L’objectif de ce mémoire consiste à mesurer l’impact de la guerre civile espagnole sur l’attitude du Front populaire français face à la collaboration avec l’Union soviétique de 1936 à 1937. Il prend forme dans une étude d’opinion publique et journalistique basée sur un sondage de trois quotidiens français rattachés au Front populaire durant les années 1930, c’est-à-dire L’Humanité, Le Populaire et L’Œuvre. L’analyse s’articule à travers les événements survenus de 1936 à 1937 comme la ratification du pacte d’assistance mutuelle franco-soviétique, l’élection du Front populaire et l’éclatement de la guerre civile espagnole. L’impact du conflit en Espagne se mesure en fait dans l’intensification de la polarisation politique qui influence l’attitude du Front populaire face à la collaboration avec l’Union soviétique. Malgré l’avènement d’un nouveau gouvernement de Front populaire, l’éclatement de la guerre civile espagnole élève la polarisation politique entre la gauche et la droite en France, entamée depuis 1934, à son point culminant. Sans une solide coalition entre la gauche et le centre droit, la sécurité collective menée par l’URSS ne pouvait réussir. Si certains journalistes sont tentés par la politique d’apaisement, d’autres élaborent une vision plus perspicace et réaliste sur la menace que représentent l’Allemagne nazie et l’importance du rapprochement franco-soviétique. / The objective of this research is to measure the impact of the Spanish Civil War on the attitude of the French Popular Front about the collaboration with Soviet Union from 1936 to 1937. It takes shape in a political and journalistic opinion study based on a survey of three French daily newspapers attached to the Popular Front during the 1930s, namely L’Humanité, Le Populaire and L’Œuvre. The analysis is articulated through the events of 1936 to 1937 such as the ratification of the Franco-Soviet mutual assistance pact, the election of the Popular Front and the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. The impact of the conflict in Spain is in fact measured in the intensification of the political polarization in France which influence the attitude of de Popular Front about the collaboration with Soviet Union. Despite the advent of a new Popular Front government, the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War elevated the political polarization between the left and the right in France, which started in 1934, at its peak. Without a strong coalition between the left and the center right, collective security led by the USSR could not succeed. While some journalists are tempted by the appeasement policy, others develop a more clear-sighted and realistic vision of the threat posed by Nazi Germany and the importance of a close Franco-Soviet relationship.

Diploma thesis "Perspectives of the Cuban Transition to Democracy" tries to analyze the current situation in Cuba and answer a question if the transition to democracy is possible and if so, in which period of time. It also tries to confirm or disprove two hypotheses set ahead: 'the transition to democracy is possible but only in a long period of time' and 'there will not be any changes during Fidel Castro's life'. This paper also tries to depict some theoretical models of the transition to democracy, brief history of Cuba which is indispensable for understanding of the current situation in Cuba and the perspectives of the future transition as well. The thesis also comprehensively deals with characterization of the current Cuban regime and its main representatives, analysis of the civil society and the inner opposition in Cuba and also with the international situation and its main actors which are able to to influence the current situation in Cuba and its future transition as well. There are also depicted some scenarios and factors of the future transition and briefly described some essential subsequent reforms though the application of some theoretical approaches on the analysis of the particular situation in Cuba.

À partir de 1635, le Japon de la dynastie des Tokugawa se replie sur lui-même en officialisant sa fermeture aux échanges avec l’étranger, avec la mise en place de la politique isolationniste du sakoku, et seuls les marchands opérant pour le compte de la Compagnie néerlandaise des Indes orientales sont désormais autorisés à commercer au pays, de manière limitée. C’est dans ce contexte que fut rédigée, en 1636, la Vraie description du puissant royaume du Japon, par un marchand hollandais protestant du nom de François Caron. L’ouvrage, un bref document administratif, qui n’était d’abord pas destiné à être publié, connût néanmoins un vif succès à partir de 1661, et fut traduit dans plusieurs langues. Dans le cadre de ce mémoire, nous étudierons l’influence de la Vraie description sur les représentations des Japonais dans la France du XVIIe siècle, à travers les riches descriptions faites par son auteur de la société et de la culture du Japon de l’ère Edo. Pour ce faire, nous allons dans un premier temps analyser les écrits des Jésuites, qui sont les premiers à construire une image particulière des Japonais et en influencer durablement les représentations. Dans un second temps, nous analyserons en détail la Vraie description pour en dégager l’image qu’a pu avoir un marchand hollandais du Japon du XVIIe siècle. Dans un troisième et dernier temps, nous nous intéresserons à l’influence de la Vraie description sur la manière dont les auteurs français écrivirent sur le Japon à la fin du XVIIe siècle et au début de l’époque des Lumières. / From 1635 onward, Tokugawa Japan closed itself to any type of foreign trade, with the establishment of the isolationist policy of sakoku, and only merchants operating on behalf of the Dutch East India Company were permitted to trade in the country, on a limited basis. It was in this context that the True Description of the Mighty Kingdoms of Japan and Siam was written, in 1636, by a Protestant Dutch merchant known as François Caron. The work, a brief administrative document, which was not initially intended for publication, was a great success from its first publication in 1661, and was translated into several languages. As part of this thesis, we will study the impact of the True Description on perceptions of the Japanese in 17th century France, through the rich descriptions made by its author of the society and culture of Edo Japan. To do this, we will first analyze the writings of the Jesuits, who were the first to build a particular image of the Japanese and to have a lasting influence on the way they were described and perceived. Secondly, we will analyze in detail the content of the True Description in order to determine the image that a Dutch merchant of the 17th century may have had of Japan and its people. As a conclusion, we will examine the influence of the True Description on the way French authors wrote about Japan from the end of the 17th century to the beginning of the Enlightenment.

L'entre-deux-guerres commence à la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale et s'inscrit dans une volonté de changement, de paix durable et d'un nouvel ordre international. Cependant, la réalité du retour à la paix est compliquée par l'ampleur du conflit. L'espace public est transformé: monuments aux morts, destructions, veuves et orphelins. Il y a aussi une réflexion sur la durabilité de la civilisation occidentale : ses limites, ses modèles et ses dangers. Ce mémoire étudie la vision d’un artiste, Hermann-Paul, afin de connaitre les représentations d’un contemporain de l’entre-deux-guerres sur la France et les modèles de la civilisation occidentale. L’étude se concentre sur son travail dans la presse, plus particulièrement sur l’hebdomadaire Je suis partout qui offre le double avantage de pouvoir suivre l’artiste chaque semaine sur une décennie de décembre 1930 à février 1940. Plusieurs questions guident cette recherche. Quelle est la France d’Hermann-Paul? Pourquoi semble-t-elle en crise et quels en sont les modèles et les contre modèles? Les pacifistes sont des acteurs majeurs de la période qui défendent l’idée d’une paix durable. Par leur volonté de changement, ils participent aussi à cette angoisse civilisationnelle. Comment le caricaturiste les intègre-t-il dans sa vision française? Le mémoire se concentre également sur l’instrumentalisation du genre, et sousensemble qu’est la virilité. Il y a une carence d’études francophones dans ce domaine. Ce travail a donc pour objectif de participer à l’exploration du domaine de la virilité en histoire avec le cas d’Hermann-Paul. La caricature est une opportunité puisque ce format instrumentalise les codes du dessin et de la virilité afin de construire, justifier et en détourner les représentations. / The inter-war period began at the end of the First World War and was part of a desire for change, lasting peace and a new international order. However, the reality of a return to peace is complicated by the scale of the conflict. The public space is transformed: monuments to the dead, destruction, widows and orphans. There is also a reflection on the sustainability of Western civilization: its limits, its models and its dangers. This paper examines the vision of an artist, Hermann-Paul, in order to know contemporary representations of inter-war France and the models of Western civilization. The study focuses here on Hermann-Paul’s work in the press, particularly in the weekly magazine Je suis partout, which offers the advantage of being able to follow the artist every week over a decade from December 1930 to February 1940. Several questions guide this research. What is Hermann-Paul's France? Why does it seem to be in crisis and what are the models and counter-models? Peace activists, who defend the idea of a lasting peace, are major actors of the period. Through their desire for change, they also participate in this civilizational anguish. How does the caricaturist integrate them into his French vision? The paper also focuses on the instrumentalization of gender, and subset that is masculinity. There is still a lack of Francophone studies in this area. The objective of this study is to participate in the historical analysis of the field of virility, with the case of Hermann-Paul. The caricature is an opportunity since this format instrumentalizes the codes of drawing and virility in order to construct, justify and divert representations.

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The early modern period of a time of religious renewal and upheaval that resulted in a wealth of new religious orders, particularly those for women. During this period of change, Catholic women responded to the threat of Protestantism by adapting the convent to their own needs. One of the most successful orders for women was the Congregation of the Visitation, founded by Jeanne de Chantal and François de Sales. The history of the Visitation tends to focus on de Sales rather than its cofounder de Chantal. This thesis attempts to reconcile this omission, detailing de Chantal's ability to demonstrate and enact her authority through the mode of letters. In doing so, this paper enters into a conversation on religious revival in the early modern period by illustrating the porous nature of the early modern convent and the role women had in shaping early modern religiosity. / History

Civic music from German cities in the early modern Holy Roman Empire have remained comparatively underrepresented in musicological research until recent reexaminations of records and use of alternative methodologies.This dissertation seeks to dispel dismissive understandings of civic musicians to demonstrate their significance and dominance in the cultural life of cities as equal to those employed by the church or court. As performers and composers, they worked with everyday people and dignitaries alike, providing music for weddings, public concerts, parades, processionals, and other city festivities. Through the quality and quantity of their performances, civic musicians were also prominent contributors to the positive perception of their city as a cultural center. One measure of early modern German cities' importance was their ability to employ musicians as salaried civil servants and to use civic music as an acoustical representation of power. Using the Free City of Augsburg as a case study, this dissertation assesses financial, aural, and sociological sources to establish how and why German civic musicians were a valued and culturally influential asset. Doing so recasts civic musicians as significant figures in the music of early modern Europe by examining the contractual obligations and salaries of the seventeenth-century Augsburg Stadtpfeifer alongside their sonic and social impacts as valued symbols of their community.

In this thesis I explore the attitudes, arguments, and actions of British political elites in connection with the development of human rights law in Europe and the UK. I do this by examining British input into five key episodes for the development of European supranational rights and their incorporation into domestic legal orders (namely the drafting of the European Convention on Human Rights 1950, the drafting of the European Social Charter 1961, the acceptance of individual petition in 1966, the failed 1970s Bill of Rights debate, the passing of the Human Rights Act 1998, and recent developments such as the UK ‘opt-out’ to the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, and the emergence of a new ‘British Bill of Rights’ debate). Casting light on British involvement in less examined periods in European rights development, I challenge existing, isolated, explanations for the more focal episodes (such as Simpson’s rational-choice post-colonial thesis for individual petition acceptance, and ideological accounts for New Labour’s post-1997 constitutional reform). Responding to the most recent literature in the area, central to my analysis is the question of how rights progress relates to inter-party conflict. By considering continuities and discontinuities in elite political discussion of rights I argue that while conflict is a significant underlying feature of every major episode of rights progress during the last sixty years, and is less evident in less progressive periods, other factors have had a greater influence over the form, timing, and extent of rights progress. Most significant amongst these is the constitutional ideological development of the Labour party and the critical connection between Labour’s elevation of the Convention within the UK constitutional space and revisionist shifts in party thinking.

Ce mémoire est une étude d’un cas de rapprochement entre deux pays. Pendant la guerre de Crimée, la Grande-Bretagne s’allia à la France du Second Empire. Ennemie traditionnelle, la France est toujours considérée comme une menace. La coopération forcée entre les deux pays, résultat des circonstances, est à la base de la présente recherche. Des milliers de militaires et de civils des deux pays travaillèrent ensemble pendant deux ans. Les correspondances britanniques révèlent une fraternisation plus importante que ce qui est relevé dans l’historiographie. D’après les théories de Gordon Allport sur la diminution des préjugés, toutes les conditions nécessaires à un rapprochement se retrouvaient en Crimée. Les étapes, définies par Allport, qui mènent à cette fraternisation se perçoivent aussi dans les lettres personnelles. Ce rapprochement eut des conséquences sous-estimées : les Britanniques se comparèrent aux Français et leur fierté céda la place à une importante autocritique. Cela déclencha des controverses dans l’armée et dans les journaux dès le début de la guerre, longtemps avant les scandales de l’hiver 1854-1855. / In the Crimean war, Great-Britain made an alliance with the Second French Empire, the traditional enemy, still considered as a threat; this cooperation, forced by circumstances, forms the basis of this research. Thousands of soldiers and civilians from both countries worked together for two years. The British personal letters reveal a fraternization between both cultures that is more important than the one mentioned in the historiography. According to Gordon Allport’s theories on the diminution of prejudices, all the necessary conditions for reconciliation could be found in Crimea. The steps leading to the fraternization, defined by Allport, are also perceptible in the personal letters. This reconciliation had under-estimated consequences: British soldiers and civilians started comparing themselves with the French and their pride gave place to an important self-criticism. This led to scandals in the army and the newspapers from the very beginning of the war, long before the scandals of the winter 1854-1855.