Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Crop simulation models are important tools to help farmers in planning management practises and flowering time of cut flowers, like gladiolus (Gladiolus x grandiflorus Hort.). The objective of this study was to develop a robust gladiolus phenology model, named PhenoGlad, for field applications. The model describes the timing of developmental stages, including harvest point, the vase life of gladiolus spikes and the low (chilling) and high (heat) temperature effects on spike quality. The gladiolus developmental model simulates gladiolus phenology using a non-linear temperature response function and, by accumulating daily development rates considering three main phases: corms sprouting phase, vegetative phase, and reproductive phase. Data from nine field experiments conducted during five years (2011 2015) in three locations across the Rio Grande do Sul State and in one location in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, were used. These cultivar x planting dates x years x locations experiments provide a rich data set for calibrating and evaluating the gladiolus model. The PhenoGlad model accurately simulated the dynamics of leaf development, final leaf number and the timing of developmental stages using genotype-specific coefficients that can be estimated from thermal time. The performance of the model was improved when the simulations started from emergence compared to when simulations started at the planting date. PhenoGlad showed good stability among cultivars, planting dates, years and sites, with an RMSE of 0.5 leaves for leaf development and final leaf number, 6.5 to 5.0 days for the date of reproductive developmental stages when the model started from planting or from emergence, respectively, and 1.3 days for simulating the vase life of harvested spikes. PhenoGlad was also efficient in predicting the effects of chilling and high temperatures damage on florets. / Modelos matemáticos de simulação das culturas agrícolas são importantes ferramentas para auxiliar os produtores a planejar práticas de manejos a campo e prever a data de florescimento de flores de corte, como o gladíolo (Gladiolus x grandiflorus Hort.). O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um modelo robusto de fenologia chamado PhenoGlad com aplicações de campo. O modelo descreve a data de ocorrência dos estágios de desenvolvimento da cultura do gladíolo, incluindo o ponto de colheita, a vida de vaso de hastes de gladíolo e os efeitos de baixas e altas temperaturas na qualidade das espigas. O modelo de desenvolvimento de gladíolo simula a fenologia da cultura utilizando uma função de resposta não-linear à temperatura, através do acúmulo de valores diários da taxa de desenvolvimento a partir do plantio ou da emergência, usando três principais fases de desenvolvimento da cultura: fase de brotação dos cormos, fase vegetativa e fase reprodutiva. Dados de nove experimentos de campo conduzidos durante cinco anos (2011 2015) em três locais do estado do Rio Grande do Sul e em um local em Santa Catarina, Brasil, foram utilizados. Estes experimentos com diferentes cultivares x datas de plantio x anos x locais proporcionam um rico banco de dados para calibração e validação do modelo para a cultura do gladíolo. O modelo PhenoGlad simulou satisfatoriamente a dinâmica de emissão de folhas, número final de folhas e a data dos estágios de desenvolvimento em gladíolo usando coeficientes genético-específicos que podem também ser estimados através da soma térmica. O modelo PhenoGlad mostrou uma boa estabilidade entre cultivares, datas de plantio, anos e locais, demostrado pelos baixos valores de RMSE (0,5 dias para aparecimento de folhas e número final de folhas, 6,5 a 5,0 dias quando o modelo é rodado a partir do plantio e da emergência, respectivamente, e 1,3 dias para simular a vida de vaso de espigas de gladíolo). O modelo PhenoGlad foi também eficiente em predizer os efeitos de baixas e altas temperaturas na qualidade das espigas.

Submitted by Helena Bejio (helena.bejio@unioeste.br) on 2017-11-22T22:10:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Maristela PC Zanao 2017.pdf: 922987 bytes, checksum: 9d6202435b80c12690f1d97bb9f41fe7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-22T22:10:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Maristela PC Zanao 2017.pdf: 922987 bytes, checksum: 9d6202435b80c12690f1d97bb9f41fe7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Floriculture is an extremely lucrative activity. The gladiolus is among the most important cut flowers in the country. The application of silicon and gibberellic acid has shown positive results in some cut flowers. The objective of this work was to evaluate the application of silicon and gibberellic acid in the gladiolus cultivated in a pot in a protected environment. In the first experiment the silicon application in drench to the cultivation substrate of three gladiolus cultivars was evaluated. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a 3x4 factorial scheme [three gladiolus cultivars (White Friendship, Rose Friendship and Red Beauty) x four doses of silicon (0, 150, 300 and 600 mg dm-3)], with five replicates. Each experimental unit consisted of a pot with two plants. Phytotechnical characteristics were evaluated in addition to nutrients and silicon foliar contents. In the second experiment were evaluated high concentrations and application methods of gibberellic acid for the production of flower spikes and corms of gladiolus cv. White Friendship. The experimental design was randomized blocks with two application methods of gibberellic acid (GA3): foliar spray and corm soaking. Each application of GA3 was carried out at four concentrations (0, 250, 500, 1000 mg L-1 of GA3), and was replicated six times. The cultivars White Friendship and Red Beauty produced taller plants, with longer, larger and heavier flower stems. The order of nutrient content in the leaves of the three cultivars was the same, with K > N > Ca > Mg > S > P > Fe > Mn > B > Zn > Cu. The gladiolus cultivars were classified as non-accumulating of Si. The application of Si in the gladiolus culture did not influence any evaluated phytotechnical variables and nutrient uptake. High concentrations of GA3 are not recommended for the production of flower spikes and corms of the gladiolus ‘White Friendship’cultivar. Corm soaking anticipated spike harvest and boosted cormel-per-plant yield. Regardless of the application method, 550 mg L-1 of GA3 increased cormel yield. / A floricultura é uma atividade extremamente lucrativa. A cultura do gladíolo está entre as mais importantes flores de corte do país. A aplicação de silício e ácido giberélico tem apresentado resultados positivos em algumas flores de corte. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a aplicação de silício e ácido giberélico na cultura do gladíolo cultivado em vaso, em ambiente protegido. No primeiro experimento avaliou-se a aplicação de silício no substrato de cultivo de três cultivares de gladíolo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3x4 [três cultivares de gladíolo (White Friendship, Rose Friendship e Red Beauty) x quatro doses de silício (0, 150, 300 e 600 mg dm-3)], com cinco repetições. Cada unidade experimental foi constituída de um vaso com duas plantas. Foram avaliadas características fitotécnicas, além dos teores foliares de nutrientes e silício. No segundo experimento avaliou-se a produção de hastes florais e cormos de gladíolo cv. White Friendship submetido a modos de aplicação e concentrações de ácido giberélico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2x4 [dois modos de aplicação de GA3 (imersão dos cormos e pulverização foliar) x quatro concentrações (0, 250, 500 e 1000 mg L-1 de GA3)], contendo seis repetições e duas plantas por unidade experimental. As cultivares de gladíolo White Friendship e Red Beauty produziram plantas mais altas, com hastes florais de maior comprimento, diâmetro e massa seca do que a cultivar Rose Friendship. A ordem do teor de nutrientes nas folhas das três cultivares foi a mesma, sendo K > N > Ca > Mg > S > P > Fe > Mn > B > Zn > Cu. As cultivares de gladíolo foram classificadas como não acumuladoras de Si. A aplicação de Si no substrato de cultivo das cultivares de gladíolo não influenciou nenhuma variável fitotécnica e absorção de nutrientes. Altas concentrações de GA3 não são recomendadas para a produção de hastes florais e cormos de gladíolo cv. White Friendship. O modo de aplicação por imersão do cormo antecipa o ponto de colheita das hastes florais e produz maior número de cormilhos por planta. Independentemente do modo de aplicação, 550 mg L-1 de GA3 incrementam a produção de cormilhos da cv. White Friendship.

Gladiola (Gladiolus x grandiflorus Hort.) is an important cut flower cultivated under field conditions. The air temperature is the main abiotic factor that drives their phenology, therefore the scheduling flowering of gladiola for target markets by defining the optimum planting date. The objective this study was determine the optimum planting date of gladiola aiming harvest spikes for selling on All Souls’ Day and Mother’s Day under current climate and in CMIP5 scenarios in the Rio Grande do Sul State. The PhenoGlad model was used for simulates the developmental stages of gladiola and plant injuries by heat and frost. For simulates the optimum planting date under current climate, input data in the model was minimum and maximum daily temperature of 55 years (1961-2015) from eighteen weather stations across the State. Once optimum planting date was simulated for each maturation group and weather station, with all years, the planting date was averaged for each El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases to access the ENSO effect on the optimum planting date of gladiola. For simulates the optimum planting date under climate scenarios, input data in the model was minimum and maximum daily temperature of the 32 grid points in the State, for RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The optimum planting date in the future period (2070-2098) was presented as anomalies (difference between the optimum planting date and average optimum planting date in the baseline period (1976-2005) for each grid point and maturation group. The percentage of years with damage was also presented as anomalies. The phenomenon ENSO affects the optimum planting date of gladiola for harvesting on All Souls’ Day. For this growing season, planting date was anticipated for La Niña years (low temperatures) and delayed for Very Strong El Niño (high temperatures). For Mother’s Day, only Very Strong El Niño events affect the development of the gladiola, but different of the growing season for All Souls’ Day, planting date was anticipated for Very Strong El Niño years, and delayed for others ENSO phases. As well as for Very Strong El Niño years, for harvesting on All Souls’ Day, the optimum planting date was delayed in the climate scenarios, due to shortening of the cycle on rising temperatures conditions. For Mother’s Day, the average air temperature exceeded the optimum temperature of the crop in the warmest regions of the State. In these regions, the anomalies of the optimum planting date were negatives because the development rate decreased, delaying flowering. The risk of injuries by heat is more severe in the growing season for harvesting on All Souls’ Day, mainly in the scenario RCP8.5 and warmest regions, where the anomalies reached +70% of years. This results will provide subsidies for the production expansion for others regions of the State in order to harvesting spikes for selling on All Souls’ Day and Mother’s Day. / O gladíolo (Gladiolus x grandiflorus Hort.) é uma importante flor de corte cultivada a céu aberto. A temperatura do ar é o principal fator abiótico que dirige sua fenologia, portanto os agricultores agendam o florescimento de gladíolo para os picos de demanda, definindo a data ótima de plantio. O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a data ótima de plantio de gladíolo visando colheita das espigas para comercialização no Dia de Finados e Dia das Mães no clima atual e em cenários climáticos do CMIP5 no Rio Grande do Sul. O modelo PhenoGlad foi usado para simular os estágios de desenvolvimento do gladíolo e danos nas plantas por calor e geada. Para simular a data ótima de plantio no clima atual, os dados de entrada no modelo foram temperatura mínima e máxima diária do ar de 55 anos (1961-2015) de dezoito estações meteorológicas distribuídas no estado. Uma vez que a data ótima de plantio foi simulada para cada grupo de maturação e estação meteorológica, com todos os anos, foi realizada a média da data ótima de plantio para cada fase do El Niño Oscilação Sul (ENOS) para acessar o efeito do fenômeno na data ótima de plantio de gladíolo. Para simular a data ótima de plantio nos cenários climáticos, os dados de entrada no modelo foram temperatura mínima e máxima diária do ar de 32 pontos distribuídos no estado, para os cenários RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5.A data ótima de plantio no período futuro (2070-2098) foi apresentada como anomalias (diferença entre a data ótima de plantio do período futuro e a média da data ótima de plantio do período baseline (1976-2005) para cada ponto e grupo de maturação. A porcentagem de anos que ocorreu danos também foi apresentada como anomalias. O fenômeno ENOS afeta a data ótima de plantio de gladíolo para colheita no Dia de Finados. Neste período de cultivo, a data de plantio foi antecipada em anos de La Niña (temperaturas baixas) e atrasada em anos de El Niño muito forte (temperaturas altas). Para o Dia das Mães, somente eventos de El Niño muito forte afetaram o desenvolvimento do gladíolo, mas diferente do período de cultivo de Finados, a data de plantio foi antecipada para anos de El Niño muito forte e atrasada para as demais fases do ENSO. Assim como para anos de El Niño muito forte no cultivo de Dia de Finados, a data ótima de plantio foi atrasada nos cenários climáticos devido ao encurtamento do ciclo em condições de aumento de temperatura. Para o período de cultivo de Dia das Mães, a temperatura média ultrapassou a temperatura ótima da cultura nas regiões mais quentes do estado. Nessas regiões, as anomalias de data de plantio foram negativas porque a taxa de desenvolvimento diminuiu, atrasando a floração. O risco de danos nas espigas por calor é maior no cultivo de Dia de Finados, principalmente no cenário RCP8.5 e nas regiões mais quentes, onde as anomalias atingiram +70% dos anos. Esses resultados proporcionarão subsídios para a expansão da produção de gladíolo para outras regiões do estado, visando colheita das hastes para comercialização no Dia de Finados e no Dia das Mães.

Im vorgelegten Materialband wird illustriert, wie im Rahmen der ethnografischen Erforschung der Praxis des Ganztagsangebotes von Grundschule und Hort mittels der Technik \"Ablaufgrafik\" Informationen zum zeitlichen und territorialen Ablauf des Ganztagsprogrammes dokumentiert und in der Begegnung mit Feldakteuren reflektiert werden konnten.

Im vorgelegten Materialband wird illustriert, wie im Rahmen der ethnografischen Erforschung der Praxis des Ganztagsangebotes von Grundschule und Hort mittels der Technik "Ablaufgrafik" Informationen zum zeitlichen und territorialen Ablauf des Ganztagsprogrammes dokumentiert und in der Begegnung mit Feldakteuren reflektiert werden konnten.

In die aktualisierte Broschüre „Bewährtes neu denken“ wurden die zum 1. August 2021 geltenden Änderungen der Schulordnung Grundschulen in Form einer Lesefassung aufgenommen. Redaktionsschluss: 27.08.2021

The present study was aimed to answer the question, “how develop the korean after-school childcareworkers their pedagogy in the situation, where they do not get enough help from government”. Specific questions are: From what source do they create their pedagogy, what pedagogy do they develop and how does their pedagogy relate to the education of science? To answer these questions, case studies were conducted. 28 Korean careworkers were inter-viewed. These interviews were evaluated and analyzed according to the question. As results, the author obtained the following conclusion: 1. The influencing factors for creating practice immanent pedagogy are personal educational belief, interests, earlier careers and vocational training of careworkers. The needs of children, parents and the social affiliation of the family are also important factors influencing their work. The social claim for school success plays a basic role, too. 2. The careworkers developed seven pedagogies, which often are in accordance with the so-cial affiliation of the family. E.g. compensatory education for lower class children, special education combined with socialwork, pedagogy which denies the mainstream of the korean educational situation and reforming education. There was education, which differs from the conventional teaching, such as the „project method”. Some careworkers practiced family sup-plementary education. 3. It was found that the pedagogy of the careworkers has much in common with the educa-tional science theory.

Im vorgelegten Materialband wird illustriert, wie im Rahmen der ethnografischen Erforschung der Praxis des Ganztagsangebotes von Grundschule und Hort mittels der Technik \"Ablaufgrafik\" Informationen zum zeitlichen und territorialen Ablauf des Ganztagsprogrammes dokumentiert und in der Begegnung mit Feldakteuren reflektiert werden konnten.

The present study was aimed to answer the question, “how develop the korean after-school childcareworkers their pedagogy in the situation, where they do not get enough help from government”. Specific questions are: From what source do they create their pedagogy, what pedagogy do they develop and how does their pedagogy relate to the education of science? To answer these questions, case studies were conducted. 28 Korean careworkers were inter-viewed. These interviews were evaluated and analyzed according to the question. As results, the author obtained the following conclusion: 1. The influencing factors for creating practice immanent pedagogy are personal educational belief, interests, earlier careers and vocational training of careworkers. The needs of children, parents and the social affiliation of the family are also important factors influencing their work. The social claim for school success plays a basic role, too. 2. The careworkers developed seven pedagogies, which often are in accordance with the so-cial affiliation of the family. E.g. compensatory education for lower class children, special education combined with socialwork, pedagogy which denies the mainstream of the korean educational situation and reforming education. There was education, which differs from the conventional teaching, such as the „project method”. Some careworkers practiced family sup-plementary education. 3. It was found that the pedagogy of the careworkers has much in common with the educa-tional science theory.

Im vorgelegten Materialband wird illustriert, wie im Rahmen der ethnografischen Erforschung der Praxis des Ganztagsangebotes von Grundschule und Hort mittels der Technik "Ablaufgrafik" Informationen zum zeitlichen und territorialen Ablauf des Ganztagsprogrammes dokumentiert und in der Begegnung mit Feldakteuren reflektiert werden konnten.