As afecções podais podem alterar negativamente o comportamento, bem estar e produtividade das vacas leiteiras, mas ainda é preciso explorar mais seus efeitos sobre os atributos fisiológicos, limiar da dor e as características físico-químicas do leite. Esse estudo teve por objetivo verificar os efeitos provocados pelo desconforto de vacas com problemas podais severos no escore de locomoção, atributos fisiológicos, limiar da dor, variáveis termográficas e características físico-químicas do leite, além de avaliar a melhoria nessas variáveis após o tratamento. Foram utilizadas 34 vacas lactantes claudicantes, as quais foram classificadas quanto à locomoção antes e depois do tratamento. Foram diagnosticadas as lesões, avaliados a composição do leite, limiar nociceptivo, realizadas as medidas fisiológicas e imagens termográficas nos membros com e sem lesão. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o completamente casualizado com medidas repetidas no tempo, onde cada vaca foi considerada uma unidade experimental. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, utilizando o procedimento Mixed do programa estatístico SAS versão 9.0. Vacas claudicantes apresentaram maior sensibilidade à dor. O tratamento reduziu o escore de locomoção e aumentou limiar nociceptivo, além de influenciar os valores de pH e cálcio iônico, pois maiores valores de pH foram observados no dia pré-tratamento enquanto maiores valores de cálcio iônico foram observados no dia 8. Houve pequena associação entre os valores termográficos e os escores de locomoção. Os maiores valores de pH foram encontrados no dia pré-tratamento, (dia -1), para vacas da raça Jersey, animais mais velhos ou para animais mais pesados; enquanto os valores de cálcio iônico foram superiores no 8° dia em relação aos demais dias. Não houve efeito de escores de locomoção alto x baixo sobre a composição do leite. Por outro lado, fatores ligados aos animais como estádio lactacional, peso, número de tratamentos anteriores, ordem de parto, raça e idade influenciaram as características físico-químicas do leite. / Lameness can negatively affect behavior, well-being and productivity, but it is still worthy to explore its effect on the nociceptive threshold, physiological attributes and the physicochemical characteristics of milk. This study aimed to verify the effects caused by the discomfort in severely lame cows on locomotion score, physiological attributes, pain threshold, thermographic variables and physicochemical characteristics of milk and assess improvement in these variables after corrective trimming and digital treatment. Thirty-nine severely lame lactating cows were classified according to locomotion score before and 1 week after trimming. In several days, injuries were diagnosed, milk composition evaluated, nociceptive threshold and physiological measurements were done, besides thermographic images of the hoofs with and without injury. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with repeated measurements over time, and each cow was considered an experimental unit. Data was subjected to analysis of variance using the mixed procedure of SAS statistical software version 9.0. Severely lame cows showed higher sensitivity to pain. Trimming and treatment reduced locomotion score and increased nociceptive threshold, as well as influence the pH and ionic calcium, because higher pH values were observed in the pre-trimming day while larger ionic calcium values were observed on day 8. Cows had higher thermographic values in the affected hoof. There was little association between thermographic values and locomotion scores. Higher pH values were found in the pre-trimming (day -1) in the milk of Jersey cows, older animals or heavier animals; while the ionic calcium values were higher on the 8th day compared to other days. There was no effect of high x low locomotion scores on milk composition. On the other hand, factors related to animals as lactation stage, weight, number of previous trimmings, calving order, breed and age influenced the physicochemical characteristics of milk.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-07-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:22:05Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cunhafilho_lfc_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 521692 bytes, checksum: b6875819c221eba1ce2138816b6019bd (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Com o objetivo de determinar as concentrações de zinco no soro e na sola do casco de bovinos com e sem lesões podais, suplementados ou não com Saccharomyces cerevisiae, como fonte de zinco orgânico, por 180 dias, foram selecionadas e examinadas 45 vacas holandesas preto e branco, escolhidas em um rebanho de 189 vacas em lactação. Os animais foram distribuídos em três grupos aleatoriamente, sendo grupo 1 (G1) composto por 20 vacas com claudicação e suplementadas, grupo 2 (G2) 10 animais sem claudicação e com suplementação, e grupo 3 (G3) 15 animais com claudicação e sem suplementação. Amostras de soro e de sola de cada dígito, foram coletadas no momento inicial (dia zero), 90 e 180 dias após início do experimento, sendo as concentrações de zinco determinadas por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. Foram analisadas a produção de leite, a contagem de células somáticas (CCS), e o número de lesões podais. A suplementação de zinco orgânico não promoveu diferença significativa para a concentração de zinco sérico e na sola do casco, contudo, houve uma tendência de aumento sérico. Os dígitos com lesões podais apresentaram maior concentração do elemento zinco na sola do casco, e devido à variabilidade recomenda-se realizar as análises individualmente em cada dígito. A suplementação manteve baixa a CCS, e não alterou a produção de leite. O número de lesões podais apresentou variabilidade entre dígitos e entre membros torácico e pélvico, sendo que os suplementados apresentaram um número significativamente menor de lesões por dígito. Os resultados sugerem que a suplementação de zinco melhora a qualidade do leite e proporciona maior período de permanência dos animais no free stall. / In objective of the determination of zinc concentration in serum and hoof sole in bovine with and without hoof lesions, supplemented or not with Saccharomyces cerevisae as a source of organic zinc for 180 days, 45 Holstein cows were selected and examined, randomly chosen from a flock of 189 lactating cows. The animals were distributed in three groups, namely group 1 (G1) which 20 cows with lameness and supplemented, group 2 (G2) with 10 animals without lameness and with supplementation, and group 3 (G3), with 15 animals with lameness and without supplementation. Serum and hoof sole samples were collected from each foot, in the initial moment (day zero), 90 and 180 days after the beginning of the experiment. Serum and hoof sole zinc concentration was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. During the experiment, information about milk yield, somatic cell count (SCC) and foot lesions were obtained. Organic zinc supplementation did not promote any significant difference neither in serum, nor in hoof sole zinc concentration. However, there was a tendency for serum rising. The lesioned foot showed a higher hoof sole zinc concentration, and due to the variability it is recommended having each foot analyzed individually. Supplementation kept a low SCC, and it didn't affect milk production. The number of hoof lesions showed variability among feet and between thoracic and pelvic limbs. Animals that received supplementation, showed a significantly lower number of lesions in hoof. The results suggest that the supplementation of zinc improves the quality of milk and provides a larger permanence of the animals free stall.

Orientador: Simone Biagio Chiacchio / Banca: Roberto Calderon Gonçalves / Banca: Noeme Sousa Rocha / Banca: Laurenil Gaste / Banca: José Giometti / Resumo: Com o objetivo de determinar as concentrações de zinco no soro e na sola do casco de bovinos com e sem lesões podais, suplementados ou não com Saccharomyces cerevisiae, como fonte de zinco orgânico, por 180 dias, foram selecionadas e examinadas 45 vacas holandesas preto e branco, escolhidas em um rebanho de 189 vacas em lactação. Os animais foram distribuídos em três grupos aleatoriamente, sendo grupo 1 (G1) composto por 20 vacas com claudicação e suplementadas, grupo 2 (G2) 10 animais sem claudicação e com suplementação, e grupo 3 (G3) 15 animais com claudicação e sem suplementação. Amostras de soro e de sola de cada dígito, foram coletadas no momento inicial (dia zero), 90 e 180 dias após início do experimento, sendo as concentrações de zinco determinadas por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. Foram analisadas a produção de leite, a contagem de células somáticas (CCS), e o número de lesões podais. A suplementação de zinco orgânico não promoveu diferença significativa para a concentração de zinco sérico e na sola do casco, contudo, houve uma tendência de aumento sérico. Os dígitos com lesões podais apresentaram maior concentração do elemento zinco na sola do casco, e devido à variabilidade recomenda-se realizar as análises individualmente em cada dígito. A suplementação manteve baixa a CCS, e não alterou a produção de leite. O número de lesões podais apresentou variabilidade entre dígitos e entre membros torácico e pélvico, sendo que os suplementados apresentaram um número significativamente menor de lesões por dígito. Os resultados sugerem que a suplementação de zinco melhora a qualidade do leite e proporciona maior período de permanência dos animais no "free stall" / Abstract: In objective of the determination of zinc concentration in serum and hoof sole in bovine with and without hoof lesions, supplemented or not with Saccharomyces cerevisae as a source of organic zinc for 180 days, 45 Holstein cows were selected and examined, randomly chosen from a flock of 189 lactating cows. The animals were distributed in three groups, namely group 1 (G1) which 20 cows with lameness and supplemented, group 2 (G2) with 10 animals without lameness and with supplementation, and group 3 (G3), with 15 animals with lameness and without supplementation. Serum and hoof sole samples were collected from each foot, in the initial moment (day zero), 90 and 180 days after the beginning of the experiment. Serum and hoof sole zinc concentration was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. During the experiment, information about milk yield, somatic cell count (SCC) and foot lesions were obtained. Organic zinc supplementation did not promote any significant difference neither in serum, nor in hoof sole zinc concentration. However, there was a tendency for serum rising. The lesioned foot showed a higher hoof sole zinc concentration, and due to the variability it is recommended having each foot analyzed individually. Supplementation kept a low SCC, and it didn't affect milk production. The number of hoof lesions showed variability among feet and between thoracic and pelvic limbs. Animals that received supplementation, showed a significantly lower number of lesions in hoof. The results suggest that the supplementation of zinc improves the quality of milk and provides a larger permanence of the animals "free stall" / Doutor

As afecções podais podem alterar negativamente o comportamento, bem estar e produtividade das vacas leiteiras, mas ainda é preciso explorar mais seus efeitos sobre os atributos fisiológicos, limiar da dor e as características físico-químicas do leite. Esse estudo teve por objetivo verificar os efeitos provocados pelo desconforto de vacas com problemas podais severos no escore de locomoção, atributos fisiológicos, limiar da dor, variáveis termográficas e características físico-químicas do leite, além de avaliar a melhoria nessas variáveis após o tratamento. Foram utilizadas 34 vacas lactantes claudicantes, as quais foram classificadas quanto à locomoção antes e depois do tratamento. Foram diagnosticadas as lesões, avaliados a composição do leite, limiar nociceptivo, realizadas as medidas fisiológicas e imagens termográficas nos membros com e sem lesão. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o completamente casualizado com medidas repetidas no tempo, onde cada vaca foi considerada uma unidade experimental. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, utilizando o procedimento Mixed do programa estatístico SAS versão 9.0. Vacas claudicantes apresentaram maior sensibilidade à dor. O tratamento reduziu o escore de locomoção e aumentou limiar nociceptivo, além de influenciar os valores de pH e cálcio iônico, pois maiores valores de pH foram observados no dia pré-tratamento enquanto maiores valores de cálcio iônico foram observados no dia 8. Houve pequena associação entre os valores termográficos e os escores de locomoção. Os maiores valores de pH foram encontrados no dia pré-tratamento, (dia -1), para vacas da raça Jersey, animais mais velhos ou para animais mais pesados; enquanto os valores de cálcio iônico foram superiores no 8° dia em relação aos demais dias. Não houve efeito de escores de locomoção alto x baixo sobre a composição do leite. Por outro lado, fatores ligados aos animais como estádio lactacional, peso, número de tratamentos anteriores, ordem de parto, raça e idade influenciaram as características físico-químicas do leite. / Lameness can negatively affect behavior, well-being and productivity, but it is still worthy to explore its effect on the nociceptive threshold, physiological attributes and the physicochemical characteristics of milk. This study aimed to verify the effects caused by the discomfort in severely lame cows on locomotion score, physiological attributes, pain threshold, thermographic variables and physicochemical characteristics of milk and assess improvement in these variables after corrective trimming and digital treatment. Thirty-nine severely lame lactating cows were classified according to locomotion score before and 1 week after trimming. In several days, injuries were diagnosed, milk composition evaluated, nociceptive threshold and physiological measurements were done, besides thermographic images of the hoofs with and without injury. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with repeated measurements over time, and each cow was considered an experimental unit. Data was subjected to analysis of variance using the mixed procedure of SAS statistical software version 9.0. Severely lame cows showed higher sensitivity to pain. Trimming and treatment reduced locomotion score and increased nociceptive threshold, as well as influence the pH and ionic calcium, because higher pH values were observed in the pre-trimming day while larger ionic calcium values were observed on day 8. Cows had higher thermographic values in the affected hoof. There was little association between thermographic values and locomotion scores. Higher pH values were found in the pre-trimming (day -1) in the milk of Jersey cows, older animals or heavier animals; while the ionic calcium values were higher on the 8th day compared to other days. There was no effect of high x low locomotion scores on milk composition. On the other hand, factors related to animals as lactation stage, weight, number of previous trimmings, calving order, breed and age influenced the physicochemical characteristics of milk.

Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2018-09-04T14:51:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Antônio Ferreira Garcia Neto - 2018.pdf: 2308172 bytes, checksum: d20521dd121eebd70319e9435511febd (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-09-05T11:09:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Antônio Ferreira Garcia Neto - 2018.pdf: 2308172 bytes, checksum: d20521dd121eebd70319e9435511febd (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-05T11:09:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Antônio Ferreira Garcia Neto - 2018.pdf: 2308172 bytes, checksum: d20521dd121eebd70319e9435511febd (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-27 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Best zootechnical indexes are important in beef cattle breeding. It is allied to the satisfactory conditions of creation and sanity. If not observed, metabolic imbalances may occur. The post mortem relationship between ruminal disturbances, hepatic abscesses and foot diseases was evaluated in beef cattle finished in pasture in a southwestern state of Goias. Then, an evaluation of the financial losses was carried out due to ruminal condemnations of cattle slaughtered in southwestern state of Goias. About the relationship, 970 male bovines, Nelore, 25 to 36 months of age, were evaluated by ante-mortem and post-mortem examination of the hoof, liver and rumen. It was considered the presence or absence of diseases. Data analyzed by the chi-square test (p <0.05). In the financial study, we considered the findings of 1,275 male bovine animals, Nellore, 25 to 36 months of age, 597 confined and 678 to pasture. Data analyzed by descriptive statistics. 363 cattle with hoof diseases, hepatic abscesses or ruminal disorders. 52 with hoof diseases, nine with hepatic abscess and 302 with ruminal alterations. Of these, 27 with two associated diseases. None with three simultaneous lesions. Ruminal lesions were found in 47 confined animals and 29 to pasture. The mean rumen weight with lesion was 4.55 kg and the mean rumen weight healthy was 4.50. The total condemned weight was 345.50 kg, 213.50 of confined cattle and 132 of pasture. The loss was R $ 2,245.75 (US $ 688.88), if sold domestically, or R $ 3,154.41 (US $ 967.62), if exported. There was no postmortem relationship between ruminitis, hepatic abscess and hoof diseases in the evaluated animals. The financial impact of ruminal condemnations was significant. / Melhores índices zootécnicos são prementes na bovinocultura de corte. Alia-se às condições satisfatórias de criação e sanidade. Se não observados, desequilíbrios metabólicos podem ocorrer. Avaliou-se a relação post mortem entre os lesões ruminais, abscessos hepáticos e enfermidades podais em bovinos terminados a pasto em um frigorífico no sudoeste goiano. Sequencialmente, promoveu-se uma avaliação dos prejuízos financeiros devido as condenações ruminais de bovinos abatidos no sudoeste goiano. Sobre a relação, avaliou-se 970 bovinos machos, raça Nelore, 25 a 36 meses de idade, pelo exame ante mortem e post mortem dos pés, fígado e rúmen. Considerou- se a presença ou ausência das lesões. Dados foram analisados pelo teste qui-quadrado (p<0,05). No estudo financeiro, considerou-se os achados de 1.275 bovinos machos, Nelore, 25 a 36 meses de idade, 597 confinados e 678 a pasto. Dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva. 363 bovinos com lesões podais, abscessos hepáticos ou distúrbios ruminais, sendo 52 com lesões podais, nove com abscesso hepático e 302 com alterações ruminais. Desses, 27 com duas enfermidades associadas e nenhum com três lesões simultâneas. Constatou-se lesões ruminais em 47 animais confinados e 29 a pasto. O peso ruminal médio lesionado foi 4,55 quilos e os saudáveis 4,50. O peso total condenado foi 345,50 quilos, 213,50 de bovinos confinados e 132 a pasto. O prejuízo foi R$ 2.245,75 (U$ 688,88), se vendidas nacionalmente, ou R$ 3.154,41 (U$ 967,62), se exportadas. Não houve relação post mortem entre ruminite, abscesso hepático e enfermidades podais nos animais avaliados. O impacto financeiro pelas condenações ruminais foi expressivo.

As afecções podais podem alterar negativamente o comportamento, bem estar e produtividade das vacas leiteiras, mas ainda é preciso explorar mais seus efeitos sobre os atributos fisiológicos, limiar da dor e as características físico-químicas do leite. Esse estudo teve por objetivo verificar os efeitos provocados pelo desconforto de vacas com problemas podais severos no escore de locomoção, atributos fisiológicos, limiar da dor, variáveis termográficas e características físico-químicas do leite, além de avaliar a melhoria nessas variáveis após o tratamento. Foram utilizadas 34 vacas lactantes claudicantes, as quais foram classificadas quanto à locomoção antes e depois do tratamento. Foram diagnosticadas as lesões, avaliados a composição do leite, limiar nociceptivo, realizadas as medidas fisiológicas e imagens termográficas nos membros com e sem lesão. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o completamente casualizado com medidas repetidas no tempo, onde cada vaca foi considerada uma unidade experimental. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, utilizando o procedimento Mixed do programa estatístico SAS versão 9.0. Vacas claudicantes apresentaram maior sensibilidade à dor. O tratamento reduziu o escore de locomoção e aumentou limiar nociceptivo, além de influenciar os valores de pH e cálcio iônico, pois maiores valores de pH foram observados no dia pré-tratamento enquanto maiores valores de cálcio iônico foram observados no dia 8. Houve pequena associação entre os valores termográficos e os escores de locomoção. Os maiores valores de pH foram encontrados no dia pré-tratamento, (dia -1), para vacas da raça Jersey, animais mais velhos ou para animais mais pesados; enquanto os valores de cálcio iônico foram superiores no 8° dia em relação aos demais dias. Não houve efeito de escores de locomoção alto x baixo sobre a composição do leite. Por outro lado, fatores ligados aos animais como estádio lactacional, peso, número de tratamentos anteriores, ordem de parto, raça e idade influenciaram as características físico-químicas do leite. / Lameness can negatively affect behavior, well-being and productivity, but it is still worthy to explore its effect on the nociceptive threshold, physiological attributes and the physicochemical characteristics of milk. This study aimed to verify the effects caused by the discomfort in severely lame cows on locomotion score, physiological attributes, pain threshold, thermographic variables and physicochemical characteristics of milk and assess improvement in these variables after corrective trimming and digital treatment. Thirty-nine severely lame lactating cows were classified according to locomotion score before and 1 week after trimming. In several days, injuries were diagnosed, milk composition evaluated, nociceptive threshold and physiological measurements were done, besides thermographic images of the hoofs with and without injury. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with repeated measurements over time, and each cow was considered an experimental unit. Data was subjected to analysis of variance using the mixed procedure of SAS statistical software version 9.0. Severely lame cows showed higher sensitivity to pain. Trimming and treatment reduced locomotion score and increased nociceptive threshold, as well as influence the pH and ionic calcium, because higher pH values were observed in the pre-trimming day while larger ionic calcium values were observed on day 8. Cows had higher thermographic values in the affected hoof. There was little association between thermographic values and locomotion scores. Higher pH values were found in the pre-trimming (day -1) in the milk of Jersey cows, older animals or heavier animals; while the ionic calcium values were higher on the 8th day compared to other days. There was no effect of high x low locomotion scores on milk composition. On the other hand, factors related to animals as lactation stage, weight, number of previous trimmings, calving order, breed and age influenced the physicochemical characteristics of milk.

The aim is to assess the relationship between disease hooves of dairy cows and milk production traits selected, evaluation limbs according to the Methodology linear description and evaluation zavnějšku Holsteins and assess the impact of fathers on the hoof diseases.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Luiz Henrique da Silva.pdf: 1489103 bytes, checksum: ac4824aab7dfcd361175c802b550531d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-23 / Radiographic and computed tomography (CT) findings may contribute to the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases based on knowledge of digits morphometric reference values. Some breeds of cattle and buffaloes still require determinations of these values for the digits. Thus, the objective with this research was to compare and correlate the condyles and phalanges, on radiographic images, and measurements of internal and external structures of the hoof, using computed tomography, to buffaloes and cattle breeds Nelore, Curraleira and Pantaneira. After submission and approval of the project by the Ethics Committee in Research of UFG, Protocol No. 090/2011, 114 were used digits of the locomotor members cattle and buffaloes without lameness in foot. Members were collected from an abattoir under Federal Inspection, disarticulated joints carpal/metacarpal and tarsal/metatarsal and by lot were used only thoracic and left pelvic limbs. For radiographic placements used were dorso-palmar/plantar and members of the CT scans were positioned with the palmar or plantar portion of the table CT scanner and the images obtained by transverse sections. From the radiographic images was measured the length of the condyles, proximal, middle and distal phalanges and the entire condyle and digit together. CT measurements were carried out: thickness of the sole; distance between the inner wall of the sole the distal phalanx; distance between the inner wall of the hoof the distal phalanx; thickness of the wall hoof; base length of the distal phalanx; side length of the distal phalanx; height of the distal phalanx, length of the sole; length of the dorsal hoof wall; heel depth, angle between the lengths of the wall and the sole length and angle between the side and base of the distal phalanx. To compare the means between the races was used the Tukey test (p<0.05). The Pearson correlation was performed between the weight and all measurements and multivariate analysis tested the similarity of the groups. The results of radiographic verified for the buffaloes, the greater length of the proximal phalanx in forelimbs (Lateral: 6.28 ± 0.13; Medial: 6.31 ± 0.18) and the hindlimbs (Lateral: 6.48 ± 0.15; Medial: 6.38 ± 0.17). The lengths of these phalanges did not differ (p> 0.05) between the Pantaneiro and Curraleiro digits in the forelimbs. In CT scans measures the length of the base (Lateral5.58 ± 0.18; Medial 6.52 ± 0.32 / Lateral:5.39 ± 0.09; Medial:6.43 ± 0.18) length lateral (Lateral:5.44 ± 0.21; Medial:6.02 ± 0.24 / and Lateral:5.3 ± 0.17; Medial:6.07 ± 0.27) and height (Lateral: 3 , 98 ± 0.16 and Medial: 4.15 ± 0.12 / Lateral:3.93 ± 0.11; Medial:4.01 ± 0.12) of the distal phalanx, had the highest measured in buffalo and did not differ (p> 0.05) between breeds of cattle. Thus, we conclude that the buffaloes have larger dimensions of the condyles and phalanges. In tomographic imaging, measures the hoof were similar between Nelore and Curraleiro in forelimb and between Curraleiro and Pantaneiro in the hindlimb. / Exames radiográficos e tomográficos podem colaborar para o diagnóstico e prognóstico de enfermidades podais fundamentados no conhecimento de valores morfométricos referenciais. Várias raças de bovinos e a espécie bubalina ainda necessitam das determinações desses valores para os dígitos. Com isso, o objetivo com esta pesquisa foi comparar e correlacionar as medidas dos côndilos e falanges, em imagens radiográficas e as medidas das estruturas internas e externas dos cascos, em imagens tomográficas, para búfalos e bovinos das raças, Nelore, Curraleira e Pantaneira. Após submissão e aprovação do projeto pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UFG, protocolo Nº 090/2011, foram utilizadas 114 extremidades distais dos membros locomotores de bovinos e bubalinos sem enfermidades podais. Os membros foram colhidos em frigorífico, sob Inspeção Federal, desarticulados nas junções carpo/metacarpo e tarso/metatarso e, por sorteio, foram utilizados apenas membros torácico e pélvico esquerdos. Para os exames radiográficos, os posicionamentos utilizados foram o dorso-palmar/plantar e para os exames tomográficos os membros foram posicionados com a porção palmar ou plantar sobre a mesa do tomógrafo e as imagens obtidas em cortes transversais. A partir das imagens radiográficas foram mensurados o comprimento dos côndilos, das falanges proximal, média e distal e de todo o dígito e côndilo juntos .As mensurações tomográficas realizadas foram: espessura da sola; distância entre parede interna da sola-falange distal; distância entre a parede interna do casco-falange distal; espessura da parede do casco; comprimento da base da falange distal; comprimento lateral da falange distal; altura da falange distal; comprimento da sola; comprimento da parede dorsal do casco; profundidade do talão; ângulo entre os comprimentos da parede e da sola e ângulo entre os comprimentos lateral e da base da falange distal. Para a comparação de médias entre as raças foi utilizado o teste de Tukey (p&#8804;0,05). A correlação de Pearson foi realizada entre o peso e todas as mensurações e a análise multivariada testou a similaridade dos grupos. Nos resultados dos exames radiográficos, verificou-se para os búfalos, maior comprimento de falange proximal, tanto nos membros torácicos (Lateral:6,28±0,13; Medial:6,31±0,18) quanto nos membros pélvicos (Lateral:6,48±0,15; Medial:6,38±0,17). Os comprimentos dessas falanges não diferiram (p>0,05) entre as raças Curraleira e Pantaneira nos dígitos dos membros torácicos. Nos exames tomográficos, as medidas do comprimento da base (Lateral:5,58±0,18 e Medial:6,52±0,32 / Lateral:5,39±0,09 e Medial:6,43±0,18), comprimento lateral (Lateral:5,44±0,21 e Medial:6,02±0,24 / Lateral:5,3±0,17 e Medial:6,07±0,27) e altura (Lateral:3,98±0,16 e Medial:4,15±0,12 / Lateral:3,93±0,11 e Medial:4,01±0,12)da falange distal, apresentaram as maiores medidas em búfalos e não diferiram (p>0,05) entre as raças de bovinos. Diante disso, conclui-se que os animais da espécie bubalina apresentam as maiores dimensões de côndilos e falanges. Em imagens tomográficas, medidas dos cascos foram similares entre as raças Curraleira e Nelore no membro torácico e entre Curraleiro e Pantaneiro no membro pélvico.

Change management is a highly researched topic. With industry changing at record speed, it is inevitable that corporations will engage in a change management endeavor. As humans innately resist change at first exposure, corporations strive to acquire knowledge in adoption. It may not be enough to understand status quo proponents, but rather their underlying long-standing belief systems which may be affecting how they view change. What makes an employee resist corporate change? Most studies conclude that humans will resist innately. This research dives into the unique environment of the equine industry to uncover how long-standing belief systems contribute to adoption or resistance. The motivation for this research began with a fascination with long-standing belief systems within the equine industry. The unique environment of the equine industry is steeped in centuries of tradition, and while housing long-standing belief systems that are time-tested and passed down from generation to generation, in most cases, without awareness. The industry is currently experiencing a phenomenon that has never taken place: a change is occurring that is positioning two equine factions, natural and traditional, against each other in opposing viewpoints. Some view this change as the start of a paradigm shift; others view it as a fad. The nature of natural horsemanship is now up for debate. The study was conducted by using qualitative data collection in a semi-structured format. Forty-one (41) equine leaders in natural and traditional hoof care and horsemanship were recorded in over 30 hours of data. The interview model included not only the industry leaders proposing or resisting change but also the professionals in the industry working in the field, experiencing the conflict first hand. The research presented revealed an interesting finding. Although 61 codes were identified, a specific area within the study revealed a “hybrid” group of codes amongst the traditional horsemen in hoof care and horsemanship. Leaders who are advocating for the status quo showed levels of natural adoption that was unexpected. The research pivoted to the areas of traditional resistors and traditional adopters. The main objective is to decipher why some members of the industry are adopting while others are resisting. As adoption is the main objective for change management, uncovering the reasons for resisting seemed to dictate the data more prevalently. From this research, it can be deduced that there is significant evidence to support the findings that people who resist change may have these characteristics or traits in their belief system: Strong traditional beliefs such as culture and history, honor-driven, strong religious ties, defensive by nature, communicate well, believe safe, minimal adaptation (innovation), and consider themselves to be trustworthy and responsible, are people-oriented and outgoing. According to this research, people with those traits and characteristics are more apt to resist change and may be a potential problem when instituting change in an organization. This research points towards the significant evidence to support the findings that people who resist change may have these characteristics or traits in their belief system: Frustration in industry or a sense of apathy, open-mindedness or flexibility, vulnerability, communicate well, family ties, controlling and shows hero tendencies. Not many other industries can report that it has remained unchanged over time, even in the face of industrial revolution, war, and domestication. However, in the past 20 years, the equine industry has been divided through a new belief system that is challenging these time-tested traditions and beliefs regarding hoof care and horsemanship. The natural horse viewpoint has created an opposing faction to the traditional belief system that governed horse care and welfare since the dawn of time. The qualitative data that was gathered for this research allows for the synthesis of the proposed paradigm shift and opposing force analysis. Although not a true paradigm shift to date, these two factions, natural and traditional, are dividing the industry in two. Not a more perfect scenario could be present to study long-standing belief systems in relation to adoption and resistance to change. The Hybrid Adaptation Model was formed from the qualitative data provided by 41 industry experts through the grounded theory method. This model can be used to navigate through the change management process. This research revealed a theory that adaptation must occur prior to adoption and partial adoption may cause a “hybrid” sector.

The aim of this study is to optimise aspects of job satisfaction in the work environment to improve the effectiveness of primary school principals. Job dissatisfaction seems to be a worldwide problem in the education sector, even in South Africa a number of researches were conducted on job satisfaction. In this research the focus is on the following research questions: What is the nature of job satisfaction? Which factors contribute to the job satisfaction/dissatisfaction of primary school principals? To what extent do primary school principals experience job satisfaction? Do certain biographical variables relate to primary school principals’ job satisfaction? How can the job satisfaction of primary school principals be improved through management strategies? The research method used was a quantitative research method by using statistical methods that began with the collection of data based on theory, followed by the application of a descriptive or inferential statistical method. Descriptive statistical techniques were used to organise, analyse and interpret the quantitative data. Information was obtained to determine whether a relationship exists between the independent variables and the dependent variable (job satisfaction of the participants). Management strategies with aims, goals and action steps were drawn in order to assist primary school principals to improve their strong points and turn their weak points into strengths. The management strategies drawn also aimed to improve the job satisfaction of the primary school principals. In general the majority of participants in this study reported that they were satisfied to some and a great extent with the aspects that contribute to their job satisfaction. Although the majority of the participants were satisfied with the aspects of job satisfaction there were some factors that affected them negatively. The negative factors are to be turned into strengths and the existing strengths be optimised. / Thesis (PhD (Education Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.