This thesis examines the role of Zhang Yuanji, both as a liberal patriotic reformer in late Qing and as China's leading publisher after 1900. A historical figure hardly known to the West, Zhang contributed substantially to China's modernization in his quiet pragmatic style. When China was challenged by the imperialist West, the response of the nation's scholar-gentry elite ranged from spirited calls for wholesale westernization to a stubborn clinging to the 'national essence'. Individuals at the extremes of this range have received more attention from historians than the middle-of-the-road group of moderates, who in the twentieth century worked for modernization without discarding tradition totally. Zhang Yuanji was a typical figure in this group who attained intellectual maturity under Confucianism and yet was open-minded enough to accept Western philosophies and to adopt Western practices of entrepreneurship. Zhang Yuanji's in tense sense of patriotic obligation to introduce progressive learning for China's benefit while popularizing the best of the classical heritage was coupled with a culturalistic viewpoint that there could be no genuine changes unless a certain percentage of China'S thinking population became modernized in outlook, well-informed of world affairs, and imbued with a progressive spirit. Zhang pioneered in modern education from 1896 and remained a dedicated educationalist all his life. His publishing career in the Commercial Press can be viewed as a logical extension of his early aim of modernizing China through the spread of new knowledge. The history of the Commercial Press and in particular Zhang's part in it have received little scholarly attention, previous treatments of the subject have relied heavily on two official Commercial Press histories and the autobiographical writings of Wang Yunwu, which neglect Zhang's major contributions. The Commercial Press, as the largest publishing house in modern China, was in the forefront of educational, scholarly, and literary development in China from 1900 to the 1950s, and Zhang played a vital role in promoting progressive publications as well as preserving the best editions of classics and histories. Zhang's efforts to run the Commercial Press successfully through all the political upheavals that beset China from late Qing to after 1949 reveal both the scholar's attempts to keep up with all the latest ideological trends as well as the entrepreneur's ambition to run a modern business efficiently. A study of Zhang Yuanji's life and career is in part a study of the evolution of China's gentry-elite and the emergence of the native capitalists. The thesis draws on newly-available primary materials, both in the original and in manuscript, including over a thousand of Zhang's letters, several hundred poems and essays, and the extant sections of his business diary. These materials are supplemented by information provided by Zhang's surviving literary and editorial colleagues. Internal publications and source-materials of the Commercial Press are also used to reconstruct this biography of a little-known man who worked for China's modernization by drawing on his solid learning about China's past.

This thesis examines the public debate on homosexuality in New Zealand in the period 1960-86. Its focus is primarily on male homosexuality because the central issue was the continued criminalization of male same-sex sexual acts. The thesis notes irresolvable problems of definition of homosexuality involving discussions of behaviour, orientation and identity. Nevertheless, the debate proceeded on a binary basis, that homosexuals and heterosexuals were two clearly defined groups of people. The thesis begins by noting the repression and invisibility of homosexuals in the 1960s. It then explores the origins and significance of the New Zealand Homosexual Law Reform Society and the gay liberation movement. Because of the significance of religion in regard to the debate, a chapter is devoted to major change and cleavage that occurred within the churches relating to homosexuality in the period reviewed. Finally the intense fifteen months of debate that occurred prior to decriminalization of male homosexual activity in July 1986 is studied at depth. The thesis highlights the intensity of feeling that the debate engendered. This was the result of the clash of fundamentally different worldviews and value systems. Behind the particular issue lay the question of the moral and social status of homosexuals and homosexual acts. So fundamental was this division that from both sides the very future of society seemed to be at stake. Worlds were in collision. / Note: Thesis now published. Guy, L (2002). Worlds in collision : the gay debate in New Zealand, 1960-1986. Wellington [N.Z.]: Victoria University Press, 2002. ISBN 0864734387

Frederick Weld arrived in New Zealand early in 1884, an unassuming and shy twenty-year old with high hopes and modest assets. He left the colony two decades later, a well-regarded and prominent citizen whose reputation was regarded by imperial authorities as ample qualification for appointment to a colonial governorship. Following a successful term of office in Western Australia, he was promoted to Tasmania and thence to the Straits Settlements, from which post he retired in 1887. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how Weld’s colonial experience greatly influenced the nature of his administrations and to illustrate how his outlook gradually changed from one of a colonist to that of a servant of empire. / Images removed from thesis for copyright reasons.

This essay concerns the Lausitz culture. It focuses is on grave culture and ceramics in addition to which connections they might have. Furthermore two cultures will be examined to better determine how the Lausitz culture uses their ceramic. Research on lipid residues will be conducted using twelve ceramic fragments from the Lausitz culture.

The Swedish mental health care system underwent a reconstruction during the 17th century. Mentally sick people who were enclosed and hidden from the society were now moved to newly built hospitals, with a specialization in mental rehabilitation, due to the number of mentally sick people in Sweden rising during the 17thcentury. In 1923, a new way of treating and rehabilitating patients was enforced, called occupational therapy. Occupational therapy meant that the patients would be assigned jobs or other occupations, instead of being bedridden, which was often the way patients were previously treated at the beginning of the 18th century. Occupational therapy became highly popular in Sweden, due to the new hospitals that were built being very expensive for the Swedish tax-payers. The new way of treating patients with occupational therapy became an economic priority for the hospitals. Mariebergs Hospital in Kristinehamn was also, at the time, using other new was of treating patients like lobotomy and electroshock therapy. In this essay, we will get in contact with the patients that underwent lobotomy treatment and were sterilized without their consent. The purpose of this essay is to focus on what kind of people were hospitalized in the mental hospitals during the 18thcentury and how they were cared for in various ways. This essay will be based on two thesis statements that were crafted by sociologist Bengt Sjöström in order to interpret the material that appears in this enquiry.

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This thesis takes an interdisciplinary approach to five residences that were commissioned and headed by noblewomen in England between the years 1444 and 1541. By focusing on the design, layout and use of domestic space, it explores how female authority was articulated through the material, spatial and social environment of the late medieval great household and its wider landscape. The five noblewomen and sites considered in this study are as follows: Alice Chaucer, duchess of Suffolk (c.1404-75) and Ewelme Manor House (Oxfordshire); Margaret of Anjou, queen of England (1430-82) and Greenwich Palace (Kent); Margaret Beaufort, countess of Richmond and Derby (1443-1509) and Collyweston Palace (Northamptonshire); Katherine Courtenay, countess of Devon (1479-1527) and Tiverton Castle (Devon); and Margaret Pole, countess of Salisbury (1473-1541) and Warblington Castle (Hampshire). By taking a comparative approach to the principal houses of these five women, this thesis makes a new and significant contribution to scholarly discussions of gender, power and space in pre-modern England, which have until now neglected to consider the great household as a site of female authority. Chapter one introduces the sites, and explores the geographical and social factors governing the women's choices of those locations. Chapters two and three focus on the arrangement of outdoor and indoor space respectively, to consider whether there was a discernible gender difference in the ways in which male and female heads of household ordered space for the projection of their authority. Chapter four focuses on the representations of male and female bodies through large-scale visual media such as tapestries and wall paintings, and considers how their representation and placement within the domestic complex articulated female authority. The fifth and final chapter explores the women's performances of their authority as household figureheads. Overall, the thesis argues that female displays of domestic authority relied on a complex interplay of masculine and feminine elements, thus challenging a prevailing notion that authoritative women in pre-modern England were merely honorary men or exceptional women, and revealing a far more nuanced reality.

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Sköndalsinstitutet har bedrivit utbildning sedan 1905, då med kristen diakonal prägel, men genom en lång kamp beviljats statsanslag samt år 1964 fått sin högskolestatus. Med fokus på socialt arbete fick Sköndalsinstitutet år 1993 rätt att examinera socionomer. Idag har utbildning bedrivits i drygt hundra år och numera tillsammans med Ersta och Bräcke som tillsammans utgör Ersta Sköndal högskola Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka om lärosätets kristna prägel och diakonala arv avspeglar sig på utbildningen och hur utbildningen förändrats sedan utbildningen ledde till en socionomexamen år 1993. Källmaterialet jag valt att utgå ifrån är kursplaner på socionomutbildningen mellan åren 1996–2014. De innehåller delkurser termin för termin. Genom att använda mig av en kvalitativ textanalys som metod i granskningen av källmaterialet hoppas jag kunna uppnå mitt syfte att förstå om, hur och varför socionomutbildningen på Ersta Sköndal högskola har förändrats. Genom att vidare använda mig, primärt, av en sekularisering teoretiskt perspektiv vid genomgången av den kvalitativa textanalysens undersökningsresultat min ambition att uppnå en större insikt i de faktorer som påverkat utbildningen i olika riktningar. Mitt resultat visar hur de kristna inslagen inledningsvis är tydliga men att de sedan försvinner helt ur socionomutbildningen. Undersökningens andra del fokuserar på de skillnader mellan utbildningarna, vad som förändras samt de faktorer som, jag ser, ligger bakom förändringarna av det kristna innehållet.