Die vorliegende Dissertation setzt sich damit auseinander, wie das Zusammenspiel von essensbezogener Umwelt und Kognition Ernährungsentscheidungen beeinflusst. Im ersten Manuskript, “When Diets Last: Lower Cognitive Complexity Increases Diet Adherence” wird die Bedeutung der kognitiven Komplexität von Ernährungsregeln für das Einhalten einer Diät untersucht. Können Diäten scheitern, weil sie aus kognitiver Perspektive zu komplex sind, z.B. weil sich Diäthaltende nicht alle wichtigen Informationen merken oder verarbeiten können? 1136 Diäthaltende nahmen an einer längsschnittlichen Onlinestudie teil. Vorangegangenes Diätverhalten, Selbstwirksamkeit, Planung und wahrgenommene Regelschwierigkeit erhöhten das Risiko, die Diät vorzeitig aufzugeben, wobei Selbstwirksamkeit und wahrgenommene Regelschwierigkeit die einflussreichsten Faktoren waren. Im zweiten Manuskript „Meat Label Design: Effects on Stage Progression, Risk Perception, and Product Evaluation” wird der Einfluss gesundheitsrelevanter Information auf Labeln für Produktbewertung und Intention, Tierhaltung und Inhaltsstoffe von Lebensmitteln in die Kaufentscheidung einzubeziehen, untersucht. Es wurde betrachtet, wie Inhalt und Kontext (separate versus conjoint Darbietung) der Labelinformation die Bewertung von Fleischprodukten beeinflusst. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich bei einer conjoint im Gegensatz zur separaten Darbietung die Bewertung der Produkte umkehrt. Darüber hinaus hatten Personen, die zuvor nicht motiviert waren gesundheitsrelevante Aspekte in ihr Einkaufsverhalten einzubeziehen, nach Betrachten der Label eine höhere Intention diese zu berücksichtigen. Im dritten Manuskript, „Predicting Children’s Meal Preferences: How Much Do Parents Know?“, wurden Präferenzvorhersagen bezüglich der Essensentscheidungen Anderer erforscht. Es wurde untersucht, wie gut und mit Hilfe welcher Information Eltern die Mittagessenpräferenzen ihrer Kinder vorhersagen. Die Vorhersagegenauigkeit der Eltern entsprach der Stabilität der Essenspräferenzen ihrer Kinder, d.h. dass die Eltern so genau waren, wie möglich. Die Ergebnisse suggerieren, dass Eltern vor allem spezifisches Wissen über die Präferenzen ihrer Kinder und Projektion ihrer eigenen Vorlieben für die Vorhersagen nutzten. / This dissertation focuses on food-related decision making, in particular, how food related environments and cognition interact to determine people’s food choices. The first manuscript, “When Diets Last: Lower Cognitive Complexity Increases Diet Adherence,” investigates the role of the cognitive complexity in diet adherence. Can weight loss diets fail because they are too complicated from a cognitive point of view, meaning that dieters are not able to recall or process the diet rules? The impact of excessive cognitive demands on diet adherence were investigated with 1,136 dieters in a longitudinal online-questionnaire. We measured perceived rule complexity controlling for other factors known to influence adherence. Previous diet behavior, self-efficacy, planning and perceived rule complexity predicted an increased risk to quit the diet prematurely, with self-efficacy and diet complexity being the strongest factors. The second manuscript, “Meat Label Design: Effects on Stage Progression, Risk Perception, and Product Evaluation,” presents two studies which tested the impact of health-related meat labels on product evaluation and intention. Specifically, the studies examined how informational content and the context (separate vs. conjoint evaluation) in which labels are assessed influence the evaluation of meat products. The results showed that conjoint assessment of labels can lead to contrary product rankings compared to separate evaluations. Moreover, the results suggest that being exposed to food labels containing specific health-relevant information can increase motivation to consider health aspects in those consumers without previous intention to do so. The third manuscript, “Predicting Children’s Meal Preferences: How Much Do Parents Know?” investigated prediction behavior concerning other people’s food choices. In particular, it asked how accurately and what cues parents use to predict their children’s meal choices. Overall, parents’ prediction accuracy matched the stability of children’s meal choices, implying that accuracy was as high as can be expected. The results suggest parents were able to obtain high predictive accuracy by using specific knowledge about their child’s likes and projecting their own preferences.

<p>Många människor har svårt att etablera goda matvanor trots ett ständigt informationsflöde om hur ohälsosam kost påverkar hälsan negativt. Små barn befinner sig i en beroendeställning till de vuxna som finns runt dem. Det innebär att föräldrarnas kostvanor även blir barnens. De vuxna bestämmer vad som finns hemma och vad som serveras.</p><p>Denna kvantitativa studie har undersökt småbarnsfamiljers kostvanor med utgångspunkt i Livsmedelsverkets rekommendationer om mindre mättat fett, mindre socker, mer kostfiber, frukt, grönt och fisk i kosten. Med hjälp av validerade frågor bedömdes uppgifter om konsumtionsfrekvenser hos föräldrar och barn. Den sökte också svar på om barnets ätvanor liknar förälderns och om föräldrars påverkan på barnets matintag har någon betydelse för detsamma. Dessutom efterfrågades vilka hinder som kunde tänkas finnas för hälsosamma matvanor i familjen. 56 föräldrar med minst ett barn i åldern 1-6 år valde att besvara det frågeformulär som distribuerades via fem förskolor i Hagfors kommun. Resultatet visar att barns och föräldrars kostvanor kan förbättras. Majoriteten av föräldrar och barn når inte upp till Livsmedelsverkets rekommendationer. Sockerintaget är ett undantag som är i sin ordning hos föräldrarna. Bullar, kex, kakor och saft/läsk intas dock för ofta hos barnen. I jämförelse med tidigare svenska kostundersökningar kan man se att konsumtionsfrekvenserna för de ”onyttiga” livsmedlen är signifikant lägre i denna undersökning.</p><p>En granskning av konsumtionsfrekvenserna hos paren förälder – barn visar tydligt att föräldrars ätvanor har betydelse för hur barnet äter. Studien finner inga tydliga samband mellan konsumtionsfrekvens av utrymmesmat och förälders påverkan på hur mycket/lite barnet ska äta. Ett undantag finns dock och det är de föräldrar som mutar sina barn med efterrätt för att få barnet att äta mer. De barnen hade en hög konsumtionsfrekvens av glass. De barn som inte påverkas har en tydligt högre konsumtionsfrekvens av frukt och grönt och ost än de barn som inte påverkas vilket kan tyda på bättre mellanmålsvanor och en större preferens för frukt och grönt. Därför kan sägas att förälders påverkan på barnets matintag inte leder till något positivt.</p><p>Flera av föräldrarna anser att det inte finns några hinder för att äta hälsosamt, ändå konsumerar många för mycket av ohälsosamma livsmedel. Tidsbrist anges som det största hindret för hälsosamma matvanor.</p><p>Slutsatsen är att om ätvanorna hos den framtida vuxna befolkningen dvs barnen ska bli bättre måste förebyggande satsningar riktas till föräldrar. Varje förälder måste förstå sitt eget ansvar när det gäller vilka kostvanor barnet får. Dels genom vad som görs tillgängligt men framförallt vilken förebild man ger sitt barn.</p> / <p>People have trouble establishing good eating habits in spite of a constant flow of information about the negative effects of unhealthy food. Young children depend on the present adults, which implies that food habits of parents become the food habits of their children. The adults have control over the food available and what meals are served.</p><p>This quantitative study has carried out a dietary survey in families with young children. It is based on the National Food Administration (NFA) dietary recommendations about less saturated fat, less added sugar (sucrose), more dietary fibre and more fruit and vegetables.</p><p>Validated questions were used to estimate consumption frequencies in food intake of the participating parents and children. This study also investigates whether eating habits of children reflects the eating habits of their parents. Furthermore questions were asked about what difficulties there might be to gain healthy eating habits in the family.</p><p>Fifty-six parents with at least one child in the age of 1-6 chose to reply to the questionnaire distributed by five pre-schools in the district of Hagfors.</p><p>The results indicate that the eating habits of both parents and children could change for the better. The majority of parents and children do not achieve the dietary recommendations. The recommended less sugar intake is an exception, which the parents achieve. The children consume buns, biscuits and syrups and soft drinks too often. Consumption frequencies of the unhealthy in-between meals are lower in this survey compared to earlier nation-wide Swedish dietary surveys.</p><p>An examination of the parent/child pairs indicates that parent’s eating habits closely correspond to those of their children. There is no evidence of effect of parental control over the child’s food intake on consumption frequency of in-between meals. However those parents who use dessert as a bribe to encourage their child to eat more, have children who consume ice cream very often. Children who were not controlled in food intake consumed fruit and vegetables and cheese more often compared to children with parental control over food intake. This may imply that the children who are not controlled have better snack food intake and a greater preference for fruit and vegetables. Therefore it is possible to state that parental control has no positive effects on children’s food intake.</p><p>Many parents consider that healthy eating habits are no problem, yet many of them consume unhealthy food too often. Lack of time is the most reported difficulty.</p><p>Conclusions are that if eating habits in the future adult population is to be better, parent’s diet should be focus of change. Each parent needs to recognize the responsibility of him/her in the development of the child’s eating habits, partly by what is made available but most of all by the parental role model.</p>

Många människor har svårt att etablera goda matvanor trots ett ständigt informationsflöde om hur ohälsosam kost påverkar hälsan negativt. Små barn befinner sig i en beroendeställning till de vuxna som finns runt dem. Det innebär att föräldrarnas kostvanor även blir barnens. De vuxna bestämmer vad som finns hemma och vad som serveras. Denna kvantitativa studie har undersökt småbarnsfamiljers kostvanor med utgångspunkt i Livsmedelsverkets rekommendationer om mindre mättat fett, mindre socker, mer kostfiber, frukt, grönt och fisk i kosten. Med hjälp av validerade frågor bedömdes uppgifter om konsumtionsfrekvenser hos föräldrar och barn. Den sökte också svar på om barnets ätvanor liknar förälderns och om föräldrars påverkan på barnets matintag har någon betydelse för detsamma. Dessutom efterfrågades vilka hinder som kunde tänkas finnas för hälsosamma matvanor i familjen. 56 föräldrar med minst ett barn i åldern 1-6 år valde att besvara det frågeformulär som distribuerades via fem förskolor i Hagfors kommun. Resultatet visar att barns och föräldrars kostvanor kan förbättras. Majoriteten av föräldrar och barn når inte upp till Livsmedelsverkets rekommendationer. Sockerintaget är ett undantag som är i sin ordning hos föräldrarna. Bullar, kex, kakor och saft/läsk intas dock för ofta hos barnen. I jämförelse med tidigare svenska kostundersökningar kan man se att konsumtionsfrekvenserna för de ”onyttiga” livsmedlen är signifikant lägre i denna undersökning. En granskning av konsumtionsfrekvenserna hos paren förälder – barn visar tydligt att föräldrars ätvanor har betydelse för hur barnet äter. Studien finner inga tydliga samband mellan konsumtionsfrekvens av utrymmesmat och förälders påverkan på hur mycket/lite barnet ska äta. Ett undantag finns dock och det är de föräldrar som mutar sina barn med efterrätt för att få barnet att äta mer. De barnen hade en hög konsumtionsfrekvens av glass. De barn som inte påverkas har en tydligt högre konsumtionsfrekvens av frukt och grönt och ost än de barn som inte påverkas vilket kan tyda på bättre mellanmålsvanor och en större preferens för frukt och grönt. Därför kan sägas att förälders påverkan på barnets matintag inte leder till något positivt. Flera av föräldrarna anser att det inte finns några hinder för att äta hälsosamt, ändå konsumerar många för mycket av ohälsosamma livsmedel. Tidsbrist anges som det största hindret för hälsosamma matvanor. Slutsatsen är att om ätvanorna hos den framtida vuxna befolkningen dvs barnen ska bli bättre måste förebyggande satsningar riktas till föräldrar. Varje förälder måste förstå sitt eget ansvar när det gäller vilka kostvanor barnet får. Dels genom vad som görs tillgängligt men framförallt vilken förebild man ger sitt barn. / People have trouble establishing good eating habits in spite of a constant flow of information about the negative effects of unhealthy food. Young children depend on the present adults, which implies that food habits of parents become the food habits of their children. The adults have control over the food available and what meals are served. This quantitative study has carried out a dietary survey in families with young children. It is based on the National Food Administration (NFA) dietary recommendations about less saturated fat, less added sugar (sucrose), more dietary fibre and more fruit and vegetables. Validated questions were used to estimate consumption frequencies in food intake of the participating parents and children. This study also investigates whether eating habits of children reflects the eating habits of their parents. Furthermore questions were asked about what difficulties there might be to gain healthy eating habits in the family. Fifty-six parents with at least one child in the age of 1-6 chose to reply to the questionnaire distributed by five pre-schools in the district of Hagfors. The results indicate that the eating habits of both parents and children could change for the better. The majority of parents and children do not achieve the dietary recommendations. The recommended less sugar intake is an exception, which the parents achieve. The children consume buns, biscuits and syrups and soft drinks too often. Consumption frequencies of the unhealthy in-between meals are lower in this survey compared to earlier nation-wide Swedish dietary surveys. An examination of the parent/child pairs indicates that parent’s eating habits closely correspond to those of their children. There is no evidence of effect of parental control over the child’s food intake on consumption frequency of in-between meals. However those parents who use dessert as a bribe to encourage their child to eat more, have children who consume ice cream very often. Children who were not controlled in food intake consumed fruit and vegetables and cheese more often compared to children with parental control over food intake. This may imply that the children who are not controlled have better snack food intake and a greater preference for fruit and vegetables. Therefore it is possible to state that parental control has no positive effects on children’s food intake. Many parents consider that healthy eating habits are no problem, yet many of them consume unhealthy food too often. Lack of time is the most reported difficulty. Conclusions are that if eating habits in the future adult population is to be better, parent’s diet should be focus of change. Each parent needs to recognize the responsibility of him/her in the development of the child’s eating habits, partly by what is made available but most of all by the parental role model.

Cette recherche s’intéresse à la question des représentations que les enfants construisent au sujet de l’alimentation dans une perspective épistémologique constructiviste, ancrée dans les traditions de la communication et de la psychologie sociale. Notre but a été de déterminer si les représentations de l’alimentation chez les enfants pouvaient être comprises en tant que représentations sociales, et si la construction de ces représentations variait selon l’âge et selon l’appartenance socioculturelle des enfants. Pour ce faire, nous avons analysé les discours sur l’alimentation des enfants de 7 à 12 ans issus de trois contextes culturels différents. Ainsi, nous avons comparé les représentations de l’alimentation construites par des enfants nés, élevés et éduqués en Roumanie et au Québec, ainsi que celles des enfants nés (ou élevés depuis un très bas âge) au Québec, mais provenant de familles d’immigrants roumains. La méthodologie de recherche a reflété une intégration instrumentale des perspectives issues de la psychologie sociale et de la communication, en étant dérivée de la logique naturelle et des théories sur les représentations sociales. Nos résultats suggèrent que les enfants construisent des représentations sociales de l'alimentation et que ces représentations progressent en complexité, tant du point de vue cognitif que moral, suivant l'âge, en subissant des processus de constructions similaires. De plus, il existerait des influences liées à l'appartenance socioculturelle sur le contenu et sur la complexité des représentations, dans ce sens que les différences et les ressemblances entre les groups socioculturels renvoient soit à des influences culturelles, soit à des influences en lien avec l'idéologie. En fonction des résultats obtenus, nous avons proposé des stratégies communicationnelles visant à accroître l’efficacité des programmes d’éducation à la nutrition. De point de vue théorique, notre recherche contribue au raffinement de la théorie des représentations sociales et du développement de l'enfant, ainsi qu'au développement d’un nouveau regard méthodologique sur cette problématique. / This research focuses on children’s representations of food and nutrition from a constructivist epistemological perspective based on an interdisciplinary approach integrating communication and social psychology. Our goal was to determine which representations of food and nutrition could be understood as social representations, and if children’s age and cultural background interfered with the development of those representations. The subjects were children aged 7 to 12 from three different cultural backgrounds - we compared representations of food and nutrition built by children born, raised and educated in Romania and Quebec, as well as children from families of Romanian immigrants born (or raised from a very young age) in Quebec. The research methodology integrated social psychology and communication perspectives, instrumentally derived from natural logic and theories on social representations. Results suggest that children build social representations of food and nutrition, and that these representations become progressively more complex, undergoing a similar developmental process, according to children’s age, both from a cognitive and moral viewpoint. Moreover, the research highlights that socio-cultural background influences on the representations content and complexity refer either to cultural or ideological influences with regards to the differences and similarities between socio-cultural groups. Furthermore, we proposed scenarios of communication strategies aiming to increase the effectiveness of nutritional education programs. Finally, the research provides contributions to theories of social representations and child development as well as to the development of new methods for the analysis of representations.

Introdução: A educação alimentar e nutricional (EAN) é campo de prática e reflexão de diversos atores sociais envolvidos na promoção da saúde, entre eles, os serviços de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural, que se relacionam com ações de desenvolvimento local e promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável e de segurança alimentar e nutricional das populações rurais. Objetivo: Analisar percepções e práticas sobre o processo de educação alimentar e nutricional no contexto do Desenvolvimento Rural no RS. Metodologia: Artigo 1: Realizou-se análise do texto do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira, discutindo-se os temas previstos e os temas emergentes a partir da intersecção dos conceitos de promoção da saúde e de desenvolvimento rural sustentável. Artigo 2: Investigaramse normas estabelecidas nos documentos de âmbito nacional e estadual e práticas executadas pelos extensionistas rurais a partir de busca em Sistema de Registros Administrativos que continham a descrição das atividades realizadas. Os dados foram tabulados e processados por meio da estatística descritiva, com o apoio do programa Microsoft Office Excel, versão 2007, em relação à produção e análise qualitativa dos dados; investigaram-se, na periodicidade histórica, rupturas e permanências contidas no material, com apoio do software NVivo 10 for Windows. Artigo 3: Realizaram-se 18 entrevistas individuais para produção de narrativas com os diferentes atores sociais envolvidos na Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural no RS. Foi realizada a análise das narrativas a partir da perspectiva teórica e das categorias analíticas emergentes, sendo os dados interpretados, sistematizados e analisados em seu conjunto, com apoio do software NVivo 10 for Windows. Resultados: Artigo 1: Identificou 13 temas relacionados a quatro dimensões explicativas da interseção dos conceitos, os quais foram identificados a partir dos elementos constitutivos dos itens princípios e diretrizes do Guia Alimentar, dez passos para uma alimentação saudável; superação de obstáculos para realização dos dez passos. Artigo 2: Oito documentos e 212.502 atividades foram analisadas, sendo 11,13 por cento relacionadas à EAN. As normas determinaram número mínimo de atividades a serem realizadas por meio de metas estabelecidas nos contratos de serviços, em contrapartida, as práticas derivaram, majoritariamente, das demandas das famílias assessoradas ligados aos temas da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, Produção de Cuidados em Saúde, e Alimentação Adequada e Saudável. Artigo 3: A compreensão e a estrutura de significações da EAN foram visualizadas sob três eixos: reconhecimento e não reconhecimento da EAN na ATES; a EAN como um dos temas da dimensão social; a EAN como sinônimo de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional. Conclusão: Existe uma polissemia de percepções sobre a educação alimentar e nutricional e um espaço permanente de tensões entre as normas e as práticas. Existe uma orientação normativa para a promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável, principalmente na perspectiva de relação com os sistemas alimentares locais. As práticas em educação alimentar e nutricional e as percepções sobre elas se estruturam em um conjunto de valores, signos e sentidos nos quais o alimento é visto como elemento aglutinador-compreensivo de um modelo de extensão rural que é reivindicado. / Introduction: Food and nutrition education (FNE) is a field of practice and reflection of various social actors involved in health promotion, including the Technical Assistance and Rural Extension Services, which relate to local development actions and to the promotion of adequate and healthy food, as well as to food and nutrition security of rural populations. Objective: To analyze perceptions and practices about the process of food and nutrition education in the context of Rural Development in RS. Methodology: Article 1: We analyzed the text of the Food Guide for the Brazilian population, discussing the intended and the emerging themes from the intersection of the concepts of health promotion and sustainable rural development. Article 2: We investigated the rules established in the national and state level documents and practices implemented by rural extension agents from a search in Administrative Records System containing the description of activities. The data were compiled and processed through descriptive statistics, with the support of Microsoft Office Excel 2007 concerning the production and qualitative analysis; we investigated, in the historical basis, ruptures and continuities contained in the material, with the support of the software NVivo 10 for Windows. Article 3: We conducted 18 individual interviews to produce narratives with the different social actors involved in the Technical Assistance and Rural Extension in RS. The analysis of the narratives was performed from the theoretical perspective and emerging analytical categories; the data were interpreted, systematized and analyzed as a whole with the support of NVivo 10 for Windows. Results: Article 1: We identified 13 themes related to four explanatory dimensions of the intersection of the concepts, which were identified from the constituent elements of the items principles and guidelines of the Food Guide, ten steps to a healthy diet; overcoming obstacles to achieving the ten steps. Article 2: Eight documents and 212,502 activities were analyzed, being 11.13 per cent related to FNE. The rules determined minimum number of activities to be performed by goals established in service contracts, in contrast, the practices mainly come from the demands of advised families linked to the themes of Food and Nutritional Security, Care Production in Health, and Adequate and Healthy Food. Article 3: The understanding and the structure of meanings of FNE were viewed under three axes: recognition and non-recognition of FNE in TSEA; EAN as one of the themes of the social dimension; FNE as a synonym for Food and Nutrition Security. Conclusion: There is a polysemic perception about food and nutrition education and a permanent space of tensions between rules and practices. There is a normative guidance to promote adequate and healthy food, especially from the perspective of relationship with local food systems. The practices in food and nutrition education and the perceptions about them are structured in a set of values, signs and meanings in which food is seen as a unifying-understanding element of a claimed rural extension model.

Introduktion: Ohälsosamma matvanor är en av de största riskfaktorerna för ohälsa och förekommer oftare i socioekonomiskt svagare grupper. Tillgängligheten av livsmedel påverkar både vilka kostval vi gör och hur mycket vi konsumerar. Marknadsföring påverkar tillgängligheten och används för att styra konsumenternas livsmedelsval. För att främja hälsosamma val behövs stödjande miljöer med tillgängliga, prisvärda och hälsosamma livsmedel. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka hur hälsosamma livsmedelsval har samband med konsumenters upplevelser av dagligvaruhandelns bidrag till stödjande miljöer för hälsosamma livsmedelsval. Metod: En kvantitativ tvärsnittsdesign tillämpades. Datainsamlingen skedde genom webbenkät vilken länkades till informanter via sociala medier. Deskriptiv analys användes samt positiv oddskvot för att belysa det salutogena perspektivet. Ett p-värde på &lt;0,05 ansågs signifikant. Resultat: Respondenterna (n=346) var kvinnor och män över 21 år. Majoriteten var kvinnor i medelåldern, med högskole- eller universitetsexamen samt medelinkomst. Konsumenter som väljer hälsosamma livsmedel har samband med sinnesstämning, naturliga livsmedel och tillgänglighet. Slutsats: Det är viktigt att hälsofrämjande insatser riktas mot hela samhället och stärker medvetenheten om hälsosam kost. Då studien visade samband mellan konsumenters upplevelser av dagligvaruhandelns stödjande miljöer och hälsosamma livsmedelsval, bör hela livsmedelskedjan medvetandegöras om hur folkhälsan påverkas av stödjande miljöer. / Introduction: Unhealthy eating habits are one of the major risk factors för unhealth and occur more frequently in low socioeconomic areas. The availability of food affects both the dietary choices we make and how much we consume. Marketing affects accessibility and is used to guide consumers' food choices. In order to promote healthy choices, supportive environments with available, affordable and healthy foods are needed. Aim: The aim is to investigate how healthy food choices are linked to consumers' experiences of the grocery retailer's contribution to supportive environments for healthy food choices. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional design was applied. Data was collected with a web survey. Descriptive analysis applied as well as logistic regression analysis and positive odds ratio was used to illustrate the salutogenic perspective. A p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered significant. Result: The respondents (n = 346) were women and men over 21 years. The majority were middle-aged women, with a college or university degree and middle income. There is an association between consumers who choose healthy foods and mood, natural foods and availability. Conclusion: It is important that health promotion efforts are directed at the entire society and strengthen the awareness of healthy eating. As the study showed a correlation between consumers' experiences of the grocery's supportive environments and healthy food choices, the entire food supply chain should be made aware of how public health is affected by supportive environments.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo analizar el impacto de la ley de promoción de alimentación saludable sobre los consumidores de alimentos procesados en Lima Moderna. En este sentido, el primer capítulo detalla el marco teórico que sirve de base para realizar la investigación, abordando temas relevantes sobre alimentación saludable como: hábitos de consumo, sistema de etiquetado de productos procesados, tipo de octógonos y consumidores. Del mismo modo, se revisaron antecedentes de investigación y experiencias de otros países. En el segundo capítulo, se indica la metodología utilizada para desarrollar la presente investigación, así como, los instrumentos y herramientas utilizadas. Por otro lado, en el tercer capítulo, se realiza un análisis e interpretación de la información recopilada a través de las encuestas efectuadas a la muestra cuantitativa; después, en el capítulo cuatro, se discute los resultados a través de los hallazgos, barreras y brechas encontradas en el análisis de la investigación. Finalmente, en el quinto capítulo, se presentan las conclusiones y recomendaciones, producto del trabajo de investigación. / The present research work aims to analyze the impact of the law to promote healthy eating on consumers of processed foods in Modern Lima. In this sense, the first chapter details the theoretical framework that serves as the basis for carrying out the research, addressing relevant topics on healthy eating such as: consumption habits, labeling system for processed products, type of octagons and consumers. Similarly, research antecedents and experiences from other countries were reviewed. In the second chapter, the methodology used to develop this research is indicated, as well as the instruments and tools used. On the other hand, in the third chapter, an analysis and interpretation of the information collected through the surveys carried out on the quantitative sample is carried out; later, in chapter four, the results are discussed through the findings, barriers and gaps found in the research analysis. Finally, in the fifth chapter, the conclusions and recommendations, product of the research work, are presented. / Tesis

El presente trabajo de investigación (Optimeal) comprende diversos temas acerca de cómo se desarrollará la formulación e implementación de la marca de suscripción nutricional, Optimeal. Esta ofrece una variedad de platos saludables y agradables a base de los mejores ingredientes en el mercado de Lima, Perú así como la implementación de una dark kitchen. El objetivo de este proyecto es presentar a posibles inversionistas un modelo y un plan de negocio rentable y escalable, que tiene el añadido de ser sostenible. Se inició este trabajo de investigación con el proceso de ideación de la idea de negocio, dentro del cual se describe el modelo de negocio. Seguidamente, se desarrolló el proceso de validación del problema a través de experimentos. Producto de ello, se definió el segmento de clientes, así como el tamaño de mercado considerando la solución propuesta. Posteriormente, se diseñó el plan concierge por medio del cual se validan las ventas, y con ello se armó la proyección de ventas para tres años, considerando distintas variables. Tomando en cuenta los resultados de la proyección, se elaboraron los planes para el proyecto: Plan Estratégico, Plan de Operaciones, Plan de Recursos Humanos, Plan de Marketing y Plan de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial. Finalmente, la realización del Plan Financiero ha permitido conocer la factibilidad del proyecto gracias al análisis del pronóstico de ventas, costos, gastos, inversión y capital de trabajo. Así mismo, nos apoyamos en los indicadores financieros pertinentes para medir la efectividad de la administración del negocio y generar valor para los accionistas. / This research work (Optimeal) covers various topics about how the formulation and implementation of the nutritional subscription brand, Optimeal, will be developed. It offers a variety of healthy and pleasant dishes based on the best ingredients in the market in Lima, Peru, as well as the implementation of a dark kitchen. The objective of this project is to present potential investors in a profitable and scalable business model and plan, which has the added value of being sustainable. This research work began with the ideation process of the business idea, within which the business model is described. Next, the validation process of the problem was developed through experiments. As a result, the customer segment was defined, as well as the market size considering the proposed solution. Subsequently, the concierge plan was designed through which sales are validated, and with this the sales projection for three years was put together, considering different variables. Taking into account the results of the projection, the plans for the project were prepared: Strategic Plan, Operations Plan, Human Resources Plan, Marketing Plan and Corporate Social Responsibility Plan. Finally, the realization of the Financial Plan has allowed us to know the feasibility of the project thanks to the analysis of the sales forecast, costs, expenses, investment and working capital. Likewise, we rely on the relevant financial indicators to measure the effectiveness of the business administration and generate value for shareholders. / Trabajo de investigación

Se realizo un estudio cuyo propósito fue determinar el plan de negocio de comida delivery o boxes para la preparación por las necesidades de hoy en día de la población en buscar nuevas opciones saludables. Se aplicó un diseño experimental en el cual se recabó información mediante entrevistas, experimentos para validar los cuadrantes del canvas propuesto y revisión del interés de compra. Se utilizó como instrumentos la red de resultados y la bitácora de actividades para poder evaluar los informes y principales insights encontrados dentro de cada experimento realizado. Los resultados evidencian que actualmente existe una tendencia al aumento en el interés y preocupación por una alimentación saludable y balanceada, tanto para mantener un peso adecuado como preocupación por los hábitos de la sociedad actual y del contexto de la coyuntura actual. Por lo tanto, se concluye que este plan de negocio es uno de los más viables actualmente, pues las tendencias y el interés de la sociedad por buscar opciones y ayuda para desarrollar estos hábitos generan un público potencialmente atractivo para el desarrollo de la idea de negocio. / The study was carried out whose purpose was to determine the business plan for food delivery or boxes to prepare for the needs of the population today in seeking new healthy options. An experimental design was applied in which information was collected through interviews, experiments to validate the quadrants of the proposed canvas and review of the purchase interest. The results network and the activity log were used as instruments to evaluate the reports and main insights found within each experiment carried out. The results show that there is currently an increasing trend in interest and concern for a healthy and balanced diet, both to maintain an adequate weight and concern for the habits of current society and the context of the current situation. Therefore, it is concluded that this business plan is one of the most viable currently, since the trends and the interest of society to seek options and help to develop these habits generate a potentially attractive audience for the development of the business idea. / Trabajo de investigación

El trabajo investigativo sobre la elaboración de un alimento orgánico y saludable como el paté de aceitunas con frutos secos (almendras) muestra la viabilidad de la ejecución, en base al análisis realizado en Lima Metropolitana a las personas de 18 a 65 años de edad de los niveles socioeconómicos (NSE) “A” y “B”, los cuales valoran mucho las nuevas tendencias saludables que tiene una marcada preferencia hacia consumir productos funcionales. En consecuencia, nos permitió detectar diferentes comentarios dónde expresaron una aceptable valoración de nuevas alternativas de alimentos saludables. Además, se identificó que muchas personas tienen pocas alternativas en el mercado para acompañar sus alimentos durante el desayuno o meriendas, estos otros alimentos caracterizados por su gran carga calórica y niveles de azúcar, grasas o sodio; Por ello, las personas buscan alimentos alternativos que muestran y destaquen por su valor agregado al ser orgánico e incluso de interactuar con envases eco amigables, lo cual aumenta su disposición a pagar. Por último, se halló que muchas personas están empezando a tener una mejor conciencia sobre su salud debido al contexto de la pandemia generada durante el año 2019, así como adquirirlos mediante un medio seguro y de poco contacto como lo puede ofrecer los canales online caracterizada por su fácil interacción en la búsqueda de información. Para poner en marcha el proyecto se consideró analizar la industria alimentaria enfocada a: consumidores, proveedores, tendencias alimentarias, competidores, entre otros factores externos de la empresa. También, se planificó los siguientes aspectos: Plan Estratégico, Plan de operaciones, Plan de Marketing, Plan de Recursos Humanos, así como un Plan de Responsabilidad Social y un Plan Financiero necesario. Los cuales contienen información necesaria para establecer estrategias puntuales para analizar la viabilidad del proyecto. Teniendo como resultado, una inversión inicial de 38,694 soles y consiguiendo durante el primer año de operación una pérdida de 6,807 soles, pero generando utilidad de 43,526 soles y 39,556 soles para el segundo y tercer año respectivamente. / The research work on the elaboration of an organic and healthy food such as olive pate with nuts (almonds) shows the feasibility of the execution, based on the analysis carried out in Metropolitan Lima to people from 18 to 65 years of age of the socioeconomic levels (NSE) "A" and "B", which highly value the new healthy trends that have a strong preference towards consuming functional products. Consequently, it allowed us to detect different comments where they expressed an acceptable valuation of new healthy food alternatives. In addition, it was identified that many people have few alternatives in the market to accompany their food during breakfast or snacks, these other foods characterized by their high caloric load and levels of sugar, fat or sodium; therefore, people look for alternative foods that show and stand out for their added value by being organic and even interacting with eco-friendly packaging, which increases their willingness to pay. Finally, it was found that many people are beginning to have a better awareness about their health due to the context of the pandemic generated during the year 2019, as well as acquire them through a safe and low contact medium as it can offer online channels characterized by its easy interaction in the search for information. To implement the project, it was considered to analyze the food industry focused on: consumers, suppliers, food trends, competitors, among other external factors of the company. Also, the following aspects were planned: Strategic Plan, Operations Plan, Marketing Plan, Human Resources Plan, as well as a Social Responsibility Plan and a necessary Financial Plan. These contain the necessary information to establish specific strategies to analyze the viability of the project. As a result, an initial investment of 38,767 soles and achieving during the first year of operation a loss of 6,807 soles but generating a profit of 43,526 soles and 39,556 soles for the second and third year respectively. / Trabajo de investigación