O discurso dominante no Brasil vincula a ideia de acesso à moradia digna ao ideal de acesso à propriedade individual. A partir dessa constatação, a dissertação reflete sobre a ideologia da casa própria e seus desdobramentos relativos à política habitacional brasileira, buscando: (i) compreender como essa ideologia se expressa, hoje, em face do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida; (ii) identificar se essa ideologia de fato representa um obstáculo à viabilização programas habitacionais alternativos, como o aluguel social. Para a realização da pesquisa foram identificados os principais atores envolvidos com a produção e aquisição de habitação de interesse social pelo Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida. No trabalho de campo, realizado na cidade de Curitiba, adotou-se a técnica da entrevista qualitativa semiestruturada. Os resultados do estudo revelam que o acesso à casa própria tem sido compreendido, sobretudo: (i) como a garantia da segurança de um teto em caso de eventual crise ou instabilidade política e econômica, e; (ii) como um investimento seguro em uma mercadoria com elevado potencial de troca. Constatou-se ainda que, embora a ideologia da casa própria de fato represente um obstáculo à viabilização de programas de aluguel social, políticas dessa natureza beneficiariam uma parcela importante da população. Nas conclusões, ressalta-se a importância do estímulo à reflexão sobre a habitação como um serviço básico, pautado em política habitacional ampla, que leve em conta a diversidade e as particularidades da população brasileira. / The widespread discourse in Brazil associates the idea of access to dignified housing to the ideal of access to individual homeownership. The present dissertation proposes some reflections on homeownership ideology and its implications regarding the Brazilian housing policy. The main objectives of the research are: (i) to comprehend how the homeownership ideology is expressed, whereas the current housing policy is ruled by the program Minha Casa Minha Vida and; (ii) identify whether this ideology is an obstacle to alternative housing programs, such as social rental housing. To carry out the research the main actors involved in the production and acquisition of social housing through Minha Casa Minha Vida were identified. During the fieldwork, conducted in the city of Curitiba, the technique of semi-structured qualitative interview was adopted. The results of the interviews revealed that homeownership is particularly understood as: (i) the home safety in case of any political or economic instability, and; (ii) a safe investment in a commodity with higher potential returns. Likewise, it was possible to observe that although the homeownership ideology have proven to be an obstacle to the viability of social rental programs, such housing modalities would benefit an important portion of the population. In conclusion, it is emphasized the importance of encouraging reflection on housing as a basic social service, based on extensive housing policy that embraces the particularities and the diversity of the Brazilian population.

When US veterans return home from serving their country reintegrating into civilian society is difficult. Adjustment is often associated with mental health stress and personal instability. One of the biggest predictors of successful reintegration is homeownership. The research is in partnership with Dallas Area Habitat for Humanity. The research seeks to explore the challenges veterans face when seeking homeownership.

Housing debts have become fuel for the global economy, having been turned into tradable commodities on the financial markets. However, housing debts also have a profound relevance in the everyday life of those who have become indebted, enabling the dream of homeownership, but also leading to foreclosures and evictions. This thesis aims to take a rather under-researched perspective on formal and informal housing debts (i.e., mortgages and familial loans) by exploring the role of public and domestic discourses in, what is termed, the financialisation of housing. The financialisation of housing refers to the process of real estate being turned into assets and commodities and to the spread of individualised financial products being used to secure housing. The thesis uses the Czech Republic as a case through which to examine how discourse may enable this transition and how contribute to a specific financial governmentality. The thesis raises questions: How is it possible that mortgages come to be perceived as a normal and natural solution to housing issues? How do they become part of the debtors' lives through certain discourses? These questions are explored through an innovative framework of layered performativity, encompassing rhetoric, sociotechnical devices, and references to practices that reveal three main...

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Access to homeownership is a major social and economic issue in many countries. Failure to maintain affordability has been discussed as the ultimate agglomeration diseconomy. This report sheds light on the thresholds for first-time buyers in Sweden and possible solutions through financial innovation. More specifically, an increased understanding of how alternative mortgage products and attributes of financial structure could fit into the Swedish market to make homeownership more accessible for first-time buyers. We can conclude that redistribution of risk in combination with a culture of bank financing might have explanatory power in why alternative mortgage products are not more common in Sweden. Due to relatively new changes, there was no demand until recently. In combination with the bank's low incentives, there has been no supply either. Furthermore, the rules and legalization have a role in the question where the main finding is a lack of exact definition of the concept of interest. This cause problem for some of these alternative mortgage products. The different attributes investigated through the viewpoint of the Swedish market and first-time buyers found no clear winner. The different attributes have positive and negative sides concerning first-time buyers. Some models probably need a correction of a few regulations and better structures for collateral change and debtor change. However, most of the products lower at least one of the thresholds for first-time buyers, which means that a lot comes down to the product's pricing. We welcome these innovations where we believe the products need to go from one-size-fits-all solutions to offering adapted solutions for individuals in different parts of their lives. As far as we know, this paper is the first of its kind in Sweden and contributes to the affordability discussion and alternative mortgage products. / Tillgång till bostadsägande är en stor social och ekonomisk fråga i många länder. Misslyckande med att upprätthålla överkomliga priser kans ses som en stor negativ effekt med agglomerations ekonomin. Denna rapport belyser trösklarna för förstagångsköpare i Sverige och möjliga lösningar genom finansiell innovation. Mer specifikt vill vi ge en ökad förståelse för hur alternativa bolåneprodukter och attribut för finansiella strukturer skulle kunna passa på den svenska marknaden för att göra bostadsägande mer tillgängligt för förstagångsköpare. Vi kan dra slutsatsen att en omfördelning av risk i kombination med en kultur av bankfinansiering kan ha en förklaringskraft till varför alternativa bolåneprodukter inte är vanligare i Sverige. På grund av relativt nya förändringar har det inte funnits någon efterfrågan förrän nyligen, i kombination med de låga incitamenten från banken har det inte heller funnits något utbud. Vidare spelar lagstiftning en roll i frågan där huvudfyndet är brist på exakt definition av begreppet ränta. Detta orsakar problem för vissa av dessa alternativa bolåneprodukter. De olika attributen har positiva och negativa sidor när det gäller förstagångsköpare. Sannolikt behövs korrigering av ett fåtal regelverk och bättre strukturer för säkerhetsbyte och gäldenärsbyte till för några av modellerna ska vara optimala. De flesta av produkterna sänker dock minst en av trösklarna för förstagångsköpare vilket gör att mycket handlar om prissättningen av produkten. Vi tror att produkterna behöver gå från en lösning som passar alla till att erbjuda olika anpassade lösningar för individer i olika delar av livet. Den här uppsatsen är så vitt vi vet den första i sitt slag i Sverige och bidrar till diskussion om bostadsmarknaden och den svenska strukturen samt alternativa bolåneprodukter.

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Les mobilités résidentielles sont le résultat de stratégies d’accessibilité des ménages à divers besoins. Les jeunes couples qui accèdent à la propriété doivent sacrifier certains aspects de leur mode de vie passé, particulièrement face aux impératifs perçus de la parentalité. À l’aide d’un sondage sur les choix résidentiels auprès de 70 répondants de la région métropolitaine de Montréal, nous décomposons les facteurs représentatifs du mode de vie avant et après l’accès à la propriété. Quatre entretiens permettent d’approfondir le sens donné au logement et au quartier par les couples et de le distinguer selon le type de trajectoire résidentielle des ménages. Les résultats indiquent que les jeunes acheteurs tendent à choisir des quartiers où la mobilité est marquée par la dépendance à l’automobile. Le revenu et le lieu du travail ne sont pas liés au type de quartier choisi, indiquant que des couples font des choix résidentiels riches qui dépassent les simples considérations financières ou de proximité à l’emploi. Le logement précédent, constitutif d’une part de l’habitus résidentiel, est fortement corrélé au choix de la propriété. Des aspects très importants du mode de vie passé sont promus lors de l’achat alors que d’autres sont sacrifiés. Afin d’accéder à un logement répondant aux caractéristiques essentielles, certains couples sont prêts à laisser de côté leur mode de vie actif et social. Au contraire, les modes de vie automobiliste fonctionnel et tranquille mènent de manière plus importante à une localisation en banlieue automobile. Les entretiens permettent de confirmer la grande importance accordée à la propriété pour avoir des enfants. La volonté de posséder un espace extérieur privé s’impose parmi les multiples motivations des couples. Au fil des opportunités, les jeunes acheteurs ajustent leurs manières d’habiter afin d’offrir le milieu de vie espéré pour leurs enfants, exposant des ruptures et des continuités. / Residential mobility results from strategies to ensure access to households needs. Young homeowner couples must sacrifice aspects of their past lifestyles, especially considering the perceived imperatives of parenthood. Using a residential choice survey of 70 respondents from the Montréal metropolitan area, we break down the representative factors of lifestyles before and after homeownership. Four interviews enable us to examine in greater depth the meaning given to the home as well as the neighbourhood by couples and to distinguish those meanings according to their residential trajectory. Results indicate that young buyers tend to favour car dependant neighbourhoods. Income and place of work are not related to the type of neighbourhood chosen, indicating that couples make complex residential choices that go beyond simple financial considerations or proximity to workplaces. Couples’ previous home, which forms part of the residential habitus, is strongly correlated with the property location. To make homeownership possible, some important aspects of past lifestyles are maintained while others are sacrificed. Couples are more likely to abandon the active and social lifestyle while the functional motorist and tranquil lifestyles are more likely to locate in automobile-dependant suburbs. Interviews confirm the great importance attached to homeownership when planning to have children. Private outdoor space is one of the driving motivations for young couples. As opportunities arise, young homebuying couples adjust the way they live to provide the required kind of environment for children, creating some lifestyle breaks and continuities.

Three essays in this dissertation explore the behavior of individuals in response to the housing crisis and its consequences, and the impact of the pandemic on the short-term rental markets. The first essay examines the economic outcomes of young people who have returned to their parents' home, using data from 2003-2017 waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort (NLSY 97). The economic outcomes of boomerang movers did not improve compared to the period of independent living, and the income gap with young people who remained independent widened. The residential movement of young people who make boomerang moves has an impact on their income, but this effect is short-lived. Going back to a parental house changes the region and urban form significantly, and movement of urban form from the central city to the suburban and from the suburban to out of the MSA has a negative impact on income. Findings from the study suggest implications. First, more affordable housing should be provided to reduce boomerang moves. Second, ways to increase job opportunities should be explored to reduce the short-term negative impact of boomerang move. Finally, education and vocational training opportunities must be increased to close the income gap among young people. The second essay seeks to answer the following questions through the experiences of individual households due to the foreclosure. First, did foreclosed households regain homeownership? Second, is there a relationship between socio-demographic characteristics of foreclosed household and regaining homeownership? Third, where do homeowners who have lost their homes migrate? Finally, what characteristics of the neighborhood help foreclosed households recover? While previous studies have focused on the resilience of housing markets and regions, this study explores the link between regional characteristics and individual household recovery. The recovery of financially disadvantaged households is an important issue for communities and states. Identifying the mechanism that is responsible for household recovery has implications for implementing programs to aid household recovery. This study primarily relies on the 2005 -2019 Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). Since 2009, PSID has added survey questions about foreclosure; Whether a foreclosure process has begun, the year and month of the start, the result of the process, and whether a foreclosed home is a primary residence. The findings of this study suggest that the government's recovery assistance program should aim to support relocation to areas with lower poverty rates and higher job and educational opportunities. The final essay explores changes in short-term rentals resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. To identify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study uses New York City's Airbnb listing data from Inside Airbnb (IA), as well as supplemental data such as American Community Survey (ACS) data. Change in the number of STRs is divided into (1) the number of units left the platform and (2) the number of new units. The former relates to the survival of existing STR units and, the latter to the location choice of new units. The results show that the impact of several variables on survival and generation mechanisms changed since the COVID-19 pandemic. Since the survival mechanism and the generation mechanism of short-term rentals are different, they should be considered separately in regulating the STR to stabilize local housing markets. / Doctor of Philosophy / Although research has been conducted on the housing crisis and recovery of the housing market, there are still unanswered questions from two aspects. First, have the individuals affected by the crisis recovered? Were the individual decisions in response to the crisis effective? Second, how has the new crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic impacted the housing market? Are different characteristics observed from previous housing crises? While the evidence is reported that the relationship between the new crisis and housing demand has changed, the impact of the pandemic on contemporary housing crises such as gentrification and reduced housing stock is unknown. This dissertation explores the trajectories of individual behavior in the housing market, using various data sources and methodologies. Of the three essays in this dissertation, the first two essays explore the behavior of individuals in response to the housing crisis and its consequences, and the final essay explores the impact of the pandemic on the short-term rental markets. The first essay investigates the economic outcomes of young people who return to their parental homes after periods of independent living using NLSY97 data. The second essay investigates the relationship between neighborhoods and the economic recovery of households using Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The third essay explores changes in the survival and generation mechanism of Airbnb units associated with the COVID-19 pandemic using New York City's Airbnb listing data. The results of each study commonly lead to the conclusion that housing affordability should be improved. It also suggests that more affordable housing should be provided in areas of greater opportunities. This dissertation ultimately contributes to identifying individuals at risk from external shocks and suggesting goals and strategies for a healthy housing market.

<p>This dissertation consists of four self-contained essays.</p><p>Essay I (with Cecilia Enström Öst) investigates whether housing allowance affects recipients’ tenure choice in Sweden. A two-stage conditional maxi-mum likelihood probit (2SCMLP) model is applied in a panel data setting to simultaneously control for individual heterogeneity, state dependence and endogeneity. The empirical study is based on administrative data of housing allowance recipients between the years 1994 and 2002. Our results indicate that the housing allowance positively affects recipients’ homeownership propensity in Sweden. </p><p>Essay II investigates whether the Swedish housing allowance system creates dependence on welfare in recipients. Using longitudinal data from Swedish micro database-LINDA, this paper found that there is no evidence of nega-tive duration dependence among the Swedish housing allowance spells. This finding is consistent across different model specifications and various con-trols of the heterogeneity issue. </p><p>Essay III analyzes the impacts of the 1997 reform of Swedish housing al-lowance system on affected recipients’ exit hazards using the DD (differ-ence-in-difference) estimation strategy. This paper found strong evidence that the 1997 reform positively shifted up the conditional exiting probability of the couple with children recipient group, and the estimated magnitude of impact is sizable.</p><p>Essay IV extends the VECM (Vector Error Correction Cointegration Model) and PT (permanent-transitory) variance decomposition framework proposed by Lettau & Ludvigson (2004) to a situation in which total wealth is disag-gregated into housing wealth and financial wealth. The empirical studies are based on the Swedish aggregate quarterly data spanning from 1980q1 to 2004q4. We found strong statistical evidence that the movements of total consumption expenditures, disposable income, housing wealth and financial wealth are tied together. It is also shown that the movements of housing wealth in Sweden contain a large proportion of transitory component. </p>

This dissertation consists of four self-contained essays. Essay I (with Cecilia Enström Öst) investigates whether housing allowance affects recipients’ tenure choice in Sweden. A two-stage conditional maxi-mum likelihood probit (2SCMLP) model is applied in a panel data setting to simultaneously control for individual heterogeneity, state dependence and endogeneity. The empirical study is based on administrative data of housing allowance recipients between the years 1994 and 2002. Our results indicate that the housing allowance positively affects recipients’ homeownership propensity in Sweden. Essay II investigates whether the Swedish housing allowance system creates dependence on welfare in recipients. Using longitudinal data from Swedish micro database-LINDA, this paper found that there is no evidence of nega-tive duration dependence among the Swedish housing allowance spells. This finding is consistent across different model specifications and various con-trols of the heterogeneity issue. Essay III analyzes the impacts of the 1997 reform of Swedish housing al-lowance system on affected recipients’ exit hazards using the DD (differ-ence-in-difference) estimation strategy. This paper found strong evidence that the 1997 reform positively shifted up the conditional exiting probability of the couple with children recipient group, and the estimated magnitude of impact is sizable. Essay IV extends the VECM (Vector Error Correction Cointegration Model) and PT (permanent-transitory) variance decomposition framework proposed by Lettau &amp; Ludvigson (2004) to a situation in which total wealth is disag-gregated into housing wealth and financial wealth. The empirical studies are based on the Swedish aggregate quarterly data spanning from 1980q1 to 2004q4. We found strong statistical evidence that the movements of total consumption expenditures, disposable income, housing wealth and financial wealth are tied together. It is also shown that the movements of housing wealth in Sweden contain a large proportion of transitory component.