inequities and intergenerational disadvantage. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1367190 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Population Health and Clinical Practice, 2009

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:47:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 6336081 bytes, checksum: a99ad5d1b275dc4199345e2641b6651c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Brazil is marked by great social inequality, to make necessary studies to reduce these inequities, from the perspective of promoting positive impacts on the health condition of the population. This study aimed to make a regression model able to predict how social inequalities and the provision of health services interfere with tooth loss. It is an ecological study, exploratory with 223 municipalities of the state of Paraíba, in the period from 2008 to 2011. Data were collected in information systems: DATASUS (Department data processing of SUS), IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) and Plan Regionalization of Paraíba State. First, to describe the historical series of indicators of the Primary Care, a descriptive analysis was performed for the oral health indicators of the Pact of primary care and analyzed the component s history (2008 to 2011) checking if there was a significant change during the period 2008-2011 using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Then an exploratory study with three regression models was performed: Linear Normal, Gamma and Beta to verify which model fits the outcome better. The dependent variable was the complementary indicator of primary care Pact SUS, extraction ratio in relation to individual primary dental actions. As independent variables were used socioeconomic data: Population Demographics, Macro regional of health, Human Development Index, the Gini Index, Social Exclusion Index, literacy rate, proportion of rural population and Gross Domestic Product. And data of the provision of health services: Number of Teams Family Health and Dental Center, Dental Specialties, Coverage of Family Health Strategy, proportion of basic procedures, first consultation and average supervised tooth brushing. The Beta model proved superior to the others comparing coefficient of determination (R ² = 0,97) in the exploratory study. It was observed that Paraíba has low social and economic indices, high coverage of the Family Health Strategy (98,5%) and only the indicator of the proportion of specialized procedures increased significantly in the State. In the final model, tooth loss was associated with macro regional less developed of state, 3 and 4, the less literacy rate and Gini Index, as protective factors was checked Specialties Dental Center and the proportion of basic procedures individuals (R ² = 0 , 58). The conclusion is that Paraíba needs a strategic plan that aims to reduce poverty, increase education of the population and increase the supply of other therapeutic possibilities of the tooth with the increase in the proportion of individual basic procedures and implantation of specialized dental clinics. / Em um país marcado por grande desigualdade social, como o Brasil, fazem-se necessários estudos que reduzam essas iniquidades, na perspectiva de promover impactos positivos na condição de saúde da população. O presente estudo teve como objetivo obter um modelo de regressão capaz de prever como as desigualdades sociais e a provisão de serviços de saúde interferem na perda dentária. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo ecológico, de caráter exploratório, nos 223 municípios do Estado da Paraíba, no período de 2008 a 2011. Os dados foram coletados nos sistemas de informação: DATASUS (Departamento de Informática do SUS), IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) e no Plano Diretor de Regionalização do Estado da Paraíba. Primeiro, a fim de se descrever a série histórica dos indicadores do Pacto da Atenção Básica, foi realizada a análise descritiva para os indicadores de saúde bucal do Pacto pela Atenção, analisados seus componentes históricos (ano 2008 a 2011) e verificado se houve mudança significativa durante os anos 2008-2011 por meio do teste Kruskal-Wallis. Em seguida, um estudo exploratório com três modelos de regressão foi realizado: Normal Linear, Gama e Beta, com o propósito de determinar qual modelo mostra melhor adequação ao desfecho. A variável dependente selecionada foi o indicador complementar da área odontológica no Pacto da Atenção Básica do SUS, proporção de exodontia em relação às ações odontológicas básicas individuais. Como variáveis independentes, foram utilizados dados socioeconômicos: população demográfica, macrorregional de saúde, Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano, Índice de Gini, Índice de Exclusão Social, taxa de alfabetização, proporção de população rural e Produto Interno Bruto. E dados sobre a provisão de serviços de saúde: Número de Equipes de Saúde da Família e Bucal, Centro de Especialidades Odontológicas, Cobertura da Estratégia da Saúde da Família, proporção de procedimentos básicos, especializados e primeira consulta e média de escovação supervisionada. O modelo Beta se mostrou superior aos demais quando comparado o coeficiente de determinação (R² = 0,97) no estudo exploratório. Foi observado que a Paraíba possui baixos índices sociais e econômicos, alta cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família (98,5%) e apenas o indicador de proporção de procedimentos especializados aumentou significativamente no Estado. No modelo final, a perda dentária esteve associada às macrorregionais menos desenvolvidas do Estado, 3 e 4, à menor taxa de alfabetização e ao menor Índice de Gini. Como fatores de proteção, foram verificados possuir Centro de Especialidades Odontológicas e apresentar maior proporção de procedimentos básicos individuais (R² = 0,58). Concluiu-se que a Paraíba necessita de um planejamento estratégico que vise reduzir a pobreza, aumentar a escolaridade da população e a oferta das demais possibilidades terapêuticas do elemento dentário, com a ampliação na proporção de procedimentos básicos individuais e a implantação dos Centros de Especialidades Odontológicas.

A mortalidade materna representa um evento de grande magnitude e transcendência que impacta negativamente à saúde no Brasil e no mundo. Integra o campo dos direitos humanos, sexuais e reprodutivos. Este estudo teve como objetivo geral caracterizar as razões de mortalidade materna no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, entre o período de 1999 a 2008. Entre os objetivos específicos, a análise da RMM e RMME para as variáveis sociodemográficas, período de ocorrência e causa obstétrica do RS e das sete macrorregiões do Estado, no mesmo período; a distribuição espacial da RMM nos anos de 1999, 2003 e 2008 do RS nas macrorregiões e a verificação da mortalidade materna a partir do Programa de Humanização no Pré-Natal e Nascimento no RS. O estudo é do tipo ecológico, série temporal de agregado humano. A população foi de 845 óbitos maternos em mulheres entre 10 e 49 anos, ocorridos no Estado do RS no período de 1999 a 2008. As variáveis foram coletadas do SIM e do SINASC e, a partir deles, foram calculadas as RMM e as RMME, sendo analisadas por meio de regressão de Poisson com seus intervalos de confiança de 95%; no modelo de regressão, o ano foi usado como variável explicativa. Foram apresentados os valores do exponencial dos coeficientes, que mostram a variação nas razões de mortalidade materna no período analisado, juntamente com os seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% e o valor-P do teste de Wald. Foram elaborados gráficos para análise de tendência, utilizando médias móveis da RMM para o Estado do RS. A distribuição espacial foi por meio da visualização da mortalidade materna nas macrorregiões do Estado do RS, nos anos de 1999, 2003 e 2008. Os principais resultados mostraram que a morte materna no Estado manteve-se com pouca oscilação nos dez anos de estudo e com valores acima do preconizado pela OMS. As macrorregiões identificadas com maiores valores da RMM são a Centro-Oeste, Norte e Serra. As características para morte materna são de mulheres acima de 30 anos de idade, com baixa escolaridade, menos de três anos de estudo e de cor/raça branca. Entre as características obstétricas do óbito, observou-se que no período da gestação/parto/aborto até 42 dias encontrou-se o maior período de risco, assim como as causas obstétricas diretas são a maioria. E, entre estas causas, a hipertensão arterial e a hemorragia estão entre os principais motivos de óbito materno no RS. Portanto, este estudo mostrou um panorama da saúde materna no Estado do RS e de suas macrorregiões, ficando claro que ao longo dos anos deste estudo não houve melhora do indicador, indicando que as políticas públicas, como PHPN, não impactaram na saúde materna e reprodutiva das mulheres. Esses resultados nos remetem a repensar o sistema e o atendimento de saúde da mulher, especialmente na atenção ao pré-natal. A morte materna é um evento que não pode esperar; a proteção da vida das mulheres em idade reprodutiva é um dever do Estado e uma obrigação dos profissionais que atendem essas mulheres. / Maternal mortality represents an event of major magnitude and transcendence that negatively impacts health in Brazil, as well as all over the world. It encompasses human, sexual and reproductive rights. The general purpose of this study was characterizing the ratios for maternal mortality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) between 1999 and 2008. The specific purpose is the analysis of MMR and SMMR for sociodemographic variables, period of occurrence and obstetric cause in all the state and its seven macro-regions along the same period; spatial distribution of MMR in 1999, 2003 and 2008 of RS in the macro-regions, and the monitoring done on maternal mortality by the Humanization Program of Prenatal Period and Birth in the state (HPPB). The type of this study is ecological, time series of human aggregate. The population/sample was of 845 maternal deaths of women between 10 and 49 years of age, happened in RS between 1999 and 2008. Variables were collected from the System of Information on Mortality and the System of Information on Live Births, and based on them, the MMR and SMMR have been calculated through Poisson regression with confidence intervals of 95%; in the regression model, where the year was used as an explicative variable. The exponential values of the coefficients were presented, showing the variation in the ratios for maternal mortality in the period analyzed, as well as with its respective confidence intervals of 95% and the p-value of the Wald test. Graphs were designed for tendency analysis using moving averages of the MMR for the state of RS. Spatial distribution was done through the visualization of maternal mortality in the macroregions of RS in 1999, 2003 and 2008. The most relevant results show that maternal mortality in this state has not oscillated much in the ten years of the study, with rates higher than those recommended by WHO. The macro-regions identified with the highest MMR values are the Mid-West, North and Hilly Region. Characteristics related to maternal mortality are: women above 30 years of age, with poor education (less than three years) and white. Regarding the obstetric characteristics of the death, it has been observed that in the period of gestation/delivery/abortion up to 42 days was the period with the greater risk, and direct obstetric causes prevail. Among these causes, blood hypertension and hemorrhage are among the main reasons for maternal death in RS. Therefore, this study shows an outlook of maternal health in the State of RS and its macro-regions, making it obvious that along these years there has not been an improvement in this indicator, thus suggesting that public policies such as HPPB have not impacted maternal and reproductive health of women. These results recommend us to rethink the system of assistance to women’s health, especially regarding the prenatal period. Maternal death is an event which cannot be overlooked; protecting women’s lives in reproductive age is a duty of the State and an obligation of the professionals who assist these women. / La mortalidad materna representa un evento de gran magnitud y trascendencia que repercute negativamente en la salud del Brasil y en el mundo. Se integra el campo de los derechos humanos, sexuales y reproductivos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar las razones de mortalidad materna en el estado de Rio Grande do Sul, entre el período 1999 a 2008. Entre los objetivos específicos, el análisis de la RMM y el RMME por las variables sociodemográficas, el tiempo de ocurrencia y causa obstétrica de RS y siete regiones geográficas del estado, en el mismo período, la distribución espacial de la SPR en 1999, 2003 y 2008 del RS en la macro regiones y la verificación de la mortalidad materna por el Programa de Humanización del Prenatal y Nacimiento en la RS. El estudio es del tipo ecológico, de series de tiempo de agregación humana. La población era de 845 muertes maternas en mujeres de entre 10 y 49 años de edad en el estado de RS en el período 1999 a 2008. Las variables se recogieron en la tarjeta SIM y SINASC, y de ellos se calcularon MMR y RMME se utilizó la regresión de Poisson con intervalos de confianza de 95% en el modelo de regresión, el año se utilizó como variable explicativa. Se presentan los valores de los coeficientes exponenciales, mostrando la variación en tasas de mortalidad materna en el período analizado, junto con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza de 95% y el valor de P de la prueba de Wald. Se prepararon tablas de análisis de tendencias, utilizando medias móviles de la vacuna MMR para el estado de RS. La distribución espacial fue a través de la visualización de la mortalidad materna en las regiones geográficas del estado de RS, en 1999, 2003 y 2008. Los principales resultados mostraron que la mortalidad materna en el estado se mantuvo con pocas variaciones en los diez años de estudio y por encima de los valores recomendados por la OMS. Las macro regiones identificadas con los valores más altos de la RMM son el medio oeste y el norte de la Sierra. Las características de las muertes maternas corresponden a mujeres de más de 30 años de edad, bajo nivel educativo, menos de tres años de estudio y de color blanco / carrera. Entre las características obstétricas de defunción, se observó que durante el embarazo / parto / aborto hasta 42 días se reunió con el periodo de mayor riesgo, así como las causas obstétricas directas son la mayoría. Y entre estas causas, la hipertensión y las hemorragias son las principales causas de muerte materna en la República Srpska. Por lo tanto, este estudio mostró una foto de la salud materna en el estado de RS y de sus regiones macro, dejando en claro que en los últimos años de este estudio no hubo una mejora del indicador, lo que indica que las políticas públicas, como PHPN, no tuvo ningún impacto en la salud materna y reproductiva las mujeres. Estos resultados nos llevan a repensar el sistema y el cuidado de la salud de las mujeres, especialmente en la atención a la atención prenatal. La muerte materna es un evento que no puede esperar, para proteger las vidas de las mujeres en edad reproductiva es el deber del Estado y la obligación de los profesionales que tratan a estas mujeres.

A mortalidade materna representa um evento de grande magnitude e transcendência que impacta negativamente à saúde no Brasil e no mundo. Integra o campo dos direitos humanos, sexuais e reprodutivos. Este estudo teve como objetivo geral caracterizar as razões de mortalidade materna no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, entre o período de 1999 a 2008. Entre os objetivos específicos, a análise da RMM e RMME para as variáveis sociodemográficas, período de ocorrência e causa obstétrica do RS e das sete macrorregiões do Estado, no mesmo período; a distribuição espacial da RMM nos anos de 1999, 2003 e 2008 do RS nas macrorregiões e a verificação da mortalidade materna a partir do Programa de Humanização no Pré-Natal e Nascimento no RS. O estudo é do tipo ecológico, série temporal de agregado humano. A população foi de 845 óbitos maternos em mulheres entre 10 e 49 anos, ocorridos no Estado do RS no período de 1999 a 2008. As variáveis foram coletadas do SIM e do SINASC e, a partir deles, foram calculadas as RMM e as RMME, sendo analisadas por meio de regressão de Poisson com seus intervalos de confiança de 95%; no modelo de regressão, o ano foi usado como variável explicativa. Foram apresentados os valores do exponencial dos coeficientes, que mostram a variação nas razões de mortalidade materna no período analisado, juntamente com os seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% e o valor-P do teste de Wald. Foram elaborados gráficos para análise de tendência, utilizando médias móveis da RMM para o Estado do RS. A distribuição espacial foi por meio da visualização da mortalidade materna nas macrorregiões do Estado do RS, nos anos de 1999, 2003 e 2008. Os principais resultados mostraram que a morte materna no Estado manteve-se com pouca oscilação nos dez anos de estudo e com valores acima do preconizado pela OMS. As macrorregiões identificadas com maiores valores da RMM são a Centro-Oeste, Norte e Serra. As características para morte materna são de mulheres acima de 30 anos de idade, com baixa escolaridade, menos de três anos de estudo e de cor/raça branca. Entre as características obstétricas do óbito, observou-se que no período da gestação/parto/aborto até 42 dias encontrou-se o maior período de risco, assim como as causas obstétricas diretas são a maioria. E, entre estas causas, a hipertensão arterial e a hemorragia estão entre os principais motivos de óbito materno no RS. Portanto, este estudo mostrou um panorama da saúde materna no Estado do RS e de suas macrorregiões, ficando claro que ao longo dos anos deste estudo não houve melhora do indicador, indicando que as políticas públicas, como PHPN, não impactaram na saúde materna e reprodutiva das mulheres. Esses resultados nos remetem a repensar o sistema e o atendimento de saúde da mulher, especialmente na atenção ao pré-natal. A morte materna é um evento que não pode esperar; a proteção da vida das mulheres em idade reprodutiva é um dever do Estado e uma obrigação dos profissionais que atendem essas mulheres. / Maternal mortality represents an event of major magnitude and transcendence that negatively impacts health in Brazil, as well as all over the world. It encompasses human, sexual and reproductive rights. The general purpose of this study was characterizing the ratios for maternal mortality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) between 1999 and 2008. The specific purpose is the analysis of MMR and SMMR for sociodemographic variables, period of occurrence and obstetric cause in all the state and its seven macro-regions along the same period; spatial distribution of MMR in 1999, 2003 and 2008 of RS in the macro-regions, and the monitoring done on maternal mortality by the Humanization Program of Prenatal Period and Birth in the state (HPPB). The type of this study is ecological, time series of human aggregate. The population/sample was of 845 maternal deaths of women between 10 and 49 years of age, happened in RS between 1999 and 2008. Variables were collected from the System of Information on Mortality and the System of Information on Live Births, and based on them, the MMR and SMMR have been calculated through Poisson regression with confidence intervals of 95%; in the regression model, where the year was used as an explicative variable. The exponential values of the coefficients were presented, showing the variation in the ratios for maternal mortality in the period analyzed, as well as with its respective confidence intervals of 95% and the p-value of the Wald test. Graphs were designed for tendency analysis using moving averages of the MMR for the state of RS. Spatial distribution was done through the visualization of maternal mortality in the macroregions of RS in 1999, 2003 and 2008. The most relevant results show that maternal mortality in this state has not oscillated much in the ten years of the study, with rates higher than those recommended by WHO. The macro-regions identified with the highest MMR values are the Mid-West, North and Hilly Region. Characteristics related to maternal mortality are: women above 30 years of age, with poor education (less than three years) and white. Regarding the obstetric characteristics of the death, it has been observed that in the period of gestation/delivery/abortion up to 42 days was the period with the greater risk, and direct obstetric causes prevail. Among these causes, blood hypertension and hemorrhage are among the main reasons for maternal death in RS. Therefore, this study shows an outlook of maternal health in the State of RS and its macro-regions, making it obvious that along these years there has not been an improvement in this indicator, thus suggesting that public policies such as HPPB have not impacted maternal and reproductive health of women. These results recommend us to rethink the system of assistance to women’s health, especially regarding the prenatal period. Maternal death is an event which cannot be overlooked; protecting women’s lives in reproductive age is a duty of the State and an obligation of the professionals who assist these women. / La mortalidad materna representa un evento de gran magnitud y trascendencia que repercute negativamente en la salud del Brasil y en el mundo. Se integra el campo de los derechos humanos, sexuales y reproductivos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar las razones de mortalidad materna en el estado de Rio Grande do Sul, entre el período 1999 a 2008. Entre los objetivos específicos, el análisis de la RMM y el RMME por las variables sociodemográficas, el tiempo de ocurrencia y causa obstétrica de RS y siete regiones geográficas del estado, en el mismo período, la distribución espacial de la SPR en 1999, 2003 y 2008 del RS en la macro regiones y la verificación de la mortalidad materna por el Programa de Humanización del Prenatal y Nacimiento en la RS. El estudio es del tipo ecológico, de series de tiempo de agregación humana. La población era de 845 muertes maternas en mujeres de entre 10 y 49 años de edad en el estado de RS en el período 1999 a 2008. Las variables se recogieron en la tarjeta SIM y SINASC, y de ellos se calcularon MMR y RMME se utilizó la regresión de Poisson con intervalos de confianza de 95% en el modelo de regresión, el año se utilizó como variable explicativa. Se presentan los valores de los coeficientes exponenciales, mostrando la variación en tasas de mortalidad materna en el período analizado, junto con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza de 95% y el valor de P de la prueba de Wald. Se prepararon tablas de análisis de tendencias, utilizando medias móviles de la vacuna MMR para el estado de RS. La distribución espacial fue a través de la visualización de la mortalidad materna en las regiones geográficas del estado de RS, en 1999, 2003 y 2008. Los principales resultados mostraron que la mortalidad materna en el estado se mantuvo con pocas variaciones en los diez años de estudio y por encima de los valores recomendados por la OMS. Las macro regiones identificadas con los valores más altos de la RMM son el medio oeste y el norte de la Sierra. Las características de las muertes maternas corresponden a mujeres de más de 30 años de edad, bajo nivel educativo, menos de tres años de estudio y de color blanco / carrera. Entre las características obstétricas de defunción, se observó que durante el embarazo / parto / aborto hasta 42 días se reunió con el periodo de mayor riesgo, así como las causas obstétricas directas son la mayoría. Y entre estas causas, la hipertensión y las hemorragias son las principales causas de muerte materna en la República Srpska. Por lo tanto, este estudio mostró una foto de la salud materna en el estado de RS y de sus regiones macro, dejando en claro que en los últimos años de este estudio no hubo una mejora del indicador, lo que indica que las políticas públicas, como PHPN, no tuvo ningún impacto en la salud materna y reproductiva las mujeres. Estos resultados nos llevan a repensar el sistema y el cuidado de la salud de las mujeres, especialmente en la atención a la atención prenatal. La muerte materna es un evento que no puede esperar, para proteger las vidas de las mujeres en edad reproductiva es el deber del Estado y la obligación de los profesionales que tratan a estas mujeres.

A mortalidade materna representa um evento de grande magnitude e transcendência que impacta negativamente à saúde no Brasil e no mundo. Integra o campo dos direitos humanos, sexuais e reprodutivos. Este estudo teve como objetivo geral caracterizar as razões de mortalidade materna no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, entre o período de 1999 a 2008. Entre os objetivos específicos, a análise da RMM e RMME para as variáveis sociodemográficas, período de ocorrência e causa obstétrica do RS e das sete macrorregiões do Estado, no mesmo período; a distribuição espacial da RMM nos anos de 1999, 2003 e 2008 do RS nas macrorregiões e a verificação da mortalidade materna a partir do Programa de Humanização no Pré-Natal e Nascimento no RS. O estudo é do tipo ecológico, série temporal de agregado humano. A população foi de 845 óbitos maternos em mulheres entre 10 e 49 anos, ocorridos no Estado do RS no período de 1999 a 2008. As variáveis foram coletadas do SIM e do SINASC e, a partir deles, foram calculadas as RMM e as RMME, sendo analisadas por meio de regressão de Poisson com seus intervalos de confiança de 95%; no modelo de regressão, o ano foi usado como variável explicativa. Foram apresentados os valores do exponencial dos coeficientes, que mostram a variação nas razões de mortalidade materna no período analisado, juntamente com os seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% e o valor-P do teste de Wald. Foram elaborados gráficos para análise de tendência, utilizando médias móveis da RMM para o Estado do RS. A distribuição espacial foi por meio da visualização da mortalidade materna nas macrorregiões do Estado do RS, nos anos de 1999, 2003 e 2008. Os principais resultados mostraram que a morte materna no Estado manteve-se com pouca oscilação nos dez anos de estudo e com valores acima do preconizado pela OMS. As macrorregiões identificadas com maiores valores da RMM são a Centro-Oeste, Norte e Serra. As características para morte materna são de mulheres acima de 30 anos de idade, com baixa escolaridade, menos de três anos de estudo e de cor/raça branca. Entre as características obstétricas do óbito, observou-se que no período da gestação/parto/aborto até 42 dias encontrou-se o maior período de risco, assim como as causas obstétricas diretas são a maioria. E, entre estas causas, a hipertensão arterial e a hemorragia estão entre os principais motivos de óbito materno no RS. Portanto, este estudo mostrou um panorama da saúde materna no Estado do RS e de suas macrorregiões, ficando claro que ao longo dos anos deste estudo não houve melhora do indicador, indicando que as políticas públicas, como PHPN, não impactaram na saúde materna e reprodutiva das mulheres. Esses resultados nos remetem a repensar o sistema e o atendimento de saúde da mulher, especialmente na atenção ao pré-natal. A morte materna é um evento que não pode esperar; a proteção da vida das mulheres em idade reprodutiva é um dever do Estado e uma obrigação dos profissionais que atendem essas mulheres. / Maternal mortality represents an event of major magnitude and transcendence that negatively impacts health in Brazil, as well as all over the world. It encompasses human, sexual and reproductive rights. The general purpose of this study was characterizing the ratios for maternal mortality in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) between 1999 and 2008. The specific purpose is the analysis of MMR and SMMR for sociodemographic variables, period of occurrence and obstetric cause in all the state and its seven macro-regions along the same period; spatial distribution of MMR in 1999, 2003 and 2008 of RS in the macro-regions, and the monitoring done on maternal mortality by the Humanization Program of Prenatal Period and Birth in the state (HPPB). The type of this study is ecological, time series of human aggregate. The population/sample was of 845 maternal deaths of women between 10 and 49 years of age, happened in RS between 1999 and 2008. Variables were collected from the System of Information on Mortality and the System of Information on Live Births, and based on them, the MMR and SMMR have been calculated through Poisson regression with confidence intervals of 95%; in the regression model, where the year was used as an explicative variable. The exponential values of the coefficients were presented, showing the variation in the ratios for maternal mortality in the period analyzed, as well as with its respective confidence intervals of 95% and the p-value of the Wald test. Graphs were designed for tendency analysis using moving averages of the MMR for the state of RS. Spatial distribution was done through the visualization of maternal mortality in the macroregions of RS in 1999, 2003 and 2008. The most relevant results show that maternal mortality in this state has not oscillated much in the ten years of the study, with rates higher than those recommended by WHO. The macro-regions identified with the highest MMR values are the Mid-West, North and Hilly Region. Characteristics related to maternal mortality are: women above 30 years of age, with poor education (less than three years) and white. Regarding the obstetric characteristics of the death, it has been observed that in the period of gestation/delivery/abortion up to 42 days was the period with the greater risk, and direct obstetric causes prevail. Among these causes, blood hypertension and hemorrhage are among the main reasons for maternal death in RS. Therefore, this study shows an outlook of maternal health in the State of RS and its macro-regions, making it obvious that along these years there has not been an improvement in this indicator, thus suggesting that public policies such as HPPB have not impacted maternal and reproductive health of women. These results recommend us to rethink the system of assistance to women’s health, especially regarding the prenatal period. Maternal death is an event which cannot be overlooked; protecting women’s lives in reproductive age is a duty of the State and an obligation of the professionals who assist these women. / La mortalidad materna representa un evento de gran magnitud y trascendencia que repercute negativamente en la salud del Brasil y en el mundo. Se integra el campo de los derechos humanos, sexuales y reproductivos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar las razones de mortalidad materna en el estado de Rio Grande do Sul, entre el período 1999 a 2008. Entre los objetivos específicos, el análisis de la RMM y el RMME por las variables sociodemográficas, el tiempo de ocurrencia y causa obstétrica de RS y siete regiones geográficas del estado, en el mismo período, la distribución espacial de la SPR en 1999, 2003 y 2008 del RS en la macro regiones y la verificación de la mortalidad materna por el Programa de Humanización del Prenatal y Nacimiento en la RS. El estudio es del tipo ecológico, de series de tiempo de agregación humana. La población era de 845 muertes maternas en mujeres de entre 10 y 49 años de edad en el estado de RS en el período 1999 a 2008. Las variables se recogieron en la tarjeta SIM y SINASC, y de ellos se calcularon MMR y RMME se utilizó la regresión de Poisson con intervalos de confianza de 95% en el modelo de regresión, el año se utilizó como variable explicativa. Se presentan los valores de los coeficientes exponenciales, mostrando la variación en tasas de mortalidad materna en el período analizado, junto con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza de 95% y el valor de P de la prueba de Wald. Se prepararon tablas de análisis de tendencias, utilizando medias móviles de la vacuna MMR para el estado de RS. La distribución espacial fue a través de la visualización de la mortalidad materna en las regiones geográficas del estado de RS, en 1999, 2003 y 2008. Los principales resultados mostraron que la mortalidad materna en el estado se mantuvo con pocas variaciones en los diez años de estudio y por encima de los valores recomendados por la OMS. Las macro regiones identificadas con los valores más altos de la RMM son el medio oeste y el norte de la Sierra. Las características de las muertes maternas corresponden a mujeres de más de 30 años de edad, bajo nivel educativo, menos de tres años de estudio y de color blanco / carrera. Entre las características obstétricas de defunción, se observó que durante el embarazo / parto / aborto hasta 42 días se reunió con el periodo de mayor riesgo, así como las causas obstétricas directas son la mayoría. Y entre estas causas, la hipertensión y las hemorragias son las principales causas de muerte materna en la República Srpska. Por lo tanto, este estudio mostró una foto de la salud materna en el estado de RS y de sus regiones macro, dejando en claro que en los últimos años de este estudio no hubo una mejora del indicador, lo que indica que las políticas públicas, como PHPN, no tuvo ningún impacto en la salud materna y reproductiva las mujeres. Estos resultados nos llevan a repensar el sistema y el cuidado de la salud de las mujeres, especialmente en la atención a la atención prenatal. La muerte materna es un evento que no puede esperar, para proteger las vidas de las mujeres en edad reproductiva es el deber del Estado y la obligación de los profesionales que tratan a estas mujeres.