Dagens konkurrenskraftiga företagsvärld ställer höga krav på organisationers effektivitet i många processer. Automatisering av arbetsuppgifter är nödvändigt för att uppfylla det behov av frekvent uppdaterad data som idag är ett faktum. Organisationers processer blir därför allt mer komplexa och automatiserade transaktioner, big data och realtidsapplikationer blir allt vanligare. Traditionell informationsteknologi (IT) även kallat heavyweight IT, räcker inte längre till för att hantera den konstant ökande komplexiteten i olika processer. Användandet av lightweight IT så som personliga applikationer, plattformar och enheter i arbetet är istället trenden som vuxit fram för att ge användare det stöd som krävs. Ett exempel på lightweight IT är Robotic Process Automation (RPA). RPA är ett nytt fenomen som endast interagerar med övriga system snarare än att integreras. Implementering av denna typ av IT innebär utmaningar för organisationer då sådana projekt inte kan behandlas som traditionella systemimplementationer. I denna studie har kvalitativa undersökningsmetoder använts där två projekt har studerats med hjälp av intervjuer. Syftet med denna studien är att kartlägga samspelet mellan RPA och organisationers övriga system för att identifiera de utmaningar som medförs av det delade synsättet på interaktion och integration. Genom litteraturstudien kunde tre huvudsakliga skillnader mellan interaktion och integration identifieras där utmaningar kan uppstå vilka kunde ligga till grund för den empiriska undersökningen. Slutsatsen innehåller sedan tre riktlinjer för hur organisationer kan hantera de identifierade utmaningarna. Riktlinjerna riktas till både beställare och konsultanter av RPA. / Today’s competitive world of companies set high demands on the efficiency of organizations processes. Automatization of tasks is necessary to fulfill the need of frequently updated data that exists in today’s society. The processes of organizations therefore become more and more complex and automatic transactions, big data, and reality-time-applications are becoming more common. Traditional information technology (IT) also referred to as heavyweight IT is no longer enough for organizations to handle the constantly growing complexity in different processes. Instead the use of lightweight IT such as applications, platforms and mobile devices for work purposes is trending to give employees the support they need. An example of lightweight IT is Robotic Process Automation (RPA). RPA is a new phenomenon that merely interacts with other systems rather than integrate. The implementation of this new type of IT means new challenges for organizations when these projects cannot be treated as traditional system implementations. The study applies qualitative survey techniques where two projects have been investigated through interviews. The purpose of this study is to map out the interplay between RPA and the organizations other systems to identify the challenges caused by the divided views on interaction and integration. Based on the literature review we identified three main differences between interaction and integration where challenges can arise. These challenges created base for the empirical study. The conclusion then contains three guidelines that can help organizations handle the identified challenges. The guidelines are addressed to both buyers and consultants of RPA.

Idag tar allt fler verksamheter egna initiativ till att driva en lättare typ av teknik för att på ett snabbare och effektivare sätt kunna uppfylla sina behov. Ett populärt exempel på en sådan teknologi är Robotic Process Automation (RPA) som används i verksamheter för att automatisera processer. Det som skiljer RPA från mer traditionella tekniker är att robotiseringsmjukvaran interagerar med användargränssnittet på samma sätt som en människa gör. Detta innebär att RPA inte är beroende av programmeringskunskaper och därmed kan hanteras av verksamheten själva, utanför IT-avdelningar. Detta utmanar strategic alignment som haft stor betydelse för hur organisationer bygger ett strategiskt sätt att arbeta med IT i verksamheten för att stödja affärsprocesser. Denna studie ämnar därför att undersöka hur relationen mellan IT-avdelningen och verksamheten påverkas genom att RPA införs i en organisation. Studien har utgått från en kvalitativ forskningsansats på tre olika organisationer. Resultatet visade att relationen mellan IT-avdelningen och verksamheten påverkas genom organisatoriska förändringar som sker när RPA införs i verksamheten där en ny avdelning uppkommer, RPA-avdelningen. Resultatet visade att det inte finns en tydlig uppdelning mellan IT-avdelningen och verksamheten, vilket gör att organisationer behöver hitta nya sätt att samarbeta och upprätthålla relationer på. / More businesses are taking their own initiative to drive a lightweight type of technology in order to be able to fulfill their needs in a faster and more efficient way. A popular example of such a technology is Robotic Process Automation (RPA) used in organization to automate processes. What distinguishes RPA from more traditional techniques is that the robotisation software interacts with the user interface in the same way as a human being does. This means that RPA is not dependent on programming skills and can be managed by the business itself, outside the IT-function. This challenges Strategic alignment, which has been of importance to how organizations built a strategic way of working with IT in the organization to support business processes. This study therefore aims to investigate how the relationship between the IT-function and the business is affected by the introduction of RPA in an organization. The study was based on a qualitative research approach at three different companies. The result showed that the relationship between the IT-function and business is affected by organizational changes that take place when RPA technology is introduced into the business where a new department arises, the RPA-function. The result showed that there is no clear division between the IT department and the business, which means that organizations need to find new ways to cooperate and establish relationships.

Innovating with digital technologies is becoming increasingly necessary as firms seek to remain competitive. Previous scholarship has showed how digital innovation can be managed to be competitive and gain value creation internally. However, the use of diverse digital resources in creating novel services has shaped an opportunity for research in Digital service innovation (DSI). To date, DSI have started to spread in Information System research. However, to understand DSI and its associated value creation dynamics – the relations between internal and external IT-based value creation are unreported. Therefore, in drawing on a qualitative case study of construction firm’s use of DSI capabilities through a Web-based 3D Configurator. This thesis aims to understand its role and dynamics between internal and external IT-based value creation. The results illustrate the role of the Web-based 3D configurator as a fundamental means for delivering both internal and external values. Contrasting previous research, the findings reveal how the firm first needed to achieve external IT-based value creation before internal IT-based values could be realized. This findings contributes to a deeper understanding of DSI and its value creation dynamics, which in the future can be a starting point for creation of new frameworks in managing DSI.

Den kraftfulla vågen av digitalisering är idag en prioriterad fråga hos regering, myndigheter, offentliga förvaltningar, företag och privatpersoner samt har inspirerat till att ett nytt sätt att tänka inom informationsteknologin växt fram: IT Consumerization. Med IT Consumerization menas den IT som utvecklas för konsumentmarknaden men vars produkter därpå flyter över till företag och statliga organisationer genom dess användare. Som ett resultat av fenomenet har nya trender, som Internet of Things, Bring Your Own Device, sensorer och appar vuxit fram. Trenderna har samlats under paraplybegreppet “Lättvikts-IT” vilket symboliserar den innovativa explosionen av konsumentorienterade produkter på marknaden som ofta är flexiblare, snabbare och billigare att utveckla. Trenden har stor inverkan på hur IT används i organisationer idag. Utvecklingen påverkar inte bara privatpersoner eller företag utan även den offentliga förvaltningen, som till skillnad från de två första är tungt regelstyrd och saknar samma frihet som den privata sektorn. Därför ämnar denna studie till att undersöka hur Lättvikts-IT påverkar de svenska offentliga förvaltningarna och öka förståelsen för hur verksamheterna förändras till följd av trenden, samt hur deras IT-avdelningar hanterar både trenden och de lagar och regelverk som påverkar dem själva och Lättvikts-IT.Studien grundas i tidigare forskning inom digitalisering, IT Consumerization, Lättvikts-IT, offentliga förvaltningar och IT-avdelningar. Författarna har valt att genomföra semi-strukturerade intervjuer med personer som arbetar med IT inom den offentliga förvaltningen. Detta för att sätta Lättvikts-IT och den offentliga förvaltningen i samma kontext. Därefter har insamlad empiri analyserats i ett försök att skapa en bild av hur förvaltningarna ser på utvecklingen och hur de har bemött den. Studiens slutsats visar på att Lättvikts-IT har gett sig i uttryck i de offentliga förvaltningarna genom det växande införandet och användningen av applikationer och mobila enheter samt en önskan att använda molntjänster. Dock står trenden många gånger i konflikt med de lagar och regelverk som är uppsatta och att detta skapar en frustration hos IT-avdelningarna men också hos användarna som önskar nya och flexibla sätt att utföra sitt arbete. Samtidigt visar studiens resultat på att införandet av Lättvikts-IT har gjort hanteringen av IT-säkerhet mer komplex och att IT-avdelningen inte längre har kontroll över varken hårdvara eller mjukvara inom förvaltningarna, vilket ligger till grund för stor frustration. Förvånande nog omfamnar de offentliga förvaltningarnas IT-avdelningar lättvikts trenden. / Prioritized by the government, authorities, public administrations, businesses and citizens, the powerful wave of digitalization has inspired the emergence of a new way of thinking about information technology: IT Consumerization. IT Consumerization refers to the IT developed for the consumer market but whose products pour over to companies and governments through its users. As a result of the phenomenon new trends, such as Internet of Things, Bring Your Own Device, sensors and apps, has emerged. These trends have been gathered under the umbrella term “Lightweight IT” which symbolizes the innovative explosion of consumer-oriented products on the market that are usually more flexible, faster and cheaper to develop. The trend has had a major impact on how IT is used in organizations today. The expansion does not only affect citizens and companies but also the public administration, which unlike the first two, are heavily ruled by regulations and lack the freedom of the private sector. Therefore, the intention of this study is to examine how Lightweight IT affects the Swedish public administration and how they change as a result of the trend, but also how their IT departments manage both trends and the laws and regulations affecting them and Lightweight IT.The study has been founded by previous research within digitalization, IT Consumerization, Lightweight IT, public administration and IT departments. Following the theoretical framework, semi-structured interviews with employees working with IT within the public administrations was conducted in order to put theory into practice. Additionally, collected empirical data was analyzed in an attempt to understand how the administration themselves perceives the development and how they have chosen to respond to it. The study concludes that the effects of Lightweight IT can be seen by the growing adoption and use of applications and mobile devices in the public administration, as well as the desire to use cloud services. However, the trend frequently appears to be in conflict with established laws and regulations thus creating annoyance both among employees of IT departments but also among users wanting to conduct their work in new and flexible ways. The result of the study show that the introduction of Lightweight IT has made the management of IT security more complex and that IT departments can no longer exercise control of either hardware or software in the administrations, thus causing much frustration. Curiously enough, the trend seems to be embraced by the public administrations' IT departments.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:06:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6500.pdf: 5345644 bytes, checksum: e886844b4ba61e58d704a8babf113721 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-21 / Maintaining legacy systems is a complex and expensive activity for many companies. A recently proposal to solve this problem is Architecture-Driven Modernization (ADM), proposed by Object Management Group (OMG). The ADM consists of a set of concepts and standard metamodels that support systems modernization using models. The Knowledge Discovery Metamodel (KDM) is the main metamodel of ADM, it can represent many artifacts of a legacy system, such as source code, architecture, user interface, configuration files and business process. In general, legacy systems have crosscutting concerns, it can show source code problems like tangling and scattering, and it raises the maintenance costs. The aspect orientation is an alternative to improve crosscutting concerns modularization. Thus, in this dissertation is presented the term Aspect Oriented Modernization that uses the aspect oriented concepts in the ADM context. This modernization process consists in modularize legacy systems with aspects represented in model level. To achieve this goal, in this work were performed a lightweight and a heavyweight extension in the KDM metamodel, to analyze which one would present a better performance if used by Modernization Engineers. The evaluation of these extensions was performed by a case study that considered the modernization with aspects of a small-sized system. To evaluate the case study in both extensions, a set of comparison criteria were created to support the software engineers in choosing the best extension mechanism, according to their needs. In the context of this dissertation an experimental study were developed that aimed reproducing the scenarios that the modernization engineers had to perform maintenances and developing new refactorings in a aspect oriented KDM model. The experiment data considered the development time of the activities and the found number of errors. Finally, it was noticed that the extension mechanism to be choose will depend on the context that it will be applied, however, considering the approach studied here the best extension mechanism is the heavyweight one. / Manter sistemas legados é uma atividade complexa e onerosa para muitas empresas. Uma proposta recente para esse problema é a Modernização Dirigida à Arquitetura (Architecture-Driven Modernization - ADM), proposta pela OMG (Object Management Group). A ADM consiste em um conjunto de princípios e metamodelos padrões que apoiam a modernização de sistemas utilizando modelos. O Knowledge Discovery Metamodel (KDM) é o principal metamodelo da ADM, podendo representar diversos artefatos de um sistema, como código-fonte, arquitetura, interface de usuário, arquivos de configuração e processos de negócio. Em geral, sistemas legados possuem interesses transversais, apresentando problemas de entrelaçamento e espalhamento de código, o que eleva os custos de manutenção. A orientação a aspectos é uma alternativa para melhorar a modularização de interesses transversais. Mediante isso, neste trabalho é apresentado o termo Modernização Orientada a Aspectos que utiliza os conceitos da orientação a aspectos na ADM. Essa modernização consiste em remodularizar sistemas legados utilizando aspectos representados em nível de modelo. Para atingir esse objetivo, foi realizada uma extensão leve e outra pesada do metamodelo KDM, para analisar em qual das duas o desempenho dos engenheiros de modernização seria melhor. Para fazer a avaliação das extensões, foi realizado um estudo de caso levando em consideração a modernização com aspectos em um sistema de pequeno porte. Com o objetivo de avaliar o estudo de caso usando as duas extensões, foram desenvolvidos critérios de comparação que auxiliassem os engenheiros de software a escolher qual dos dois mecanismos de extensão utilizar em seu projeto. Foi feito também um estudo experimental que buscou reproduzir os cenários em que engenheiros de modernização tivessem que realizar manutenções e desenvolver novas refatorações em um modelo KDM orientado a aspectos. Os dados do experimento foram avaliados em relação ao tempo de desenvolvimento das atividades e quantidade de erros encontrados. Por fim, percebeu-se que o mecanismo de extensão a ser utilizado vai depender do contexto em que ele será aplicado, mas, para o domínio aqui estudado a extensão que melhor atendeu aos requisitos foi a pesada.

In recent years we may observe a growth in construction of passive houses and low energy houses using lightweight constructions such as modern wooden houses. It is assumed that wooden houses keep overheating more comparing to brick houses during summer period. Due to the lack of research in this field the paper investigates the influence of internal thermal storage mass in passive houses constructions on their summer thermal stability under the Czech climatic conditions. Only sensible heat accumulation without a usage of phase change materials is examined. Differences between wooden houses comparing to brick-built houses are emphasized. Objects of research are mostly residential passive houses in low energy building standards. However, the results of research might be applied to different types of buildings as well. The first section outlines theoretical fundamentals. For the research itself various scientific research methods were used, such as basic mathematical calculations, experimental temperature measurement of two buildings (detached house in Dubňany and in Moravany) and numerical simulations. Own tribute to the research was first of all discussion on the topic of thermal accumulation and structures heat capacity calculation. Experimental measurements outlined conclusive evidence about the importance of internal thermal storage mass in respect of interior summer overheating. The research confirmed that the highest interior temperature reached is mostly influenced by solar gains through unshaded windows. However, the influence of internal thermal storage mass is not remote. If we compare standard timber-framed wooden house to the hole ceramic bricks-built house, the wooden house will overheat by 0,5°C more during a standard day. Wider spread in the maximum temperature reached was measured for lightweight consturctions wooden houses without any internal thermal storage mass. Therefore, such structures should have an additional layer of thermal storage mass.