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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Propriedades Vibracionais do DipeptÃdeo L-Alanil-Alanina submetido a deformaÃÃes homogÃneas. / Vibrational properties of the dipeptide L-Alanyl-Alanine submitted to homogeneous deformation.

Josà GlÃucio da Silva 21 December 2015 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / O cristal dipeptÃdeo L-Alanil-L-alanina (Ala-Ala) foi estudado atravÃs da tÃcnica de espalhamento Raman polarizado submetido a deformaÃÃes homogÃneas. Os cristais foram crescidos pela tÃcnica de evaporaÃÃo lenta a partir de uma soluÃÃo aquosa supersaturada do pà do cristal. Medidas de raios-x foram realizadas para confirmar a estrutura cristalina do cristal. Foram realizadas medidas de espalhamento Raman polarizado a temperatura ambiente, bem como anÃlise da teoria de grupos para o grupo fator C4 juntamente com uma classificaÃÃo exploratÃria dos modos normais de vibraÃÃo do cristal. As medidas de espalhamento Raman foram realizadas em baixas temperaturas, entre 300 K e 11 K e 11 K e 300 K, e altas temperaturas, entre 300 K e 520 K e 520 K e 300 K, na regiÃo espectral de 50 a 3300 cm-1. Da anÃlise dos resultados das medidas de baixas temperaturas foi possÃvel concluir que o cristal exibe uma transiÃÃo de fase de segunda ordem, entre 80 e 60 K, passando continuamente da estrutura tetragonal com grupo fator C4 para uma estrutura monoclÃnica com grupo fator C2 mantendo o mesmo nÃmero de molÃculas na cÃlula primitiva. O mecanismo proposto para explicar a transiÃÃo de fase à a ocupaÃÃo de sÃtios de simetria C1 nÃo equivalentes pelos Ãons moleculares CH3 numa estrutura monoclÃnica pertencente ao grupo fator C2. O cristal manteve-se estÃvel em todo o intervalo de alta temperatura estudado. Nestas experiÃncias foram observadas apenas mudanÃas quantitativas nas frequÃncias e larguras de linha dos modos Raman estudados, que à normal para qualquer material submetido a variaÃÃes de temperaturas da ordem de 220 K. Medidas de espalhamento polarizado no cristal de Ala â Ala no intervalo de pressÃo entre 0,1 GPa e 6,3 GPa, na compressÃo, e de 6,3 GPa e 0,1 GPa, na descompressÃo, na regiÃo espectral de 100 cm-1 a 3400 cm-1 mostraram dois intervalos de pressÃo em que ocorrem diversas mudanÃas qualitativas; o primeiro entre 1,7 GPa e 2,3 GPa e o segundo entre 4,5 GPa e 4,9 GPa. Entre 1,7 GPa e 2,3 GPa foram observadas mudanÃas qualitativas significantes na regiÃo dos modos externos, tais como, o desaparecimento de um modo da rede em torno de 130 cm-1 e o comportamento anÃmalo de outro modo da rede em torno de 110 cm-1 para pressÃo de 1,7 GPa. Estas mudanÃas qualitativas sugerem que o cristal exibe uma transiÃÃo de fase estrutural de segunda ordem. As outras regiÃes do espectro Raman do cristal apresentaram diversas mudanÃas qualitativas continuas no comportamento dos modos Raman das unidades que participam diretamente das pontes de hidrogÃnio, indicando que o cristal apresenta reorientaÃÃes espaciais dos grupos moleculares CO2, CH3 e NH3. Estas mudanÃas qualitativas caracterizam uma transiÃÃo de fase estrutural de segunda ordem. As principais mudanÃas qualitativas observadas entre 4,5 GPa e 5,2 GPa sÃo o desaparecimento dos modos externos e, quantitativamente, um grande aumento na largura de linha dos modos Raman indicando que o cristal exibe uma desordem na estrutura cristalina durante a transiÃÃo de fase de altas pressÃes, possivelmente uma amorfizaÃÃo. Na descompressÃo da amostra os espectros Raman sÃo quase que totalmente recuperados na sua forma inicial indicando que o cristal apresenta transiÃÃes de fase reversÃveis. / The dipeptide L-Alanyl â L-Alanine crystal was studied through polarized Raman scattering submitted to homogeneous deformations. The crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique from an aqueous supersaturated solution of the crystal powder. Rays-x diffractions measurements were realized to confirm a crystalline structure of the crystal. Polarized Raman scattering measurements were performed at room temperature, as well as the analysis of the group theory to the C4 factor group and a tentative assignment of the vibrational modes of crystal. Raman scattering measurements in the crystals as a function of temperature were realized between two intervals of temperature: first, at low temperature between 300 K and 11 K e 11 K and 300 K, and second, at high temperature between 300 K e 520 K and 520 K e 300 K, in the spectral range of 50 cm-1 to 3400 cm-1. From the results of low temperature measurements, it was possible to conclude that the crystal undergoes a second-order phase transition between 80 K and 60 K, from a tetragonal structure with C4 factor group to a monoclinic structure with C2 factor group, maintaining the same number of the molecules per primitive cell. The suggested mechanism to explain the phase transition is the occupation of non-equivalent sites by CH3 molecular groups present at Ala-Ala molecule. On the other hand, the crystal remained stable in the high temperature range studied, and the changes observed in the Raman spectra showed no evidence that the Ala-Ala crystal undergone phase transition or changes in molecule conformation. In those experiments were observed only quantitative changes in frequency and widths of the Raman modes, which are normal for any material subjected to variations in temperatures around 220 K. Raman scattering measurements in the crystals as a function of pressure in the pressure range between 0,1 GPa and 6,3 GPa, in compression and of 6,3 GPa and 0,1 GPa, in decompression, in the spectral region between 100 cm-1 and 3400 cm-1 showed two ranges where several qualitative changes occurred; the first, in low pressure interval between 1.7 GPa and 2.3 GPa and the second, at high pressure interval, between 4.5 GPa and 4.9 GPa. Between 1.7 GPa and 2.3 GPa, it was observed qualitative changes as well as the disappearance of an external mode around of 130 cm-1 and the anomalous behavior of other external mode around of 110 cm-1 for pressures of the order of 1,7 GPa. These qualitative changes suggest that the crystal exhibits a second order structural phase transition. Qualitative changes also were observed in others regions of the Raman spectrum through of special reorientation of the molecular groups CO2, CH3 and NH3. These qualitative changes characterize a structural second order phase transition. The mains qualitative changes observed between 4,5 GPa and 5,2 GPa were the disappearance of the external modes and the an large increasing of the width of the Raman modes, suggesting that the crystal exhibits a structural disorder in the crystalline structure when undergoes a phase transition for high pressures, possibly a amorphization. When performing decompression of the sample, the Raman spectrum returns to its initial form relative to pressure of 0,1 GPa indicating reversibility of phase transitions.
32

Medidas de espectroscopia raman em cristais de dl-valina a altas pressÃes. / Raman spectroscopy measurements of DL-valine crystals at high pressures

Fellipe dos Santos Campelo Rego 28 January 2015 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Neste trabalho, apresentamos um estudo de espalhamento Raman em cristais de DL-valina (C5H11NO2) à temperatura ambiente e sob condiÃÃes de altas pressÃes hidrostÃticas, no intervalo espectral de 40 cm-1 a 3200 cm-1. Baseando-se em estudos anteriores sobre espectroscopia Raman em cristais de DL-valina e de outros aminoÃcidos, tais como, L-valina, L-isoleucina e L-asparagina, propusemos uma classificaÃÃo das bandas em diversos modos de vibraÃÃo. Os espectros obtidos, por espectroscopia Raman, em funÃÃo da pressÃo sugerem que a DL-valina sofreu duas transiÃÃes de fase estruturais atà 19,4 GPa. A primeira transiÃÃo de fase entre 1,4 GPa e 1,8 GPa onde foi observado o desaparecimento de trÃs modos, um modo de rede e dois modos internos classificados como rocking do NH3+, r(NH3+), e estiramento simÃtrico do CH3, vs (CH3). A segunda transiÃÃo de fase entre 7,8 GPa e 8,8 GPa, onde foi observado o desdobramento de um modo de rede, o desaparecimento de um modo interno associado a uma deformaÃÃo do esqueleto da molÃcula, d(esq) e a divisÃo de um modo designado como estiramento do CH2, v(CH2). / In this work, we present a study of the Raman scattering of DL-valine crystals (C5H11NO2) at room temperature under high hydrostatic pressures conditions using the spectral range of 40-3200 cm-1. Based on previous studies using Raman spectroscopy on crystals of DL-valine and other amino acids such as L-valine, L-isoleucine and L- asparagine, we proposed the classification of the bands in different vibration modes. The Raman spectrum obtained as function of pressure suggests that DL-valine suffered two structural phase transitions by 19,4 GPa. The first transition phase of between 1,4 GPa and 1,8 GPa where we observed the disappearance of three modes, one network mode and two internal modes classified as rocking of NH3+ and symmetric stretching of CH3, vs (CH3). The second phase transition of between 7,8 GPa and 8,8 GPa, where we observe the unfolding of a network mode, the disappearance of the internal mode associated with skeletal deformation, d(esk) and the splitting designated as CH2, v(CH2).
33

Estudo de espalhamento Raman nos Ãcidos palmÃtico e esteÃrico: forma C / Study from Raman scattering in the palmitic and stearic acids: C form

Francisco Ferreira de Sousa 08 December 2010 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho visa estudar as propriedades vibracionais dos cristais dos Ãcidos palmÃtico e esteÃrico via espectroscopia Raman. Inicialmente foi obtida a cristalizaÃÃo dos dois Ãcidos graxos utilizando o mÃtodo por evaporaÃÃo lenta do solvente usando dois solventes com nÃveis diferentes de polaridade (etanol e clorofÃrmio) em duas diferentes temperaturas sendo uma ~16 oC e a outra ~0 oC. Sendo assim, obtiveram-se cristais simples com duas formas polimÃrficas conhecidas na literatura como formas Bm e C, ambas na simetria monoclÃnica com grupo espacial P21/a (C52h) com Z=4, as quais foram confirmadas por meio da tÃcnica de difraÃÃo de raios X. Em seguida, com o intuito de avaliar a estabilidade termodinÃmica dos cristais escolhidos para este estudo, foram realizadas medidas de espectros Raman tanto em condiÃÃes ambiente como em baixas temperaturas e altas pressÃes. Primeiramente, com objetivo de se determinar os modos normais de vibraÃÃo do material, foram feitos experimentos de espectroscopia Raman polarizado nos cristais de Ãcidos esteÃrico e palmÃtico ambos na forma C em duas diferentes geometrias de espalhamento, neste caso, nas polarizaÃÃes Z(YY)Z e Z(XX)Z, na regiÃo espectral 30â3000 cm-1. Para isto, foram feitas as respectivas classificaÃÃes dos modos Raman ativos utilizando-se resultados disponÃveis na literatura especializada de molÃculas de Ãcidos esteÃrico, palmÃtico e olÃico e com auxÃlio de alguns aminoÃcidos. Como segundo propÃsito, estudou-se o comportamento dos espectros Raman (polarizados) do cristal de Ãcido esteÃrico na forma C como funÃÃo da temperatura desde a temperatura ambiente atà 8 K na regiÃo espectral 30â3000 cm-1. A partir das mudanÃas observadas em vÃrias regiÃes espectrais atravÃs do experimento de resfriamento, notou-se pelo menos duas transiÃÃes de fase para o cristal, Ãs quais propomos que sejam a primeira delas do grupo fator C2h para C2 (210â180 K) e a segunda transiÃÃo (30â8 K) deste Ãltimo grupo para outro correspondente a um de maior simetria. Adicionalmente, analisou-se a evoluÃÃo das bandas Raman variando a pressÃo de 0,0 GPa atà cerca de 9,5 GPa tambÃm do cristal de Ãcido esteÃrico na forma C em trÃs regiÃes distintas: 25â200 cm-1, 800â1200 cm-1 e 2800â3100 cm-1. Nesta etapa, verificaram-se modificaÃÃes muito claras nos modos externos (intermoleculares), assim como, nos modos internos da molÃcula (intramoleculares) dentro do intervalo de 0,0 atà ~2,5 GPa, as quais foram associadas à mudanÃas conformacionais; para valores acima atà 3,3 GPa em que o cristal deve sofrer uma transiÃÃo de primeira ordem; e entre 3,3 e 3,8 GPa, onde o mesmo sofre mais uma transiÃÃo de natureza conformacional. Adicionalmente, os estudos de espectroscopia Raman do cristal de Ãcido palmÃtico na forma C em altas pressÃes foram desenvolvidos na regiÃo espectral entre 25 e 3120 cm-1 variando a pressÃo de 0,0 atà 21,0 GPa. Foram observadas modificaÃÃes pronunciadas em todas as regiÃes do espectro medido, notadamente na regiÃo dos modos da rede cristalina. Tais modificaÃÃes, possivelmente estejam associadas à uma sÃrie de transiÃÃes de fase sofridas pelo cristal que podem ser traduzidas como transiÃÃes de primeira ordem e de segunda ordem que acontecem prÃximos (ou dentro) dos seguintes intervalos de pressÃo [0;1,0] GPa, [3,0;5,5] GPa e [5,5;9,7] GPa. AlÃm disso, as anomalias observadas somente nos modos internos ~14,0 GPa foram atribuÃdas à mudanÃas conformacionais e que talvez sejam decorrentes de rotaÃÃes na molÃcula; algumas modificaÃÃes observadas acima de 18,0 GPa foram consideradas como um inÃcio de um processo de perda da cristalinidade do material, mas de modo a permitir que o cristal volte a sua estrutura original à pressÃo atmosfÃrica. / In this work vibrational properties of crystals of palmitic and stearic acids have been studied by Raman spectroscopy. Initially we were able to crystallize the fatty acids using the method of slow evaporation of the solvent. Two solvents with different levels of polarity (ethanol and chloroform) were used at two different controlled temperatures at ~ 16 oC and another at ~ 0 oC. Thus, we obtained single crystals with two polymorphic phases known in the literature as Bm and C forms, both with monoclinic symmetry of space group P21/a (C52h ) with Z=4, which were identified by technique of X-ray diffraction. In order to evaluate the thermodynamic stability of the crystals obtained in this study, we measured Raman spectra at room conditions, low temperatures and high pressures. Firstly, in order to determine the vibration normal modes of the crystals of stearic and palmitic acids both in the C form, experiments were performed using polarized Raman spectroscopy at room conditions in two different scattering geometries, in this case, Z(YY)Z and Z(XX)Z at the spectral range between 30 and 3000 cm-1. The mode assignment of the observed bands associated to the Raman active modes was done based on Raman data correlations already published for compounds such as stearic, palmitic and oleic acids among others. Secondly, the behavior of the polarized Raman spectra of the stearic acid crystal in C form was studied as function of the temperature from room temperature down to 8 K in the 30-3000 cm-1 spectral region. From the changes observed in several spectral regions on cooling, it was noticed at least two phase transitions undergone by the crystal: a first transition is related to change of the point group C2h to C2 (210-180 K); and the second transition (30-8 K) from the latter group to another corresponding to a higher symmetry. Additionally, we analyzed the evolution of the Raman bands of the crystal of stearic acid in the C form by varying the pressure from 0.0 GPa up to about 9.5 GPa in three different spectral regions: 25-200 cm-1, 800-1200 cm-1 and 2800-3100 cm-1. With increase of the pressure, various modifications have been observed in both the external and the internal modes and they were understood as follows: from 0.0 up to ~2.5 GPa, the crystal presents conformational changes; for values above 3.3 GPa the crystal undergoes one first order phase transition; and between 3.3-3.8 GPa, it undergoes another phase transition of conformational nature. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy studies on palmitic acid crystal in the C form at high pressures have been performed in the spectral region between 25 and 3120 cm-1, by varying the pressure from 0.0 up to 21.0 GPa. Pronounced modifications were observed in all regions of the measured spectra, especially in the region of the lattice modes. Such modifications, are possibly associated with a series of phase transitions undergone by the crystal that can be understood as first and second order transitions that occurs near (or within) the following pressure intervals [0;1.0] GPa, [3.0;5.5] GPa and [5.5;9.7] GPa. Furthermore, anomalies are observed in internal modes at about 14.0 GPa; they were associated with conformational changes and possibly are related with rotations of the molecule. Some modifications above of 18.0 GPa were considered as beginning of a process of loss of crystallinity, although the process allows the crystal recovers its original structure at atmospheric pressure.
34

Caractérisation thermodynamique des ELV HPHT dans les saumures / Thermodynamic characterisation of the liquid-vapour phase equilibrium at high pressures and temperatures brines

Lara Cruz, José Luiz 14 November 2019 (has links)
Cette thèse s’est déroulée dans le cadre du projet FONGEOSEC, qui vise à développer la filière de la géothermie profonde en France avec la conception d’un démonstrateur d’une centrale de production d’énergie géothermique dans le bassin Rhénan. Ce projet est piloté par Fonroche Géothermie, qui gère un consortium de plus de dix acteurs du milieu académique et industriel. Le financement du projet est réalisé avec participation de l’Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l’Énergie (ADEME). Ainsi, les travaux exposés dans ce document se sont intéressés à la caractérisation thermodynamique des fluides géothermaux (saumures chaudes contenant des gaz dissous) de la région ciblée par le projet. Il est nécessaire de déterminer la solubilité de chacun des gaz dissous dans ces saumures aux conditions de pression, température et salinité de l’exploitation géothermique. Des modèles thermodynamiques de prévision des équilibres entre phases liquide et vapeur peuvent être utilisés pour estimer ces solubilités. Néanmoins, en absence des mesures expérimentales dans les conditions de pression, température et salinité d’intérêt, pour effectuer la régression de paramètres de ces modèles, il sera difficile d’obtenir avec précision ces solubilités à partir de simulations. Ainsi, cette thèse est centrée sur l’étude expérimentale des solubilités des gaz dans des saumures représentatives des fluides du bassin Rhénan. La gamme de pression de FONGEOSEC va de 6.0 MPa à 40.0 MPa pour des températures de 333.15 K et 453.15 K. Le dispositif expérimental utilisé dans cette thèse fonctionne dans ces conditions. Les gaz dissous dans les saumures visées par le projet sont constitués essentiellement de dioxyde de carbone (CO2), puis d’azote (N2) et enfin de méthane (CH4) en plus faibles quantités. Les sels dissous dans ces fluides sont surtout du chlorure de sodium et du chlorure de calcium, à molalité de 1.2 mol NaCl-0.2 mol CaCl2.Kg H2O-1. Dans cette thèse, nous avons effectué la détermination expérimentale de la solubilité du dioxyde de carbone dans des saumures typiques du bassin Rhénan aux conditions de pression et de température du projet FONGEOSEC. Des réflexions sont proposées quant à une méthodologie d’analyse de solubilité du méthane et de l’azote dans des phases aqueuses. Nous observons aussi que dans les conditions de pression et température de fond du puits, la solubilité du dioxyde de carbone dans les saumures typiques du bassin Rhénan est la plus élevée parmi toutes les conditions caractérisées. Une étude du sating-out effect dans ces saumures est également proposée dans cette thèse. Enfin, il est remarqué que le modèle de Pitzer (Pitzer.dat sur PhreeqC) semble prédire de façon correcte nos mesures expérimentales à 333.15 K, mais il perd son efficacité à 453.15 K. Dans cette condition, le modèle E-NRTL (Simulis®) semblerait être plus approprié. / This thesis was part of the FONGEOSEC project, which aims to develop the deep geothermal energy sector in France through the the design of a geothermal power pilot plant on the Upper Rhine Graben. This project is controled by Fonroche Géothermie, which manages a consortitium of more than ten academic and industrial partners. The French Environment & Energy Management Agency (ADEME) participates at the fundings of the project.Therefore, the work exposed in this document concerns the thermodynamic characterisation of geothermal fluids (hot brines containing dissolved gases) from the target region of this project. It is thus necessary to determine the solubility of each gas dissolved in these brines at the pressure, temperature and salinity conditions of geothermal energy exploitation.Thermodynamic models that predict liquid-vapour phase equilibrium can be used to estimate these solubilities. However, if there is a lack of experimental measures on the pressure, temperature and salinity conditions of interest, it will not be possible to regress these models interaction parameters and, therefore, it will be difficult to have precise solubility results from these thermodynamic simulations. Thus, this thesis has focused on the experimental study of gas solubilities in brines representing the Upper Rhine Graben fluids. The pressure range of the FONGEOSEC project goes from 6.0 MPa to 40.0 MPa for temperatures of 333.15 K and 453.15 K. The experimental setup used on this thesis can operate at these conditions. Dissolved gases in the brines concerned by this project are mainly composed by carbon dioxyde (CO2), and then by nitrgen (N2) and methane (CH4) at lower quantitites. Dissolved salts in these fluids are basically chloride sodium and chloride calcium, at molalities of 1.2 mol NaCl-0.2 mol CaCl2.Kg H2O-1.On the scope of this thesis, we have performed the experimental determination of carbon dioxyde solubility in Upper Rhine Graben-type brines at the pressure and temperature conditions of the FONGEOSEC project. We propose a discussion about an analysis methodology for measuring nitrogen and methane solubility in aqueous phases. We also observed that at the pressure and temperature conditions found at the bottom of the production well, carbon dioxyde solubility in the Upper Rhine Graben-type brines reaches its highest value among all the conditions studied in this thesis. A salting-out effect study in these brines is also proposed in this document. Finally, it is noticed that the Pitzer model (Pitzer.dat at PhreeqC) seems to predict properly our experimental data at 333.15 K, but it is less efficient at 453.15 K. In this condition, the E-NRTL model (Simulis®) seems to be more appropriate.
35

Propriedades Vibracionais do Dipeptídeo L-Alanil-Alanina submetido a deformações homogêneas / Vibrational properties of the dipeptide L-Alanyl-Alanine submitted to homogeneous deformation

Silva, José Gláucio da January 2015 (has links)
SILVA, José Gláucio da. Propriedades Vibracionais do Dipeptídeo L-Alanil-Alanina submetido a deformações homogêneas. 2015. 131 f. Tese (Doutorado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2016-03-18T16:45:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_jgsilva.pdf: 4602304 bytes, checksum: c589f914ff64a0ac8fd63892133504ba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2016-03-18T16:46:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_jgsilva.pdf: 4602304 bytes, checksum: c589f914ff64a0ac8fd63892133504ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-18T16:46:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_tese_jgsilva.pdf: 4602304 bytes, checksum: c589f914ff64a0ac8fd63892133504ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / The dipeptide L-Alanyl – L-Alanine crystal was studied through polarized Raman scattering submitted to homogeneous deformations. The crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique from an aqueous supersaturated solution of the crystal powder. Rays-x diffractions measurements were realized to confirm a crystalline structure of the crystal. Polarized Raman scattering measurements were performed at room temperature, as well as the analysis of the group theory to the C4 factor group and a tentative assignment of the vibrational modes of crystal. Raman scattering measurements in the crystals as a function of temperature were realized between two intervals of temperature: first, at low temperature between 300 K and 11 K e 11 K and 300 K, and second, at high temperature between 300 K e 520 K and 520 K e 300 K, in the spectral range of 50 cm-1 to 3400 cm-1. From the results of low temperature measurements, it was possible to conclude that the crystal undergoes a second-order phase transition between 80 K and 60 K, from a tetragonal structure with C4 factor group to a monoclinic structure with C2 factor group, maintaining the same number of the molecules per primitive cell. The suggested mechanism to explain the phase transition is the occupation of non-equivalent sites by CH3 molecular groups present at Ala-Ala molecule. On the other hand, the crystal remained stable in the high temperature range studied, and the changes observed in the Raman spectra showed no evidence that the Ala-Ala crystal undergone phase transition or changes in molecule conformation. In those experiments were observed only quantitative changes in frequency and widths of the Raman modes, which are normal for any material subjected to variations in temperatures around 220 K. Raman scattering measurements in the crystals as a function of pressure in the pressure range between 0,1 GPa and 6,3 GPa, in compression and of 6,3 GPa and 0,1 GPa, in decompression, in the spectral region between 100 cm-1 and 3400 cm-1 showed two ranges where several qualitative changes occurred; the first, in low pressure interval between 1.7 GPa and 2.3 GPa and the second, at high pressure interval, between 4.5 GPa and 4.9 GPa. Between 1.7 GPa and 2.3 GPa, it was observed qualitative changes as well as the disappearance of an external mode around of 130 cm-1 and the anomalous behavior of other external mode around of 110 cm-1 for pressures of the order of 1,7 GPa. These qualitative changes suggest that the crystal exhibits a second order structural phase transition. Qualitative changes also were observed in others regions of the Raman spectrum through of special reorientation of the molecular groups CO2, CH3 and NH3. These qualitative changes characterize a structural second order phase transition. The mains qualitative changes observed between 4,5 GPa and 5,2 GPa were the disappearance of the external modes and the an large increasing of the width of the Raman modes, suggesting that the crystal exhibits a structural disorder in the crystalline structure when undergoes a phase transition for high pressures, possibly a amorphization. When performing decompression of the sample, the Raman spectrum returns to its initial form relative to pressure of 0,1 GPa indicating reversibility of phase transitions. / O cristal dipeptídeo L-Alanil-L-alanina (Ala-Ala) foi estudado através da técnica de espalhamento Raman polarizado submetido a deformações homogêneas. Os cristais foram crescidos pela técnica de evaporação lenta a partir de uma solução aquosa supersaturada do pó do cristal. Medidas de raios-x foram realizadas para confirmar a estrutura cristalina do cristal. Foram realizadas medidas de espalhamento Raman polarizado a temperatura ambiente, bem como análise da teoria de grupos para o grupo fator C4 juntamente com uma classificação exploratória dos modos normais de vibração do cristal. As medidas de espalhamento Raman foram realizadas em baixas temperaturas, entre 300 K e 11 K e 11 K e 300 K, e altas temperaturas, entre 300 K e 520 K e 520 K e 300 K, na região espectral de 50 a 3300 cm-1. Da análise dos resultados das medidas de baixas temperaturas foi possível concluir que o cristal exibe uma transição de fase de segunda ordem, entre 80 e 60 K, passando continuamente da estrutura tetragonal com grupo fator C4 para uma estrutura monoclínica com grupo fator C2 mantendo o mesmo número de moléculas na célula primitiva. O mecanismo proposto para explicar a transição de fase é a ocupação de sítios de simetria C1 não equivalentes pelos íons moleculares CH3 numa estrutura monoclínica pertencente ao grupo fator C2. O cristal manteve-se estável em todo o intervalo de alta temperatura estudado. Nestas experiências foram observadas apenas mudanças quantitativas nas frequências e larguras de linha dos modos Raman estudados, que é normal para qualquer material submetido a variações de temperaturas da ordem de 220 K. Medidas de espalhamento polarizado no cristal de Ala – Ala no intervalo de pressão entre 0,1 GPa e 6,3 GPa, na compressão, e de 6,3 GPa e 0,1 GPa, na descompressão, na região espectral de 100 cm-1 a 3400 cm-1 mostraram dois intervalos de pressão em que ocorrem diversas mudanças qualitativas; o primeiro entre 1,7 GPa e 2,3 GPa e o segundo entre 4,5 GPa e 4,9 GPa. Entre 1,7 GPa e 2,3 GPa foram observadas mudanças qualitativas significantes na região dos modos externos, tais como, o desaparecimento de um modo da rede em torno de 130 cm-1 e o comportamento anômalo de outro modo da rede em torno de 110 cm-1 para pressão de 1,7 GPa. Estas mudanças qualitativas sugerem que o cristal exibe uma transição de fase estrutural de segunda ordem. As outras regiões do espectro Raman do cristal apresentaram diversas mudanças qualitativas continuas no comportamento dos modos Raman das unidades que participam diretamente das pontes de hidrogênio, indicando que o cristal apresenta reorientações espaciais dos grupos moleculares CO2, CH3 e NH3. Estas mudanças qualitativas caracterizam uma transição de fase estrutural de segunda ordem. As principais mudanças qualitativas observadas entre 4,5 GPa e 5,2 GPa são o desaparecimento dos modos externos e, quantitativamente, um grande aumento na largura de linha dos modos Raman indicando que o cristal exibe uma desordem na estrutura cristalina durante a transição de fase de altas pressões, possivelmente uma amorfização. Na descompressão da amostra os espectros Raman são quase que totalmente recuperados na sua forma inicial indicando que o cristal apresenta transições de fase reversíveis.
36

Reação de desinserção em SbxCoSb3-x

Miotto, Fernanda 16 July 2010 (has links)
O composto SbxCoSb3-x foi produzido em altas pressões e altas temperaturas em uma reação de auto-inserção a partir da escuterudita binária CoSb3. A reação de auto-inserção é caracterizada pelo colapso de átomos de Sb para o sítio 2a, no interior das cavidades formadas pelos átomos de Co e Sb na estrutura da escuterudita. A reação inversa, de desinserção de Sb, ocorre quando o composto SbxCoSb3-x é aquecido à pressão ambiente. O acompanhamento desta reação de desinserção por meio de medidas de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), difração de raios X (DRX) e de resistividade elétrica constitui o objetivo principal deste trabalho. A amostra de CoSb3 foi sintetizada conforme rota proposta pela literatura. A síntese foi confirmada por meio de DRX, e não foi observada a presença de fases contaminantes. Amostras cilíndricas da fase SbxCoSb3-x foram obtidas submetendo CoSb3 a pressões de 7,7 GPa e temperaturas de até 550ºC, com o auxílio de prensas hidráulicas e câmaras toroidais disponíveis no Laboratório de Altas Pressões e Materiais Avançados LAPMA no Instituto de Física da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul IF/UFRGS. A presença da fase SbxCoSb3-x foi comprovada por meio de análises de DRX. Para determinação da resistividade elétrica de amostras ricas de fase SbxCoSb3-x foi desenvolvido um sistema DC, aplicável a amostras cilíndricas de pequeno volume tal como as obtidas em altas pressões e altas temperaturas. A aferição do sistema foi feita através de medidas de resistividade elétrica de materiais de referência (NIST-SRM 1461 e NIST-SRM 8426). As medidas de DSC revelaram a presença de dois eventos térmicos. Um pico endotérmico foi observado em 118ºC e não está associado a alterações estruturais e nem a variações significativas na resistividade elétrica. O evento exotérmico, que inicia em 180ºC, constitui a assinatura da desinserção dos átomos de Sb do interior da escuterudita, como verificado por análises de DRX e medidas elétricas. Após aquecimento até 350ºC, a amostra rica na fase SbxCoSb3-x retorna à fase estável, CoSb3. A reação de desinserção obedece a uma cinética de primeira ordem, cuja entalpia de transição é de aproximadamente 50 J /g e uma energia de ativação de 83 kJ/mol. A resistividade elétrica à temperatura ambiente de amostras ricas em SbxCoSb3-x é cerca de dez vezes inferior à do CoSb3. Este resultado, aliado possivelmente a uma baixa condutividade térmica, sugere que a fase de auto-inserção SbxCoSb3-x pode constituir um material termoelétrico de alto desempenho. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-03T19:52:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernanda Miotto.pdf: 1202367 bytes, checksum: b66708b3e1d417eab6ba5104702a3458 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-03T19:52:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fernanda Miotto.pdf: 1202367 bytes, checksum: b66708b3e1d417eab6ba5104702a3458 (MD5) / The compound SbxCoSb3-x was produced at high pressures and high temperatures in a self-insertion reaction from the binary skutterudite CoSb3. The self-insertion reaction is characterized by the collapse of Sb atoms to the 2a site, into the cage formed by the Co and Sb atoms in the skutterudite structure. The opposite reaction, i.e., Sb desinsertion, occurs when the SbxCoSb3-x compound is heated at room pressure. This desinsertion reaction was followed by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrical resistivity measurements, and its study constitutes the main objective of this work. The CoSb3 sample was synthesized as described in the literature. The synthesis was confirmed by XRD, and the presence of contaminant phases was not observed. Cylindrical samples of the SbxCoSb3-x phase were obtained by submitting CoSb3 at pressures of 7.7 GPa and temperatures up to 550ºC, with the aid of a toroidal high pressure cell available at the Laboratório de Altas Pressões e Materiais Avançados - LAPMA in the Instituto de Física of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - IF/UFRGS. The presence of the SbxCoSb3-x phase was confirmed by XRD analysis. In order to determine the electrical resistivity of samples rich in SbxCoSb3-x phase, a DC system was developed which is applicable to small volume cylindrical samples such as those obtained at high pressures and high temperatures. The calibration of the DC system was made by measurements of the electrical resistivity of reference materials (NIST-SRM 1461 and NIST-SRM 8426). The DSC measurements revealed the presence of two thermal events. An endothermic peak was observed at 118ºC which is not associated to structural changes neither significant variation in the electrical resistivity. The exothermic event that starts at 180ºC is the signature of the desinsertion of Sb atoms from the skutterudite cage, as verified by XRD analysis and electrical measurements. After heating to 350°C, the sample rich in the SbxCoSb3-x phase converts back to the stable phase, CoSb3. The desinsertion reaction follows a first-order kinetics, with a transition enthalpy of approximately 50 J/g and an activation energy of 83 kJ/mol. The electrical resistivity at room temperature of samples rich in SbxCoSb3-x is about ten times smaller than that of CoSb3. This result, along with a possible low thermal conductivity, suggests that SbxCoSb3-x may constitute a high performance thermoelectric material.
37

Reação de desinserção em SbxCoSb3-x

Miotto, Fernanda 16 July 2010 (has links)
O composto SbxCoSb3-x foi produzido em altas pressões e altas temperaturas em uma reação de auto-inserção a partir da escuterudita binária CoSb3. A reação de auto-inserção é caracterizada pelo colapso de átomos de Sb para o sítio 2a, no interior das cavidades formadas pelos átomos de Co e Sb na estrutura da escuterudita. A reação inversa, de desinserção de Sb, ocorre quando o composto SbxCoSb3-x é aquecido à pressão ambiente. O acompanhamento desta reação de desinserção por meio de medidas de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), difração de raios X (DRX) e de resistividade elétrica constitui o objetivo principal deste trabalho. A amostra de CoSb3 foi sintetizada conforme rota proposta pela literatura. A síntese foi confirmada por meio de DRX, e não foi observada a presença de fases contaminantes. Amostras cilíndricas da fase SbxCoSb3-x foram obtidas submetendo CoSb3 a pressões de 7,7 GPa e temperaturas de até 550ºC, com o auxílio de prensas hidráulicas e câmaras toroidais disponíveis no Laboratório de Altas Pressões e Materiais Avançados LAPMA no Instituto de Física da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul IF/UFRGS. A presença da fase SbxCoSb3-x foi comprovada por meio de análises de DRX. Para determinação da resistividade elétrica de amostras ricas de fase SbxCoSb3-x foi desenvolvido um sistema DC, aplicável a amostras cilíndricas de pequeno volume tal como as obtidas em altas pressões e altas temperaturas. A aferição do sistema foi feita através de medidas de resistividade elétrica de materiais de referência (NIST-SRM 1461 e NIST-SRM 8426). As medidas de DSC revelaram a presença de dois eventos térmicos. Um pico endotérmico foi observado em 118ºC e não está associado a alterações estruturais e nem a variações significativas na resistividade elétrica. O evento exotérmico, que inicia em 180ºC, constitui a assinatura da desinserção dos átomos de Sb do interior da escuterudita, como verificado por análises de DRX e medidas elétricas. Após aquecimento até 350ºC, a amostra rica na fase SbxCoSb3-x retorna à fase estável, CoSb3. A reação de desinserção obedece a uma cinética de primeira ordem, cuja entalpia de transição é de aproximadamente 50 J /g e uma energia de ativação de 83 kJ/mol. A resistividade elétrica à temperatura ambiente de amostras ricas em SbxCoSb3-x é cerca de dez vezes inferior à do CoSb3. Este resultado, aliado possivelmente a uma baixa condutividade térmica, sugere que a fase de auto-inserção SbxCoSb3-x pode constituir um material termoelétrico de alto desempenho. / The compound SbxCoSb3-x was produced at high pressures and high temperatures in a self-insertion reaction from the binary skutterudite CoSb3. The self-insertion reaction is characterized by the collapse of Sb atoms to the 2a site, into the cage formed by the Co and Sb atoms in the skutterudite structure. The opposite reaction, i.e., Sb desinsertion, occurs when the SbxCoSb3-x compound is heated at room pressure. This desinsertion reaction was followed by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrical resistivity measurements, and its study constitutes the main objective of this work. The CoSb3 sample was synthesized as described in the literature. The synthesis was confirmed by XRD, and the presence of contaminant phases was not observed. Cylindrical samples of the SbxCoSb3-x phase were obtained by submitting CoSb3 at pressures of 7.7 GPa and temperatures up to 550ºC, with the aid of a toroidal high pressure cell available at the Laboratório de Altas Pressões e Materiais Avançados - LAPMA in the Instituto de Física of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - IF/UFRGS. The presence of the SbxCoSb3-x phase was confirmed by XRD analysis. In order to determine the electrical resistivity of samples rich in SbxCoSb3-x phase, a DC system was developed which is applicable to small volume cylindrical samples such as those obtained at high pressures and high temperatures. The calibration of the DC system was made by measurements of the electrical resistivity of reference materials (NIST-SRM 1461 and NIST-SRM 8426). The DSC measurements revealed the presence of two thermal events. An endothermic peak was observed at 118ºC which is not associated to structural changes neither significant variation in the electrical resistivity. The exothermic event that starts at 180ºC is the signature of the desinsertion of Sb atoms from the skutterudite cage, as verified by XRD analysis and electrical measurements. After heating to 350°C, the sample rich in the SbxCoSb3-x phase converts back to the stable phase, CoSb3. The desinsertion reaction follows a first-order kinetics, with a transition enthalpy of approximately 50 J/g and an activation energy of 83 kJ/mol. The electrical resistivity at room temperature of samples rich in SbxCoSb3-x is about ten times smaller than that of CoSb3. This result, along with a possible low thermal conductivity, suggests that SbxCoSb3-x may constitute a high performance thermoelectric material.
38

Experimental and theoretical studies of infrared spectroscopic signatures of key atmospheric molecules : carbon dioxide CO2 and monodeuterated methane CH3D / Etudes expérimentales et théoriques des signatures spectroscopiques infrarouges de molécules atmosphériques clés : dioxyde de carbone CO2 et Méthane monodeutéré CH3D

Sinyakova, Tatyana 25 November 2016 (has links)
Le présent travail de thèse a porté sur l’étude expérimentale et théorique de signatures spectroscopiques de molécules atmosphériques clés: CO2 et CH3D. 11 a été divise en partie expérimentale, consacrée aux mesures a haute pression des spectres IR CO2, et a la partie théorique, a. savoir le calcul des largeurs de ligne de collision pour CH3D perturbé par divers gaz. Dans la première partie, j'ai présenté des mesures &absorption de CO2 a haute pression a température ambiance dans l'intervalle spectral 600-9650 cm (sondes dans des études d’atmosphère planétaire) pour deux raisons principales: fournit des données exactes et étendues et suivre l’évolution de effets de "line-mixing" avec des variations graduelles de pression. Dans la deuxième partie, j'ai présenté des calculs semi-classiques des coefficients d'élargissement de CH3D -N2 (-H2) en utilisant le modèle de trajectoire exacte dans les bandes v3 parallèles et perpendiculaires vs, v6 de CH3D ---N2 ainsi que dans la bande v3 parallèle de CH3D -142 pour de grands intervalles les de nombres quantiques de rotation requis pour les bases de données spectroscopiques. / Present Ph.D work has focused on experimental and theoretical studying of spectroscopic signatures of key atmospheric molecules: CO2 and CH3D. It was divided into experimental part, devoted to high-pressure measurements of IR CO2 spectra, and theoretical part, namely calculation of collisional line-widths for CH3D perturbed by various gases. In the first part, I reported room-temperature high-pressure CO2 absorption measurements in the spectral interval 600-9650 cm-1 (probed in planetary atmosphere studies) with the double goals: to provide accurate and extensive data and to trace evolution of the line-mixing effects with gradual pressure variations. In the second part, I presented semi-classical calculations of CH3D-N2 and -142 line-broadening coefficients using exact trajectory model in the parallel v3 and perpendicular vs, v6 bands of CH3D-N2 as well as in the parallel v3 band of CH3D-112 for large intervals of rotational quantum numbers required for spectroscopic databases.
39

Nanotubes de carbone et de nitrure de bore sous haute pression / Carbon nanotubes and boron nitride nanotubes under high pressure

Silva Santos, Silvio Domingos 14 December 2017 (has links)
Dans ce travail de thèse nous avons étudié la stabilité structurale à très haute pression de nanotubes de carbone et de nitrure de bore à la fois in situ et après cycle de pression. Nous essayons de cette manière une première approche pour déterminer le rôle de paramètres comme la composition (C or BN), nombre de parois ou diamètre dans la limite de stabilité de la structure des nanotubes.Les deux premiers chapitres de la thèse nous permettent de faire une introduction aux aspects fondamentaux relatifs aux propriétés des nanotubes de carbone, suivie d’une présentation des méthodes de synthèse ainsi que des techniques expérimentales utilisées dans cette thèse. Les trois chapitres suivants permettent de présenter l’évolution structurale des trois systèmes étudiés: a) Des nanotubes de carbone monoparois de faible diamètre enrichis en chiralité (6,5), b) nanotubes de carbone triple-parois, et c) des nanotubes de nitrure de bore à parois multiple. Les pressions maximales de ces études ont été de 80, 72 et 50 GPa respectivement. Le collapse radial de la structure et la stabilité tubulaire des nano-objets ont été au centre de nos recherches. En particulier, les nanotubes de carbone à simple parois de chiralité (6,5) peuvent être préservés jusqu’à 50 GPa, pression à la quelle a lieu une transformation irréversible. De leur côté, les nanotubes à 3 parois ont pu être détectés jusqu’à environ 60 GPa, présentant en suite une transformation irréversible à 72 GPa. Enfin, les nanotubes de nitrure de bore ont montré une plus faible stabilité mécanique face à leurs analogues carbonés. De plus ils présentent une évolution vers toute une variété de morphologies, parmi lesquelles certaines ont été observées pour la première fois dans ce travail de thèse / This thesis work focuses on the structural stability of well-characterized carbon and boron nitride nanotubes under very high pressures both including their in situ study as well as after the pressure cycle. We try to provide in this way a first approach to determine the role of parameters as composition (C or BN), number of walls or diameter on the limit stability of nanotube structures.In the two first chapters, we provide a basic description of the theoretical aspects related to carbon nanotubes, we address their main synthesis methods as well as the experimental techniques used in this thesis to study these systems. In the three following chapters, we describe the structural evolution of three systems i) low diameter (6,5) chirality enriched single wall nanotubes ii) triple-wall carbon nanotubes and iii) multiwall boron nitride nanotubes. The maximum pressure attained in these studies were of 80, 72 and 50 GPa respectively.Both the radial collapse of the structure and the mechanical stability of the tubular structure under very high pressure are addressed in the study. In particular, after their collapse, the low-diameter (6,5) single walled carbon nanotubes can be preserved up to 50 GPa and above this value the tubes undergo an irreversible structural transformation. On its side, the triple wall systems could be detected up to ~ 60 GPa but their transformed irreversibly at 72 GPa. Finally boron nitride tubes have a low mechanical stability when compared with their carbon counterparts. Under high pressures they present transformations at different pressures to a variety of structural morphologies, some of them having been detected for the first time in this work
40

Traitement à haute pression et haute température de déchets de métaux lourds vers de nouveaux matériaux stables / High pressure and high temperature treatment of heavy metal waste, towards new stable materials

Karnis, Aurélie 08 October 2009 (has links)
Les REFIOM (Résidus d'Epuration des Fumées d'Incinération des Ordures Ménagères) issus de l'incération des déchets ménagers contiennent des métaux lourds comme le plomb ou le cadmium et sont en France uniquement stockés en centre d'enfouissement technique de classe 1 pour dangereux, en étant stabilisés par une vitrification. Afin de trouver des solutions pour le stockage ou la valorisation à long terme des REFIOM sans danger pour l'environnement, nous avons ciblé les vitrocéramiques et les céramiques frittées à hautes températures et hautes pressions. Nous avons utilisé des méthodes de la minéralogie physique par l'intermédiaire de synthèses à hautes températures, de synthèses à hautes températures et à hautes pressions en autoclave à chauffage externe, d'observations en microscopie électronique à balayage, de microanalyses chimiques EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectrometry), d'analyses en microsondes, de caractérisation structurale par diffraction de rayons X et d'expériences de lixiviation dynamique. Nous avons mis au point des protocoles de synthèses et d'analyses. Par ce biais, nous constatons pour les vitrocéramiques que le plomb ou le cadmium sont incorporés dans des cristallites et dans des nouvelles phases cristallines, eux-mêmes englobés dans une matrice vitreuse. Cette voie dite "double barrière" (cristaux + verre) semble prometteuses pour l'immobilisation du plomb et du cadmium (au regard des analyses EDX et des expériences de lixiviation). Pour les céramiques frittées, comme pour les SYNROC (SYNthetic ROCk) synthétisées pour les déchets nucléaires, de nouvelles phases cristallines incorporant Pb et Cd sont observées et seraient a priori résistantes pour le stockage de ces éléments toxiques. Dans ces deux cas de nouveaux matériaux capables d'incorporer massivement du plomb et du cadmium ont été mis en évidence. Des tests de durabilité permettront d'envisager une valorisation éventuelle de tels matériaux / MSWI 5Municipal Solide Waste Incinerator) fly ashes from the incineration of domestic waste contain heavy metals such as lead or cadmium. In France, these fly ashes are only stored under vitrified forms in class-1 type landfills for hazardous waste. In order to find solutions for long-term storage or valorization of the MSWI fly ashes, we studied glass-ceramics and sintered ceramics at high pressures and/or hight temperature. We used methods of mineral physics to : synthetize at high temperature, synthetize at higt temperature and high pressure using autoclaves with external heating system, observe by electron microcopy, make EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectrometry) chemical microanalysis, make microprobe analysis, structurally characterize and perform leaching test. We established experimental protocols for the synthesis and analysis of produced materials. For glass-ceramics, we observe that lead and cadmium are incorporated inside expected crystallites and new crystal phases, themselves embedded by a glassy matrix. This so-called "double barrier" (crystals + glass) is a promising way towards a substainable of lead and cadmium (after EDX analysis and leaching experiements). For sintered ceramics, as for the SYNROC (SYNthetic ROCk) with nuclear waste, new crystal phases incorporating Pb and Cd are found and might display a high resistant for the storage of these toxic elements. In both cases, new materials incorporating large amounts of lead and cadmium were formed. Durability tests may give new ways for a valorization of such materials

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