In the early 20thcentury, homosexual acts were illegal in Sweden. During this time, “homosexuality” did not exist as a concept. Instead, the Swedish law referred to homosexual acts as “unnatural fornication”. In 1907 a man named Nils Santesson was arrested and sentenced for committing unnatural fornication with another man. The case was brought to the attention of the press, which for the first time began to use the term “homosexual” in headings and articles.    The purpose of this study has been to analyse how homosexuality was considered and defined in Sweden during the early 20thcentury, by studying the reporting of Nils Santesson’s court case and his self-image. The analysis is based on the categories: crime, illness and morality, and to achieve the purpose of the study, a qualitative text analysis has been implemented as a method. Also, the study was based on the theory of a masculinity hierarchy that subordinated homosexuals, and one version of queer theory.   The result shows that homosexuality was considered as an act rather than an integral part of someone’s character or identity. The society regarded homosexuality as obnoxious, indecent and unnatural, which was a direct consequence of the Swedish criminal law 18 § 10. Homosexuals were portrayed as sickening from three aspects: as a morbidly deviant phenomenon from heterosexuality, as contribution to mental illness and as carriers of sexually transmitted diseases. Morally, homosexuals were considered sexually licentious and constantly in search of seduction. Heterosexuality was upheld as a dominant system which placed homosexual men in a masculine subordination as homosexuality was regarded as a criminal act, immoral and were associated with disease.

Medicine and healing, constantly changing through time, have always been important aspects of life. The desire to avoid the inevitable state of death has driven mankind in all corners of the world to develop certain ways of prolonging life from a very early time. While it is recognized in the modern day that disease and infection are caused by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria and parasites, the ancient Egyptians believed that gods, demons, and spirits played the main roles in causing such troubles. Therefore, it does not seem strange that, besides being devoted to the use of various natural drugs and materials in healing treatments, the ancient Egyptians also incorporated religion and magic into their treatment methods. Magic, religion, and medicine enjoyed an equal symbiosis all throughout the Pharaonic times, and one cannot easily separate one from the other. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there is any kind of systematics in the way magic was used in ancient Egyptian healing treatments, specifically in the treatments involving incantations and spells. The comparison of the relevant treatments in relation to each other will be conducted both within and in between the individual papyri. The surviving ancient medical papyri are a handful of texts ranging approximately from 1800 BC to 300 AD and give us a precious idea of what the arts of medicine and healing could have looked like in the ancient Egyptian world. A chosen number of the ancient papyri, dated to the 18th dynasty, will be studied in order to better understand the concept of healing and, more significantly, the importance of the power in words. The main sources used are the ancient material of the medical papyri themselves, complemented by a knowledgebase built on the plentiful previous research on the subject available. Numerous studies on the subject of both medicine and magic in ancient Egypt, as well as on the surviving medical papyri have been conducted since the end of the 19th century. The collection of ‘Grundriss der medizin der alten Ägypter’, consisting of nine volumes, was published between the years of 1954 to 1973 and still stands as the most extensive study on the combined ancient Egyptian medical papyri. Several works on the different individual papyri, mainly the Edwin Smith papyrus and the Ebers papyrus, have also been published throughout the years. While there does not appear to have been any intentional systematics in the way the ancient Egyptians conducted their treatment methods containing incantations, there are similarities to be observed. It seems clear that rational medicine and magical incantations and rites, together with the fundamental element of religion, was the ideal combination in the treatment of any condition or complaint.

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The laws regarding amateur metal detecting varies greatly between Sweden, Denmark and Great Britain. The Swedish restrictive model is implemented to protect the cultural heritage and prohibits the use of metal detectors. In Great Britain it is encouraged to search for objects and reporting it to the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS). Denmark has a slightly less liberal model then Great Britain. The liberal model in Great Britain was met by the archeological community with great skepticism. The end results after almost 40 years of cooperation with detectorists is a massive amount of archeological data which has been used for various research in different fields. This paper aims to research the possibilities Sweden has to cooperate with amateur detectorists. An online survey which was answered by Swedish amateur detectorists sheds light on their opinions about the restrictive legislation, cooperation and interests in ethically detecting to aid the preservation of the cultural heritage.

The present study examines the function and religious symbolism of water in the Isis sanctuaries in Hellenistic Greece. This is achieved through a survey of all the Isis sanctuaries in Greece dating to the Hellenistic period and the water installations. This study also examined how water was provisioned to the sanctuaries and how Egypt, particularly the Nile was, perceived by the Greeks. In addition, to what degree the cult of Isis was the result of Egyptomania that swept across Greece has been studied. The result shows that water provision through rainwater carried a religious meaning rather than the water installations design or location. This result is based on a Greek awareness of the meaning of the Nile within ancient Egyptian religion. The Greeks adapted their observations on what was Egyptian into their own Isis cult and for this reason the cult was an expression of Egyptomania.

Det övergripande syftet med föreliggande studie är att bidra med empirisk data till ettområde som förefaller sakna sådan: lärarnas syn på kunskap i sin yrkesutövning. Ytterligareett syfte är att nyansera den skoldebatt som förts kring reformerna 2011. Metoden somanvänds är kvalitativ och studien består av öppna intervjuer med fem lärare.Kunskapsanspråket är subjektivt och tolkande i syfte att utveckla förståelse för lärarnasämnesdidaktiska val. Frågeställningarna som diskuteras är vilka förmågor och kunskapersom lärarna anser är viktigast att utveckla inom ämnet samt hur dessa bedöms, hurämnesdidaktiken ser ut under planering och lektioner och slutligen vilka ämnesdidaktiskaambitioner som kan utläsas ur intervjuerna.Studien finner att den ämnesdidaktik som beskrivs av lärarna inte faller in i den tydligapolarisering som kan utläsas av skoldebatten. Undervisningen består varken av“faktaspäckad förmedlingspedagogik” eller “postmodernistisk kulturrelativism”. Det ärfakta som är den centrala kunskapsdimensionen, men fokus ligger på att förstå och användafakta, inte att minnas och återge. Undervisningen följer ämnesplanen på varierande sätt;kurserna kan anta en ytlig allmänbildande eller djupare tematisk karaktär, men studienfinner inte några klara gränser i didaktiken, exempelvis mellan tematisk och kronologiskstruktur. Studien finner att lärarna undervisar om och i historia, men att det inte läggs fokuspå att lära sig av historia. Studien avslutas med att behandla lärarnas ambitioner och föreslåratt en gemensam begreppsapparat samt ett forum för att diskutera ämnesdidaktiska frågoretableras. / <p>Betygsdatum 2019-01-18</p>

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the British abolition movement used the Swedish abolitionist Carl Bernhard Wadström's argument against the slave trade. We want to investigate which rhetoric Wadström himself used and which rhetoric abolitionists used when referring to Wadström's arguments. To investigate which rhetoric is used, we have taken support in Aristotle's theories of rhetoric and, above all, his ideas on the three modes of persuasion, ethos, pathos and logos. The source material that forms the basis of the study is Wadström's book Observations on the slave trade and five other types of texts written by abolitionists where Wadström and his arguments against the slave trade are mentioned. The main result we found is that Wadström in his book uses an emotional language to convince his readers of the evil of the slave trade. However, the abolitionists do not use an emotional language in their texts when using Wadström's arguments. Abolitionists used ethos and logos as modes of persuasions to convince that slave trade should be banned.

In this dissertation, I illustrate how the governance of archaeology in Turkey from the beginning of the modern state until the present day has shaped knowledge about the past. I analyze development plans, laws, repatriation efforts, UNESCO World Heritage Site nominations, and the distribution of research permits as tools of governmental policies. I also investigate educational structures to demonstrate how state policies have shaped public understanding of the value of archaeology. In its earliest years, as part of its nation building efforts, the Republic encouraged research on cultural diffusion at major Bronze Age sites. Witnessing the use of similar approaches to justify racist claims during World War II, archaeologists in Turkey distanced themselves from political agendas. Throughout the 1950s, practitioners focused solely on studying the human past without privileging other agendas. From the late 1960s - 1990s, state policies emphasized archaeology's touristic value, treating cultural heritage as an economic good. This meant a continued focus on impressive architectural monuments found primarily at Classical sites. Requests to investigate other eras and cultures, including Islamic and Turkish sites as well as regions with multi-ethnic pasts such as southeastern and eastern Anatolia and the Black Sea coast, were limited to restoration and rescue projects. After 2002, the Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (Justice and Development Party) government continued to link archaeology with tourism via World Heritage nominations. It also moved deliberately to use archaeology as a tool of political authority by limiting permits and funds to certain sites and by connecting foreign research permits with strong-arm repatriation tactics. While the number of excavations in previously under-explored areas of the country increased, government policies positioned archaeological sites as strategic chips in international diplomacy. In today's Turkey, archaeology is both an economic and a diplomatic commodity. I demonstrate how the ideal of the discipline as the scientific study of the human past has been exploited to serve political ends. This study serves as both a full historical analysis and also a cautionary tale, illustrating how powerful forces can frame, occlude, and ultimately undermine our collective ability to understand the past.

The following essay is conducted both from a local perspective in Sweden. The source material used have been analyzed through a power-theory drawn by professor Raymond Angelo Belliotti who has a Ph.D in philosophy. Belliotti’s theories are used to identify different kinds of power structures within child welfare in Sweden during the period 1900-1940. The central concept is power over which is used in analyzing the power structures. The power relationships become apparent when analyzing and identifying who supposedly has the most power by using the concept mentioned. In this essay, I want to investigate source material from two different child welfare boards in both Karlstad city and Karlstad’s national assembly. My essay is based on the following questions: In what ways can the power-relations become apparent by applying Belliotti’s theories on source material from two different child welfare boards? Based on the results from the first question, was children considered a collective mission or private matter?    The study shows that the relationship between parents, children and the child welfare board had a more dynamic relationship concerning power. In the source material from Karlstad’s national assembly child welfare board it is shown that there are some findings that could be used to discuss the power relationship. The results are that there was a strong sense of surveillance over both parents and children born outside marriage. There were more concrete situations in the source material from Karlstad city’s child welfare board. The results showed the most prominent kind of power-structure would be the one regarding concerning regulations and individuals however the dynamic kind of power-relation could also be seen in this instance when using Belliottis theories. By doing this study it became apparent that children that crossed juridical boundaries did become a public mission and there was no resistance about this matter in the studied sources. / Studien är om barnavården ur lokalt perspektiv i Sverige. Källmaterialen som använts har analyserats ur maktteorier av professor Raymond Angelo Belliotti som är fil.dr. i filosofi. Belliottis teorier är utvalda som hjälpmedel för att kunna identifiera olika maktstrukturer i barnavården i Sverige under 1900–1940 talen. Det centrala begreppet är makt över som använts i analyser av maktstrukturer. Genom analysen blir maktrelationerna tydliga och med hjälp av maktperspektivet går det att identifiera vem som förmodligen innehar mer makt. I studien använder jag mig av källmaterial från både två olika barnavårdsnämnder från Karlstads stad och Karlstads landsförsamling. Mina frågeställningar är följande: På vilket sätt kan maktrelationerna synliggöras vid applicering av Belliottis teorier i dokumentation av barnavårdsnämndens material av Karlstad landsförsamling och på fallstudier av barnavårdsnämnden i Karlstad stad? Var barn ett offentligt uppdrag och om så var fallet, fanns det något uttryckt motstånd om att det borde vara en privat angelägenhet?    Resultaten pekar på att det finns en mer dynamisk relation mellan maktpositionerna i olika situationer. I materialet från Karlstads landsförsamlings barnavårdsnämnd finner man några konstaterande som kan diskuteras genom maktrelationer, där bekräftas genom användning av teori att det finns en stark övervakning av både barn och föräldrar som utförs av barnavårdsnämnden. I materialet från Karlstad stads barnavårdsnämnd återfinns mer konkreta situationer i form av en berättelse. Den vanligaste typen av maktrelation var att regelverket ofta hade makt över individer men även resultaten här pekar på att det finns en viss dynamik mellan maktrelationerna mellan föräldrar, barn och barnavårdsnämnd. Genom att undersöka maktrelationer fanns det också en stor tydlighet om att barn som inte uppförde sig blev kända för barnavårdsnämnden därmed går det också att dra slutsatsen att vissa barn under 1900-1940 ansågs som ett offentligt uppdrag, särskilt de barn som inte uppförde sig. Resultaten pekar på att inga invändningar eller motstånd gjordes i det undersökta källmaterialen att barn borde vara en privat angelägenhet.