Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T15:14:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alcione Rodrigo Tessaro.pdf: 1100733 bytes, checksum: 63be0e820d7b5f4c86fcab5ed0bf8617 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-21 / This research aimed to create two prototypes for general heating of aviary cutting the first prototype mounted from a heat pump air/air, and the second prototype mounted from passing an electric heater. As a specific objective to assess the energy performance of prototype 1 simulating various scenarios of temperature and air velocities of passage in its condenser, and compare this performance with the electrical efficiency of the prototype 2. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of agro-meteorological State University of West of Paraná, Cascavel Campus, a Latitude 24º 59' South, Longitude 53º 26' West and altitude of 682 m in the period june-july 2011. From the data collected in prototypes 1 and 2 were calculated their coefficient of performance and energy efficiency. The survey results showed that the coefficient of performance heat pump prototype 1 ranged from 1.22 to 2.58 as a function of temperature of -3 to 30°C in its evaporator and varying the speed of air passing through your condenser. The best efficiency achieved by the prototype 2 was 0.96. Comparing the prototype, it was found that prototype 1 consumed 54% less electricity to produce the same amount of heat that the prototype 2, considering the same conditions of temperature and air velocity of passage. In relation to its applicability poultry, it was estimated that prototype 1 is able to meet the calorific requirement and temperature of a batch of up to 396 chicks in its initial phase, while the prototype 2 supply a maximum of up to 148 chicks. To this end, it was concluded that the prototype 1 in this work, assembled from a heat pump air/air, demonstrated technically be a new alternative system for heating of poultry cut because its technology employed is energy-efficient, also achieved the characteristics of zootechnical from temperature and air velocities required in an aviary of court. / A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo geral criar dois protótipos para aquecimento de aviário de corte, o primeiro protótipo montado a partir de uma bomba de calor ar/ar, e o segundo protótipo montado a partir de um aquecedor elétrico de passagem. Como objetivo especifico avaliar o desempenho energético do protótipo 1 simulando diversas situações possíveis de temperatura ambiente e velocidades do ar de passagem em seu condensador, e comparar esse desempenho com a eficiência elétrica do protótipo 2. O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental Agro-meteorológica da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Campus de Cascavel, a uma Latitude 24º59 Sul, Longitude de 53º26 Oeste e altitude de 682 m, no período de junho a julho de 2011. A partir dos dados coletados nos protótipos 1 e 2 foram calculados os seus respectivos coeficiente de desempenho e eficiência energética. Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que o coeficiente de desempenho da bomba de calor do protótipo 1 variou de 1,22 à 2,58 em função da variação da temperatura de -3 à 30oC no seu evaporador e da variação da velocidade do ar de passagem pelo seu condensador. A melhor eficiência alcançada pelo protótipo 2 foi 0,96. Na comparação entre os protótipos, verificou-se que o protótipo 1 consumiu 54% menos energia elétrica para produzir a mesma quantidade de calor que o protótipo 2, considerando as mesmas condições de temperatura ambiente e velocidade do ar de passagem aplicada. Em relação a sua aplicabilidade avícola, estimou-se que o protótipo 1 é capaz de suprir as necessidades caloríficas e de temperatura de um lote de até 396 pintainhos, em sua fase inicial, enquanto o protótipo 2 supri um máximo de até 148 pintainhos. Para tanto, concluiu-se neste trabalho que o protótipo 1, montado a partir de uma bomba de calor ar/ar demonstrou ser tecnicamente um novo sistema alternativo no aquecimento de aviários de corte, pois sua tecnologia empregada é energeticamente eficiente, além de alcançar as características zootécnicas de temperatura e velocidades do ar exigidas em um aviário de corte.

This thesis investigates potential materials to be used in the rotary sealing industry that provide low power loss and minimize cost. The studied rotary valve utilizes slots that act as timing valves to allow for flow axially, through the seal face, at particular times within a heat pump cycle. This investigation examines various combinations of multiple PTFE materials, plastics, and soft metals that have been proven to provide low friction coefficients. Leakage and wear requirements are stated for the future use of the rotary valve and are used to determine the effectiveness of sealing the fluid while examining the power loss. In conclusion, the study finds the combination of a modified PTFE stationary ring and Aluminum Bronze rotating face to provide the lowest power loss. Numerical analysis was completed to verify the lubrication regime to be partial lubrication and was also used to investigate geometry changes and impact on the power loss.

No description available.

In this research paper, review of world geothermal energy production and their capacity is shown. Here, a research is conducted to know the potential and possibility of geothermal energy in India. All the geothermal province with their geographical locations are shown and a brief calculation is conducted in order to show the potential of the particular province. As India is having the low temperature geothermal fields, binary geothermal plants are used for this analysis and results are calculated by using R134a as a working fluid at different temperatures. The results are sufficient to prove the potential of geothermal energy in India.  Importance of Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) and power savings by its contribution over traditional heating and cooling methods is shown statistically. 9 different states of India are divided by their climatic condition, severe winter and moderate winter to calculate the heat demand in those states. Also, for the cold demands these states are considered to be same as per the climatic situation in summer. Then, comparison is done between GSHP and the traditional heating and cooling systems. The result shows the drastic power saving by using GSHP for space heating as well as cooling, over electric heater and air conditioner respectively.

<p>2008-05-26</p><p>Bedrock heat as an energy source</p><p>The sun has warmed up the bedrock and this heat can be used for warming up houses. Approximately 100 – 200 meters down in the bedrock the temperature of the heat is stable. This is a source of energy that can be used by installing a heat pump system. The ground source heat pumps are low maintenance and can last for many years. There is also a pollution risk for the groundwater and therefore the wells in the area. Before the ground source heat pump can be installed the municipality need to give permission, according to the environmental code. To install the system without permission is a crime against the environmental code. A requirement when applying for permission to install the heat pump system is to get the neighbours to agree with the place for the bore hole. The neighbour can appeal against the environmental and health authorities’ decision to give permission to install the ground source heat pump system. However there needs to be more research done regarding the environmental effects that may occur in the future, if the ground source heatpump system continues to increase as rapidly as today.</p>

<p>The aim of this master thesis project is to make an energy survey for a group</p><p>of apartments and suggestions to change the heating system from electricity to a more</p><p>efficient one. There are in total 73 flats in 21 buildings. All flats are separated in several</p><p>houses from two to five flats in one building. There are two different kinds of flats. One</p><p>with three rooms in one floor, in the following referred to as ‘flat A’ and the other one</p><p>with four rooms in two floors, in the following referred to as ‘flat B’. [1]</p><p>In the area there are also two buildings for the commonalty. In these buildings there are a</p><p>shelter and several common rooms like a storage and a laundry. In our work these two</p><p>buildings are not included because they are used by everyone inside the community and</p><p>we could not obtain exact values for the used electricity and the water consumption. So</p><p>our work is specialised only on the residential houses.</p><p>The first part of this thesis contains the energy balance for the different kinds of flats to</p><p>see how much energy they consume for heating and hot tap water. To get theses values</p><p>we have to analyse the total energy flow into one flat and compare it with the energy</p><p>which is used because of transmission losses, ventilation losses, hot tap water, electricity</p><p>for the household and natural ventilation and infiltration.</p><p>The total energy consumption for flat A is about 19000 kWh per year and in flat B about</p><p>23200 kWh per year. But the electricity which is used and has to be bought is about</p><p>15600 kWh per year in flat A flat and 17600 kWh in flat B. The rest of the energy is from</p><p>so called free heat caused by solar radiation and internal heat generation. [1]</p><p>These numbers for the electricity need in one year create annual costs of about</p><p>20000 SEK in flat A and 22500 SEK in flat B. To reduce these costs it is necessary to</p><p>know where this energy goes and for what it is used.</p><p>The important parts of the energy balance for this thesis are the transmission losses, the</p><p>losses caused by natural ventilation and infiltration and the used energy for hot tap water.</p><p>The losses caused by mechanical ventilation have also a significant value, but they would</p><p>only affect the new heating system if the ventilation system would be connected to the</p><p>new system. And the electricity used in the household for electrical devices can only be</p><p>changed by the consumer himself. The part which is affecting the energy costs for the</p><p>transmission and natural ventilation losses and the hot tap water sums up to 9240 kWh per</p><p>year in flat A and flat B. This causes costs of about 10000 SEK per year.</p><p>To reduce these costs it is necessary to change the actual heating system. In the following</p><p>we analyse the saving potentials with a change to an air-water heat pump or with a</p><p>connection to the local district heating network.</p><p>The costs which can be saved with the installation of a heat pump sum up to about</p><p>7000 SEK per year. The installation costs are about 100000 SEK to 125000 SEK</p><p>depending on the different proposed models. If you consider that the existing electrical</p><p>boiler has to be changed anyway in the next years the investment costs for the</p><p>combination with a heat pump decreases. The payback time is then between 9½ and</p><p>13½ years. With assumed increasing electricity prices of 5 % each year the payback time</p><p>decreases to 8½ to 11 years.</p><p>With a connection of each flat to the local district heating network the energy costs for</p><p>heating and hot tap water decreases to 3200 SEK per year. Although the price per kWh for</p><p>district heating is much lower than for electricity the costs are not decreasing a lot</p><p>because of a high annual fixed fee of 7100 SEK. The saved money per year sums up to</p><p>300 SEK and 1000 SEK depending on the electricity contract. The payback time for this</p><p>alternative is between 50 and up to 160 years.</p><p>An alternative to the exchange of the heating and hot water system is to change the actual</p><p>heat exchanger of the ventilation system. With this measure the energy consumption can</p><p>be reduced with less investment costs. The investment costs for a new heat exchanger are</p><p>about 35000 SEK, including a new exhaust hood from the kitchen outwards to reduce the</p><p>contamination of the filters in the heat exchanger. [1]</p><p>The payback time ranges from 13 years in flat A to 21 years in flat B.</p>

2008-05-26 Bedrock heat as an energy source The sun has warmed up the bedrock and this heat can be used for warming up houses. Approximately 100 – 200 meters down in the bedrock the temperature of the heat is stable. This is a source of energy that can be used by installing a heat pump system. The ground source heat pumps are low maintenance and can last for many years. There is also a pollution risk for the groundwater and therefore the wells in the area. Before the ground source heat pump can be installed the municipality need to give permission, according to the environmental code. To install the system without permission is a crime against the environmental code. A requirement when applying for permission to install the heat pump system is to get the neighbours to agree with the place for the bore hole. The neighbour can appeal against the environmental and health authorities’ decision to give permission to install the ground source heat pump system. However there needs to be more research done regarding the environmental effects that may occur in the future, if the ground source heatpump system continues to increase as rapidly as today.

The Achilles heel of the heat pump technology has for long been the low efficiency occurring during domestic hot water production. The problem is the high condensation pressure needed to reach high temperatures. To produce domestic hot water, the system need to deliver a supply temperature of about 60 °C, to be compared with a supply temperature of around 30-50 °C when heat is delivered to a radiator circuit. This drawback has for long held the heat pump technology back and instead gave room for alternative technologies on the market, like district heating.The Energy Machine is a heat pump system developed to bypass the poor efficiency during domestic hot water heating. The technology is based on the use of two heat pumps working together. The main heat pump delivers heat to the heating system, as usual, whilst the second smaller heat pump heats the domestic hot water. As the second heat pump is fed with reject heat from a subcooler in the main heat pump, it can operate at high efficiency, even when producing domestic hot water.The aim of this master thesis has been to investigate how the performance of the Energy Machine differs from that of a conventional heat pump system. In order to do so, models describing the two systems have been designed using MATLAB, Simulink. Simulations have then been performed to investigate how the two systems perform on an annual basis.The results of the simulations show that the Energy Machine performs much better than the conventional systems at most operating conditions, especially during domestic hot water heating. The annual COP- factor of the Energy Machine has proven to be 33,5 % higher than that of a conventional heat pump system. / Värmepumpsteknikens akilleshäl har sedan lång tid tillbaka varit den låga verkningsgraden som uppstår vid tappvarmvattenproduktion. Problemet är att det krävs mycket högt kondenseringstryck för att uppnå den höga framledningstemperatur som efterfrågas vid tappvarmvattenproduktion. Normalt krävs en temperatur omkring 60 °C vid tappvarmvattenproduktion, att jämföras med 30-50 °C då värme levereras ut på en radiatorkrets. Detta problem har länge hållt värmepumpstekninken tillbaka och istället givit utrymme för alternativ teknik på marknaden, såsom fjärrvärme.Energimaskinen, eller Energy Machine, är ett värmepumpssystem utvecklat för att kringgå problemet med den låga verkningsgraden vid tappvarmvattenproduktion. Tekniken bygger på två värmepumpar som arbetar tillsammans. En basmaskin används för att leverera värme ut på värmesystemet, medan en mindre värmepump används för att producera tappvarmvatten. Den mindre värmepumpen matas med värme från en underkylare i basmaskinen, vilket ger hög förångningstemperatur och därmed hög COP faktor, även vid tappvarmvattenproduktion.Målet med projektet har varit att jämföra prestandan hos en Energy Machine med ett konventionellt värmepumpssystem. För att kunna göra dettta har två modeller designats, en modell som beskriver en Energy Machine och en modell som beskriver ett konventionellt värmepumpssystem. Modellerna gjordes i MATLAB, Simulink, och simuleringar utfördes varpå resultaten tolkades och jämfördes.Resultaten från simuleringarna visar att en Energy Machine presterar mycket bättre än ett konventionellt värmepumpssystem i de allra flesta driftfallen , men särskilt vid tappvarmvattenproduktion. Simuleringarna visar att COP- faktorn på årsbasis för en Energy Machine är 33,5 % högre än den för ett konventionellt värmepumpssystem.

This master thesis presents a new technological combination of two environmentally friendly sources of energy in order to provide DHW, and space heating. Solar energy is used for space heating, and DHW production using PV modules which supply direct current directly to electrical heating elements inside a water storage tank. On the other hand a GSHP system as another source of renewable energy provides heat in the water storage tank of the system in order to provide DHW and space heating. These two sources of renewable energy have been combined in this case-study in order to obtain a more efficient system, which will reduce the amount of electricity consumed by the GSHP system.The key aim of this study is to make simulations, and calculations of the amount ofelectrical energy that can be expected to be produced by a certain amount of PV modules that are already assembled on a house in Vantaa, southern Finland. This energy is then intended to be used as a complement to produce hot water in the heating system of the house beside the original GSHP system. Thus the amount of electrical energy purchased from the grid should be reduced and the compressor in the GSHP would need fewer starts which would reduce the heating cost of the GSHP system for space heating and providing hot water.The produced energy by the PV arrays in three different circuits will be charged directly to three electrical heating elements in the water storage tank of the existing system to satisfy the demand of the heating elements. The excess energy can be used to heat the water in the water storage tank to some extent which leads to a reduction of electricity consumption by the different components of the GSHP system.To increase the efficiency of the existing hybrid system, optimization of different PV configurations have been accomplished, and the results are compared. Optimization of the arrays in southern and western walls shows a DC power increase of 298 kWh/year compared with the existing PV configurations. Comparing the results from the optimization of the arrays on the western roof if the intention is to feed AC power to the components of the GSHP system shows a yearly AC power production of 1,646 kWh.This is with the consideration of no overproduction by the PV modules during the summer months. This means the optimized PV systems will be able to cover a larger part of summer demand compared with the existing system.

The aim of this master thesis project is to make an energy survey for a group of apartments and suggestions to change the heating system from electricity to a more efficient one. There are in total 73 flats in 21 buildings. All flats are separated in several houses from two to five flats in one building. There are two different kinds of flats. One with three rooms in one floor, in the following referred to as ‘flat A’ and the other one with four rooms in two floors, in the following referred to as ‘flat B’. [1] In the area there are also two buildings for the commonalty. In these buildings there are a shelter and several common rooms like a storage and a laundry. In our work these two buildings are not included because they are used by everyone inside the community and we could not obtain exact values for the used electricity and the water consumption. So our work is specialised only on the residential houses. The first part of this thesis contains the energy balance for the different kinds of flats to see how much energy they consume for heating and hot tap water. To get theses values we have to analyse the total energy flow into one flat and compare it with the energy which is used because of transmission losses, ventilation losses, hot tap water, electricity for the household and natural ventilation and infiltration. The total energy consumption for flat A is about 19000 kWh per year and in flat B about 23200 kWh per year. But the electricity which is used and has to be bought is about 15600 kWh per year in flat A flat and 17600 kWh in flat B. The rest of the energy is from so called free heat caused by solar radiation and internal heat generation. [1] These numbers for the electricity need in one year create annual costs of about 20000 SEK in flat A and 22500 SEK in flat B. To reduce these costs it is necessary to know where this energy goes and for what it is used. The important parts of the energy balance for this thesis are the transmission losses, the losses caused by natural ventilation and infiltration and the used energy for hot tap water. The losses caused by mechanical ventilation have also a significant value, but they would only affect the new heating system if the ventilation system would be connected to the new system. And the electricity used in the household for electrical devices can only be changed by the consumer himself. The part which is affecting the energy costs for the transmission and natural ventilation losses and the hot tap water sums up to 9240 kWh per year in flat A and flat B. This causes costs of about 10000 SEK per year. To reduce these costs it is necessary to change the actual heating system. In the following we analyse the saving potentials with a change to an air-water heat pump or with a connection to the local district heating network. The costs which can be saved with the installation of a heat pump sum up to about 7000 SEK per year. The installation costs are about 100000 SEK to 125000 SEK depending on the different proposed models. If you consider that the existing electrical boiler has to be changed anyway in the next years the investment costs for the combination with a heat pump decreases. The payback time is then between 9½ and 13½ years. With assumed increasing electricity prices of 5 % each year the payback time decreases to 8½ to 11 years. With a connection of each flat to the local district heating network the energy costs for heating and hot tap water decreases to 3200 SEK per year. Although the price per kWh for district heating is much lower than for electricity the costs are not decreasing a lot because of a high annual fixed fee of 7100 SEK. The saved money per year sums up to 300 SEK and 1000 SEK depending on the electricity contract. The payback time for this alternative is between 50 and up to 160 years. An alternative to the exchange of the heating and hot water system is to change the actual heat exchanger of the ventilation system. With this measure the energy consumption can be reduced with less investment costs. The investment costs for a new heat exchanger are about 35000 SEK, including a new exhaust hood from the kitchen outwards to reduce the contamination of the filters in the heat exchanger. [1] The payback time ranges from 13 years in flat A to 21 years in flat B.