Abstract In the past, seats on the management of the research focuses on exploring the best logical way for seats assignment to ensure the revenue maximizing, it¡¦s rarely to consider in the faces of management pressure and services requirement. Hence, this thesis will take a survey through market research studies to identify the reason of the shift of passenger from Non-reserved Seating to Reserved seating or the increase of rider-ship caused by the lower fare of Non-reserved Seating. After fully collection of the requirement of passengers and the consideration of High Speed Rail¡¦s operator, the ¡§Situational Analysis¡¨ mechanism is applied. The different Non-reserved car allotment will be arranged under different circumstance and their revenue will be evaluated as well. Finally, the recommendation of the High Speed Rail¡¦s seat management strategy from the point of view of revenue maximizing, operation consideration and passenger requirement will be provided. Key words¡GTaiwan High Speed Railway, Non-reserved Seating, Reserved Seating, Seat management strategy

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has become an indispensable metrology tool for nanoscale surface characterization. Today, research and industry demand faster and more accurate metrology and these demands must be met expediently. Traditional AFM cantilevers and associated actuators (i.e. piezoelectric) are limited in regards to actuation speed and resonance frequency presenting the user with an undesired trade-off of speed versus resolution. Based on a pre-existing technology known as the FIRAT (Force Sensing Integrated Readout and Active Tip) AFM probe, this work aims to remedy actuation and response issues by implementing a cantilever-on-cantilever probe as well as a novel seesaw probe. Both cases implement electrostatic actuation, eliminating the need for piezoelectrics while demonstrating large - micron scale - actuation and sensitive displacement detection. These new probe designs can potentially demonstrate a wide bandwidth frequency response (e.g. 100 kHz) ideal for high-speed video-rate imaging. Unlike traditional AFM cantilevers, this is realized by mechanically coupling two physically separate structures to provide a soft resonator sensor atop a stiff actuator structure. Common surface-micromachining techniques are utilized to solve the logistical challenge of fabricating these stacked structures. By manipulating the viscous damping and mechanical mode coupling it becomes feasible to attain the aforementioned desired dynamic characteristics.

<p>It is estimated that, between the year 2000 and 2003, thenumber of online Internet users will grow from 250 millions to500 millions. This growth results in rapidly increasing demandfor fibre-optic communication bandwidth, occurring at alllevels: from access and local area networks (LANs) tometro-area networks (MANs). A now established solution for manyapplications such as interconnects and Gigabit Ethernet is thevertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL). The advantagesof VCSELs are numerous: low fabrication and coupling costs,large modulation bandwidth, array integration and tunability.VCSEL-based modules, with speed up to 2.5 Gbit/s are nowcommercially available for multimode fibre (MMF) basedapplications. However, devices operating at long wavelength andhigher transmission rates (10Gbit/s and more) will be needed inthe near future.</p><p>The purpose of the work presented in this thesis was toobtain an understanding of the high-speed properties of VCSELs,in order to extend the modulation frequency at which they canbe used in fibre optical communication systems. An approach forsystematic high-speed characterisation of VCSELs is presentedand both its potential benefits and problems are discussed. Itis shown that the VCSEL dynamics, under certain conditions, canbe well described by a small number of parameters that can beextracted from small signal measurements and used forfurtheroptimisation. The calibrated small-signal modulation responsesof VCSELs have been measured and fitted to an analyticaltransfer function allowing the estimation of the resonancefrequency, damping factor and parasitic cut-off at differentbias points. This data can be used to determine the relativeimportance of different bandwidth limiting effects due todamping, thermal heating and parasitics.</p><p>Small signal analysis and transmission experiments wereperformed with a large sample of VCSELs covering the variousranges of applications. Visible VCSELs and resonant cavitylight emitting diodes (RCLEDs) for very short reach plasticoptical fibre (POF) applications, 850nm datacom VCSELs forshort distance multimode fibre networks, and long wavelengthVCSELs for long haul single mode fibre transmission.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>Semiconductor lasers, VCSEL, high-speedmodulation, fibre optic networks, datacom, RCLED, plasticoptical fibre</p>

<p>This master thesis describes the design of high-speed latched comparator with 6-bit resolution, full scale voltage of 1.6 V and the sampling frequency of 250 MHz. The comparator is designed in a 0.35 9m CMOS process with a supply voltage of 3.3 V.</p><p>The comparator is designed for time-interleaved bandpass sigma-delta ADC.</p><p>Due to the nature of the target application, it should be possible to turn off the components to avoid the static power consumption. The comparator of this design implements the turn off technique when it is not in use. The settling time of the comparator is less than half the clock cycle which means it does not effect the functionality of the bandpass sigma-delta ADC in terms of speed.</p><p>The simulation results are derived using Cadence environment. The results show that the comparator has 6-bit resolution and power consumption of 4.13 mW for the worst-case frequency of 250 MHz. It fulfills all the performance requirements, most of them with large margins.</p>

<p>In this thesis two versions of a single filter frequency masking narrow-band high-speed recursive digital filter structure, proposed in [1], have been implemented and evaluated considering the maximal clock frequency, the maximal sample frequency and the power consumption. The structures were compared to a conventional filter structure, that was also implemented. The aim was to see if the proposed structure had some benefits when implemented and synthesized, not only in theory. For the synthesis standard cells from AMS csx 0.35 mm CMOS technology were used.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 105-109).

Understanding the physics governing primary atomization of high pressure fuel sprays is of paramount importance to accurately model combustion in direct injection engines. The small length and time scales of features that characterize this process falls below the resolution power of typical grids in CFD simulations, which necessitates the inclusion of physical models (sub-models) to account for unresolved physics. Unfortunately current physical models for fuel spray atomization used in engine CFD simulations are based on significant empirical scaling because there is a lack of experimental data to understand the governing physics. The most widely employed atomization sub-model used in current CFD simulations assumes the spray atomization process to be dominated by aerodynamically-driven surface instabilities, but there has been no quantitative experimental validation of this theory to date. The lack of experimental validation is due to the high spatial and temporal resolutions required to simultaneously to image these instabilities, which is difficult to achieve. The present work entails the development of a diagnostic technique to obtain high spatial and temporal resolution images of jet breakup and atomization in the near nozzle region of Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) sprays. It focuses on the optical setup required to achieve maximum illumination, image contrast, sharp feature detection, and temporal tracking of interface instabilities for long-range microscopic imaging with a high-speed camera. The resolution and performance of the imaging system is characterized by evaluating its modulation transfer function (MTF). The setup enabled imaging of GDI sprays for the entire duration of an injection event (several milliseconds) at significantly improved spatial and temporal resolutions compared to historical spray atomization imaging data. The images show that low to moderate injection pressure sprays can be visualized with a high level of detail and also enable the tracking of features across frames within the field of view (FOV)

The growing demand for high performance systems in modern computing technology drives the development of advanced and high speed designs in I/O structures. Due to their data rate and architecture, however, testing of the high speed serial interfaces becomes more expensive when using conventional test methods. In order to alleviate the test cost issue, a loopback test scheme has been widely adopted. To assess the margin of the signal eye in the loopback configuration, the eye margin is purposely reduced by additional devices on the loopback path or using design for testability (DFT) features such as timing and voltage margining. Although the loopback test scheme successfully reduces the test cost by decoupling the dependency of external test equipment, it has robustness issues such as a fault masking issue and a non-ideality problem of margining circuits. The focus of this dissertation is to propose new methods to resolve the known issues in the loopback test mode. The fault masking issue in a loopback pair of analog to digital and digital to analog converters (ADC and DAC) which can be found in pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) signaling schemes is resolved using a proposed algorithm which separates the characteristics of the ADC and the DAC from a combined loopback response. The non-ideality problem of margining circuit is resolved using a proposed method which utilizes a random jitter injection technique. Using the injected random jitter, the jitter distribution is sampled by undersampling and margining, which provides the nonlinearity information using the proposed algorithm. Since the proposed method requires a random jitter source on the load board, an alternative solution is proposed which uses an intrinsic jitter profile and a sliding window search algorithm to characterize the nonlinearities. The sliding search algorithm was implemented in a low cost high volume manufacturing (HVM) tester to assess feasibility and validity of the proposed technique. The proposed methods are compatible with the existing loopback test scheme and require a minimal area and design overhead, hence they provide cost effective ways to enhance the robustness of the loopback test scheme. / text

This report presents improved architecture designs and implementations for a fused floating-point add-subtract unit. The fused floating-point add-subtract unit is useful for DSP applications such as FFT and DCT butterfly operations. To improve the performance of the fused floating-point add-subtract unit, the dual path algorithm and pipelining technique are applied. The proposed designs are implemented for both single and double precision and synthesized with a 45nm standard-cell library. The fused floating-point add-subtract unit saves 40% of the area and power consumption and the dual path fused floating-point add-subtract unit reduces the latency by 30% compared to the traditional discrete floating-point add-subtract unit. By combining fused operation and the dual path design, the proposed floating-point add-subtract unit achieves low area, low power consumption and high speed. Based on the data flow analysis, the proposed fused floating-point add-subtract unit is split into two pipeline stages. Since the latencies of two pipeline stages are fairly well balanced the throughput of the entire logic is increased by 80% compared to the non-pipelined implementation. / text

In the spring of 2004, a synergistic team of professors, practitioners, and graduate students coalesced in a graduate planning studio at the University of Pennsylvania (Penn) with the greatest of ambitions: to craft a “Plan for America,” through the year 2050. Their work led to a megaregional revival, weaving the work of Jean Gottman, old regionalists like Benton MacKaye, and New Regionalists like Peter Calthrope into a new perspective on regional planning. In the brief period that followed, a flurry of megaregional research was produced by scholars at Penn, Georgia Tech, the University of Texas at Austin, the Regional Plan Association, and the Lincoln Institute for Land Policy. But nearly a decade into this megaregional revival, old questions about the concept continue to simmer while many new questions emerge, which begs the question: what exactly has this flurry of megaregional research settled? How exactly are megaregions defined and delineated? Do they even have fixed boundaries? Assuming a consensus emerged on how to define and delineate the space, how could such a large and unwieldy scale be governed? Are megaregions functional economic units or merely a product of poorly regulated sprawl development over vast expanses? If they are indeed functional units, how are they interacting or competing with one another for growth, development, and finite public resources? The answers to these questions have been, well, elusive. This thesis begins to remedy this glaring gap in the literature by conducting semi-structured interviews with the key informants credited with leading the conception and evolution of megaregional thought in the U.S. With their aid, this thesis begins to contextualize the provenance, the evolution, the barriers to progress, and the potential future trajectories of the megaregional construct. One of these potential future trajectories – megaregional economic development – is explored between the nation’s only physically linked pair of megaregions: the Texas Triangle and Gulf Coast. In the final chapter of this thesis, recommendations drawn from these analyses are made for the research, the pedagogy, and the practice of planning for megaregions. Together, this triptych of recommendations outlines a path towards a megaregional future. / text