<p>This thesis investigates the preconditions for a new type of migration among the highly skilled between Senegal and the EU, namely <em>circular migration</em>. The three most prominent actors in the shaping of the future migration pattern –the EU (administration), the Senegalese government and the future highly skilled migrants i.e. Senegalese university students –are studied by a combination of <em>social constructivism</em> and <em>critical discourse analysis</em>. The discourses are derived from official EU and Senegalese documents and from a survey as well as from semi-structured interviews with students at the two largest universities in Senegal. The analysis of the discourses shows three factors that point towards a change of the migration practice in favour of circular migration: first, an <em>interdiscursivity</em> between the migration, development and economic growth discourses; second, a <em>resemblance</em> between the three actors discourses on migration; and third, a <em>willingness</em> among all three actors to act for a mobility of knowledge and experience. Consequently, there are preconditions for circular migration between Senegal and the EU.</p>

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style="font-size: 10pt / font-family: &quot / Times New Roman&quot / ,&quot / serif&quot / ">Background: The care and treatment for people with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) at the Kagera regional hospital began in February 2005. It is important to evaluate quality of life (QOL) of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) recipients periodical to assess HAART&rsquo / s effectiveness. This study aimed to assess the health-related QOL (HRQOL) of HAART recipients and determine factors associated with it, two years after the programme had started at the kagera regional hospital in Tanzania. Results: The HRQOL of HAART recipients was generally lower than that of the general population. However, the general health perceptions (p=0.191) and mental health (p=0.161) means score of HAART recipients were not different from those of the Tanzanian general population. About 89% of the HAART recipients reported better health than in the previous years. Chronic diseases were associated with lower HRQOL of HAART recipients independently of other factors. HAART recipients with chronic diseases co-morbidity were more likely to score below the general population&rsquo / s mean score for mental health (p=0.007). While the effect of chronic diseases on HRQOL among those who recorded CD4+ cell increase was negative (OR=13.6,95%CI=3.7 / 49.9), there was no effect on those who did not have such an increase. Adherence to ARVs and CD4+ cell count were not associated with HRQOL. &nbsp / &nbsp / &nbsp / &nbsp / &nbsp / &nbsp / <span style=""> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt / line-height: normal / " class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt / font-family: &quot / Times New Roman&quot / ,&quot / serif&quot / "><o:p>&nbsp / </o:p></span></p> <span style="font-size: 12pt / font-family: &quot / Times New Roman&quot / ,&quot / serif&quot / "><span style="">&nbsp / </span><span style="">&nbsp / </span><span style="">&nbsp / </span><span style="">&nbsp / </span><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p>&nbsp / </p>

<p>Avian Influenza (AI) is a contagious viral zoonotic disease with great public health implications and negative socioeconomic impact (WHO, 2006a). The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) infection is transmitted from birds to man mostly through contact with contaminated poultry and objects (INFOSAN, 2005), hence people who come in contact with birds such as live bird sellers (LBS) are the more vulnerable population (WHO, 2006a). Inadequate knowledge of AI health risks and poor practice of AI preventive measures amongst LBS increases the risk of spread of the infection in both humans and animals.The aim of this study was to describe and quantify the knowledge and practice of LBS with regards to avian influenza health risks and preventive activities in Agege, an urban area in Lagos State, Nigeria.</p>

<p>Antiretroviral regimens have side effects that can threaten adherence by patients resulting in evolution of viral resistance due to suboptimal drug levels. Studies have shown that drug adherence of at least 80% can result in viral load suppression. There is no literature on the association between the level of adherence to antiretroviral therapy and the degree of virological suppression in Namibia. The aim of the present study was to determine the therapeutic and virological outcomes in HIV/AIDS patients at 6 and 12 months after initiation of highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in an urban population in Namibia. The distribution of viral load results showed a low uptake (35%) of virological monitoring at 6 month time point and even lower (12%) at 12 months. A conservative viral load threshold for virological response is required in the Namibian setting. The current adherence level of &gt / 80% encourage increased ARV therapy rollout. Poor virological outcome was associated with self-reported adherence.</p>

傳統人力資本理論認為，教育投入越多，人力生產力越高，就業機會與薪資報酬也會越高。在此觀念下，各國為了經濟發展所需，紛紛提倡高等教育，並培育出大量高學歷人才，而台灣也不例外。隨著產業不斷發展與轉型，促使勞動力結構轉變，所需之人力就必須由教育面來提供。因此，從1980年代中期以來，政府大量放寬高等教育限制，迄今已培養出許多高學歷人力。然而，在高等教育進入普及化階段後，失業與低度就業問題也隨之而來，造成人力資源浪費等相關議題出現。 本文引用發展經濟學大師Michael P. Todaro於1974年所建立的勞動力市場供需架構，從政府政策以及人力市場的教育供給和產業需求等角度深入探討目前現象，並透過訪談產官學專家的意見，來找出問題之原因。本文研究發現，由於高等教育快速擴張，教育性失業及低度就業問題已逐漸推至碩博士畢業生。究其原因可分成兩大部分：第一，產業界未能有效升級，再加上台灣企業型態多以中小企業為主，無法創造充足職缺。第二，高等教育過度擴張，高學歷人力品質卻無法符合產業需求，進而造成產學失衡現象。因此，要解決上述問題，不僅是教育和產業進行調整，政府也必須改進相關政策來引導兩者媒合，才能讓高階人力資源達到更有效的運用，進而提升台灣整體競爭力。 / Traditional Human Capital Theory believes that highly educated people are more productive and would enjoy more employment opportunities and salaries. Influenced by this theory, many countries have promoted higher education to cultivate domestic talent, and Taiwan is no exception. When the rapid development and ongoing transformation of the industry called for new talents and skills, the government in mid-1980s responded with reformed educational system which would produce much more highly educated human resources. But as higher education becomes common, unemployment and underemployment—the waste of human resources—gradually become a problem that needs to be addressed. Based on the model developed by Michael P. Todaro in 1974, this paper aims to examine the current situation of labor market in terms of government policy, and labor supply and demand. Many people with master or PhD degree are faced with unemployment or underemployment for two reasons. First of all, the industry doesn’t supply sufficient job opportunities because it doesn’t effectively upgrade. Second, the excessive quantity and declining quality of the graduates does not meet the demand of the market. In order to solve these problems, both education and industry have to adjust the pace of development, and the government needs to bridge the gap by revising the policy involved. In this way, the human resources can be effectively used, and Taiwan would become more competitive.

Measuring the energy consumption of software components is a major building block for generating models that allow for energy-aware scheduling, accounting and budgeting. Current measurement techniques focus on coarse-grained measurements of application or system events. However, fine grain adjustments in particular in the operating-system kernel and in application-level servers require power profiles at the level of a single software function. Until recently, this appeared to be impossible due to the lacking fine grain resolution and high costs of measurement equipment. In this paper we report on our experience in using the Running Average Power Limit (RAPL) energy sensors available in recent Intel CPUs for measuring energy consumption of short code paths. We investigate the granularity at which RAPL measurements can be performed and discuss practical obstacles that occur when performing these measurements on complex modern CPUs. Furthermore, we demonstrate how to use the RAPL infrastructure to characterize the energy costs for decoding video slices.

Modern database systems have to process huge amounts of data and should provide results with low latency at the same time. To achieve this, data is nowadays typically hold completely in main memory, to benefit of its high bandwidth and low access latency that could never be reached with disks. Current in-memory databases are usually columnstores that exchange columns or vectors between operators and suffer from a high tuple reconstruction overhead. In this paper, we present the indexed table-at-a-time processing model that makes indexes the first-class citizen of the database system. The processing model comprises the concepts of intermediate indexed tables and cooperative operators, which make indexes the common data exchange format between plan operators. To keep the intermediate index materialization costs low, we employ optimized prefix trees that offer a balanced read/write performance. The indexed tableat-a-time processing model allows the efficient construction of composed operators like the multi-way-select-join-group. Such operators speed up the processing of complex OLAP queries so that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art in-memory databases.

Electronic systems of the future require a very high bandwidth communications infrastructure within the system. This way the massive amount of compute power which will be available can be inter-connected to realize future powerful advanced electronic systems. Today, electronic inter-connects between 3D chip-stacks, as well as intra-connects within 3D chip-stacks are approaching data rates of 100 Gbit/s soon. Hence, the question to be answered is how to efficiently design the communications infrastructure which will be within electronic systems. Within this paper approaches and results for building this infrastructure for future electronics are addressed.

Onward migration is an understudied process whereby people leave their country of origin, settle in a second country for a period of time, and then migrate on to a third country. This dissertation explores the transnational trajectories of one specific group of onward migrants. These are highly educated people who moved from Iran to Sweden as refugees following the Iranian Revolution in 1979. Then, after settling in Sweden for a period of time they subsequently moved on to London, England. Melissa Kelly explores how people live their lives across places. Using life history interviews conducted with individual onward migrants, Kelly draws out and contex-tualizes the individual and shared experiences of these migrants in specific space-time contexts, and highlights the meaning of both settlement and mobility in their lives. In doing so, she explores the circumstances that underlie the onward migration phenomenon, drawing attention to different geographical levels of scale, and linking social, economic and cultural perspectives. The main argument of the dissertation is that while place continues to be of sig-nificance, a broader understanding of migrant integration processes is required. Onward migration disrupts the categories usually used to comprehend the integration of migrants in narrowly defined nation state contexts, and encourages a more nuanced understanding of how we conceptualize both migration and settlement.

The increasingly competitive market is forcing the industry to develop higher-quality products more quickly and less expensively. Engineering analysis, at the same time, plays an important role in helping designers evaluate the performance of the designed product against design requirements. In the context of automated CAD/FEA integration, the domain-dependent engineers different usage views toward product models cause an information gap between CAD and FEA models, which impedes the interoperability among these engineering tools and the automatic transformation from an idealized design model into a solvable FEA model. Especially in highly coupled variable topology multi-body (HCVTMB) problems, this transformation process is usually very labor-intensive and time-consuming. In this dissertation, a knowledge-based FEA modeling method, which consists of three information models and the transformation processes between these models, is presented. An Analysis Building Block (ABB) model represents the idealized analytical concepts in a FEA modeling process. Solution Method Models (SMMs) represent these analytical concepts in a solution technique-specific format. When FEA is used as the solution technique, an SMM consists of a Ready to Mesh Model (RMM) and a Control Information Model (CIM). An RMM is obtained from an ABB through geometry manipulation so that the quality mesh can be automatically generated using FEA tools. CIMs contain information that controls the FEA modeling and solving activities. A Solution Tool Model (STM) represents an analytical model at the tool-specific level to guide the entire FEA modeling process. Two information transformation processes are presented between these information models. A solution method mapping transforms an ABB into an RMM through a complex cell decomposition process and an attribute association process. A solution tool mapping transforms an SMM into an STM by mimicking an engineers selection of FEA modeling operations. Four HCVTMB industrial FEA modeling cases are presented for demonstration and validation. These involve thermo-mechanical analysis scenarios: a simple chip package, a Plastic Ball Grid Array (PBGA), and an Enhanced Ball Grid Array (EBGA), as well as a thermal analysis scenario: another PBGA. Compared to traditional methods, results indicate that this method provides better knowledge capture and decreases the modeling time from days/hours to hours/minutes.