No quadro internacional, foi a partir do século XVII que se começou a valorizar a arquitectura medieval, acentuando-se essa mesma valorização durante o século XIX. Só então, no primeiro quartel de Oitocentos, começam a surgir os primeiros estudos que diferenciam as características formais, construtivas e iconográficas do estilo românico face estilo ao gótico. O estabelecimento de metodologias, a definição de cronologias e a caracterização estilística criaram um quadro conceptual e lançaram as bases para o avanço da disciplina no que diz respeito à alteridade do românico relativamente ao gótico. Em Portugal, o estudo sobre românico surge tardiamente quando comparado com a restante realidade europeia. Datando de 1870 a primeira obra consagrada a este estilo artístico, o seu estudo estendeu-se até aos nossos dias, afirmando-se através de sucessivas fases de conhecimento que reflectem abordagens, temas e problemáticas bem datadas. No entanto, as conquistas e evoluções que a historiografia sobre a matéria foi fazendo, materializada num vasto número de trabalhos editados, contribuíram e muito para o conhecimento actual sobre o românico português. A imagem que se foi construindo do românico acompanha a evolução da escrita sobre este momento tão representativo da arquitectura portuguesa, conotado com a formação de Portugal e com o reinado de D. Afonso Henriques (1143-1185). Esta concepção influiu sobre o modo como se restaurou a arquitectura da época românica sensivelmente ao longo da primeira metade do século XX. E isto é tanto mais significativo quanto daqui decorre a imagem actual da arquitectura românica, tal como a conhecemos hoje. Ao longo desta ampla cronologia, destacara-se três autores pela ruptura conceptual que o seu pensamento e a sua escrita sobre românico definiram. Deve-se a Augusto Filipe Simões (1835-1884) a publicação da primeira obra consagrada à arquitectura românica, as Reliquias da architectura romano-byzantina em Portugal e particularmente na cidade de Coimbra, dada ao prelo em 1870. Com Manuel Monteiro (1879-1952) foram lançadas as bases da posterior historiografia sobre a arquitectura da época românica em Portugal, definindo tipologias, classificando dialectos, estabelecendo cronologias e identificando influências. Só mais tarde, com Carlos Alberto Ferreira de Almeida (1934-1996) é que se voltou a sentir uma nova ruptura conceptual na escrita sobre românico, tendo este autor, além de muitos outros aspectos, procurado compreender o românico na sua época e na sua profunda relação antropológica com o território onde se insere. A originalidade do românico português foi sendo reconhecida pela historiografia da especialidade. A sua íntima relação com o território, a importância nuclear que os seus testemunhos arquitectónicos assumiram na organização territorial, aos mais diversos níveis, foi sendo assimilada por aqueles que se consagram ao seu estudo. Acresce ainda a percepção da forte presença de influências estrangeiras, apesar das problemáticas que se lhe associam, adaptadas que foram num contexto muito específico, onde as pré-existências assumem um papel nuclear, acentuam ainda mais o carácter único da arquitectura portuguesa da época românica. / In the international sphere, the appreciation of the medieval architecture commenced in the 17th century and increased throughout the 19th century. Only at that stage, in the first quarter of the 1800s, do the first studies which differentiate the formal, constructive and iconographic characteristics of the Romanesque style compared to the Gothic style begin to appear. The establishment of methodologies, the definition of chronologies and the stylistic characterization created a conceptual framework and launched the grounds for the development of the discipline in what concerns the alter ego of the Romanesque in relation to the Gothic. In Portugal, the study of the Romanesque occurs rather late when compared to the remaining European reality. The first artwork devoted to this artistic style dates from 1870 and its study has been carried out until the present day, being defined through successive phases of knowledge which reflect well dated approaches, themes and problematics. Nevertheless, the historiography conquests and developments made on the subject in the meantime, which materialize in a vast number of published works, largely contributed to the actual knowledge of the Portuguese Romanesque. The image that was construed of the Romanesque escorts the evolution of writings regarding such a representative moment of Portuguese architecture, which is linked to the foundation of Portugal and the kingdom of D. Afonso Henriques (1143-1185). This understanding influenced the manner in which the Romanesque period architecture was restored roughly during the first half of the 20th century. This is even more significant whereas this results in the current image of the Romanesque architecture, as we know it today. Throughout this wide chronology, three authors are distinguished due to the conceptual breakout defined by their thoughts and their writings. The publishing of the first artwork devoted to the Romanesque architecture, the Reliquias da architectura romano-byzantina em Portugal e particularmente na cidade de Coimbra, dated 1870 is owed to Augusto Filipe Simões (1835-1884). With Manuel Monteiro (1879-1952) the grounds of the subsequent historiography on Romanesque period architecture in Portugal were launched, by defining typologies, classifying dialects, establishing chronologies and identifying influences. Only later with Carlos Alberto Ferreira de Almeida (1934-1996) a new conceptual breakout in the writings on Romanesque was felt, due to the fact that this author, amongst many other aspects, tried to understand the Romanesque in its era and its profound anthropologic relationship with the territory where it is located. The originality of the Portuguese Romanesque commenced being recognized by the Romanesque historiography. Its intimate relationship with the territory, the nuclear importance which its architectonic testimonies acquire in the territorial organization, at diversified levels, has been taken on board by those devoted to its study. Additionally, the perception of the strong presence of foreign influences, despite the associated problematics and adapted in a specific context where prior artistic existences acquired a nuclear role, enhance even more the unique character of the Portuguese architecture in the Romanesque period.

Pretende a presente dissertação estudar as transformações sofridas pela Sé do Porto no século XX, resultado da acção da Direcção-Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais (DGEMN). Assim, balizando a nossa pesquisa entre 1929 - ano da criação da DGEMN - e 1982 - ano da criação do Instituto Português do Património Cultural, ao qual passou a estar afecta a Sé -, foi nosso principal objectivo apurar em que medida estas transformações contribuíram para o estado em que se apresenta actualmente a fisionomia da Catedral portuense. Após o estudo dos Processos dos Arquivos da DGEMN - de Obras e Administrativos, Gráficos e Fotográficos -, dedicados a este Monumento em particular, pudemos constatar que na origem das transformações esteve todo um vasto conjunto de intervenções com vista à reabilitação arquitectónica do complexo Catedralício. Deste modo, verificámos, ainda, que estas intervenções apresentaram duas naturezas distintas, decorrentes das teorias e conceitos aplicados nas acções desenvolvidas pela DGEMN, reflexo das mudanças verificadas ao nível do ambiente cultural em torno da consciencialização da salvaguarda do Património Edificado. Assim, e sensivelmente até 1946, seguiu-se uma linha mais próxima da reintegração estilística, concretizada num restauro, deveras transformador da fisionomia do próprio Monumento. Após esta data, optou-se mais por seguir uma acção pautada pelos princípios da conservação, ou seja, da manutenção do Monumento no estado em que este foi encontrado. Para ambos os períodos tivemos sempre em atenção que no modo de tratar a envolvente do Monumento foram seguidos, aproximadamente, estes princípios e conceitos. De um modo inédito a pesquisa que realizámos veio, ainda, a revelar que toda esta atenção especial dada em Portugal aos Monumentos ao longo do século XX, em particular, teve a sua origem em todo um ambiente cultural e teórico que se foi paulatinamente desenvolvendo na cidade do Porto, a partir da acção de sensibilização protagonizada por Joaquim de Vasconcelos e por Marques Abreu e que depois se estendeu a um grupo maior, ainda restrito, o Núcleo do Porto, que adoptou como causa o culto dos Monumentos. / This dissertation intends to study the transformations undergone by the See of Oporto in the 20th century, in consequence of the action of the Direcção-Geral dos Edifícios e Monumentos Nacionais - DGEMN (General-Direction of the National Buildings and Monuments). Thus, limiting our research between 1929 - the year of DGEMN's creation - and 1982 - the year of the creation of the Instituto Português do Património Cultural (Portuguese Institute of Cultural Heritage), to which the See became formally linked -, our main goal was to find out to which extent these transformations contributed to the present state of the Oporto Cathedral's physiognomy. After studying the Files of DGEMN's Archives - of Works and Administrative, Graphic and Photographic -, related to this Monument in particular, we were able to realize that in the origin of the transformations there was a vast number of interventions with a view to architectonic rehabilitation of the Cathedral's complex. In this way, we ascertained further that these interventions were of two different natures, resulting from the theories and concepts applied in the actions developed by DGEMN, a reflex of the changes that occurred at the level of the cultural environment around the consciousness of the safeguard of the Built Heritage. In this way, and till about 1946, a course closer to stylistic reintegration was followed, realized in restoration, really transformer of the Monument's physiognomy. After this date, the main option was to follow an action regulated by the principles of conservation, in other words, of maintaining the state in which the Monument was found. For both periods we kept always in mind that in the way of treating the Monument's surroundings these principles and concepts were approximately followed. In an unprecedented way the research we made also revealed that all this special attention paid in Portugal to the Monuments during the 20th century, in particular, had its origin in a cultural and theoretical environment that developed gradually in the city of Oporto, starting with the awareness action led by Joaquim de Vasconcelos and Marques Abreu and later extended to a larger group, yet still limited, the Nucleus of Oporto, that adopted the cult of the Monuments as a cause.

Uppsatsen behandlar Anna Lindhagens syn på ett antal samhällsfrågor i relation till dåtidens rådande genuskontrakt, samt hur hennes fokus har förändras över tid. För att kunna få ett konkret källmaterial, är uppsatsen avgränsad till de artiklar som Lindhagen skrev under sin tid som redaktör för den socialdemokratiska kvinnotidningen Morgonbris. Väl för att kunna placera källmaterialet i en större kontext, är det granskat i kombination med Yvonne Hirdmans genuskontrakt, genussystemets logiker samt natur respektive kultur kopplat till kön. Lindhagens artiklar skapar ett nät av fem samhällsfrågor. Dessa är: Arbetarfrågan, Barn och föräldrar, Kvinnors politiska rösträtt, Kriget och freden samt Kultur och Natur. För att besvara uppsatsens frågeställningar har artiklarna granskats efter kvalitativ textanalysmetod och med ett analysverktyg bestående av precisisa frågor till respektive område. Undersökningens resultat visar att Anna Lindhagen skrev till störst del om Barn och föräldrar, vilket kan bedömas som att hon hade övervägande engagemang för den samhällsfrågan. De andra samhällsfrågorna uppkom mer slumpmässigt, antingen när det hade inträffat någon specifik händelse eller en samhällsförändring. Resultatet från undersökningen påvisar att Lindhagens fokus inom Barn och föräldrar låg på skapa bättre levnadsförhållanden för de ensamstående mödrarna. Inom Arbetarfrågan förmedlade hon sin vilja om att bygga upp arbetet på en kollektiv grund där även kvinnan skulle vara en del av arbetsmarknaden. Vad gäller Kvinnors politiska rösträtt, uttryckte Lindhagen att kvinnor ska ha politisk rösträtt och att arbetet för att uppnå detta ska ske tillsammans med männen. Inom Kriget och Freden hade hon ett engagemang för fredsskapande och medkänsla för människor som levde under svåra livisförhållanden. Slutligen ansåg Lindhagen att Kultur och natur var en enhet och att det inte kunde kopplas till ett specifikt kön. Sammanfattningsvis kan det konstateras att Anna Lindhagen förde ett ställningstagande som en kvinna under hennes samtid skulle ta, även om hon inom vissa samhällsfrågor skapade en rubbning på det som Hirdman benämner som genuskontraktet. Lindhagen argumenterade dock skickligt och smidigt och kunde därmed undvika att hamna enligt Hirdmans teori i en konflikt i gråzonen.

Syftet med studien är att analysera talet om mobbning som en diskurs i media. Detta genom att göra en jämförelse mellan hur tidningsartiklar ifrån 1970 respektive 2013 framställde mobbning, mobbaren, offret samt de ansvariga för mobbning. Detta för att senare kunna uttyda eventuella diskursförändringar i framställningen, vilken sålunda är den teoretiska utgångspunkten för studien. Vidare har undersökningen genomförts med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod då en förenklad diskursanalys har använts för att närmare studera språket i artiklarna. Totalt har ett urval av 26 artiklar analyserats. Detta genom att identifiera framställningen om mobbning, mobbaren, offret och de ansvariga, för att vidare kunna urskilja de större mönstren i artiklarnas framställning. Studiens resultat visar att det har skett en diskursförändring i framställningen av fenomenet mobbning, mobbaren, offret och de ansvariga. Det framgår i resultatet att artiklarna ifrån 1970 – talet framställer mobbning som ett våldsamt beteende med olika förklaringar till varför mobbning sker medan artiklarna ifrån 2013 framställer mobbning som kränkningar som kan anmälas. Resultatet visar också på en del likheter, exempelvis när det gäller vilka handlingar mobbarna utför, där artiklarna ifrån respektive år pekar på att mobbarna slår och misshandlar offret.

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The 17th century saw a time of great power for Sweden, in some cases called the Swedish empire. This period in Sweden is known as a time where Sweden’s government and state organization became more structuralized. One of the many elements that contributed to this was the process of centralization where more matters were handled by the central government and many laws were standardized throughout the nation. This essay looks at this process through some of the local fire law documents that were written during this time in order to establish a more effective fire prevention system. The aim of the essay thus becomes to analyze these documents to see whether or not they share similarities enough to showcase a centralization process. The key theoretical terms in the essay are organization, participation, central, local, private and public. The last three of these terms will be used partially to analyze how the division of responsibility worked in these laws as this time also saw development in the differentiation of what is public and private respectively. The documents were compared with each other to see whether or not they shared similarities as well as if there was any development in them between the older and newer ones. The conclusion was that the documents do prove that a certain development can be seen. The fire departments organization became much clearer in the later editions of the documents. Centralization can also be seen to a certain extent as some of the laws that came out of Stockholm started appearing in other cities documents as well. Some cities chose to have a different format but still applied some of the same laws as the capital. As a whole, however, there is no evidence to suggest a complete centralization of fire prevention in early modern Sweden. Responsibility did prove to be somewhat equally shared between the population and public officials such as the local fire department.

In 1924 a new law stated that every Swedish municipality had to create one authority containing al the boards that handled child issues. Before 1924 children often was put into fostercare without supervision or auctioned out to the lowest bidders and was used as farmworkers or for housekeeping.This essay will adress the fact that the authorities diden´t always know how well or unwell the children was being treated in fostercare. Many times people with good social and economic status could demand having a fosterchild without the authorities asking to many questions. With the material from Ljungbys local archives containing documents from the early 20th century, newspaper articales and other research this essay will compare and discuss how the authorities acted in different cases based on gender and social class. In this discussion we will focus manly on the children but also on the biologicalparents, the fosterparents and the members of the childrensboard. We will discuss if the authorities really did treat people different in mather of the fact that they are male, female, poor or rich. / Nej

This thesis has examined the popular rising of September 1855 in Jönköping. The events are called Brödupproret and has its origin in the rising prices in grains and potatoes following new more liberal trading policies. The rising lasted two days, 25-26 of September, starting with an angry crowd outside one of Jönköping´s more famous merchants of grain. The local police force could not control the angry masses and people from the upper class formed a “peace loving” force that tried to calm the protesters. On the second day of the events military forces entered the city and finally terminated the rising. The following judicial process lasted well into the spring of 1856, resulting in 49 people sentenced. Some with a leading role in the uprising had to serve 6 to 8 years of hard labour.Based on E.P Thompson´s theory on moral economy the investigation has analysed protocols from the judicial process that followed the events. The investigated judicial protocol is a printed version of the hand-written original documents. These contains hearings with suspected rioters and witnesses.In short moral economy states that in the pre socialistic era people of all classes had a view that each social class had its responsibilities against the others. For the upper class one of these responsibilities was to keep prices on food on a morally agreeable level. If this responsibility was not fulfilled people had the right to protest. Through a text analysis words that indicate a consciousness of social class, trade with large quantities of grain or potatoes or threats of violence has been searched.Inquiries:What was the aim of the rising?Who was the target of the rising?How did the upper social class react to the events?The examination found that the aim of the uprising was to stop the buying of large quantities of grains and potatoes that had risen the prices and depleted the local market of these products. It was also clear that the merchants and the upper class were the targets and the ones who were blamed for the higher prices. Furthermore, it was found that the upper class reacted by trying to calm the angry masses. Mostly by talking to them or when threatened promising not to buy more grains and thereby raise the price.The thesis concluded that there in Jönköping in 1855 was a consciousness of social class. It also found that people of the working class were aware of what caused the rising prices and who was responsible for it. It is also possible to see what means people saw as a solution to the problem, violence and threats against the upper class. This means that E.P Thompsons theory of moral economy might be applicated on the events in Jönköping 1855.

The existence of the prehistoric cult buildings is a highly controversial subject in archeology. Perhaps the most interesting thing about the discussion is that it is not certain that these buildings existed. Most of the recent excavations have contributed to an increased interest in central places, cult centers and the discovered material associated with mansion-like settlements. Various exclusive discoveries link relevant interpretations and terms to kings and aristocracy. In some cultural contexts the larger magnate complexes during the Iron Age have had a significant importance. The buildings that are considered to have received a great ritual significance are special houses that have been interpreted as cult houses, but also the hall buildings had a significant role in the context of cult. In the interpretation of the Iron Age cult house, there are a number of aspects that should be taken into consideration, and not merely the material findings at the cult houses. The surrounding nature of the buildings is important, since the cult houses were built on settlements, where powerful chiefs of importance to the community lived and worked. Unlike the bronze ages cult houses, the iron age is more easily interpreted, due to several aspects. On the one hand, iron age cult houses are considerably more resourceful, on the other hand, pre-Christian scriptures have contributed to various aspects of the interpretation of the buildings. These interpretations can be questioned as they are not scientific.