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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
131

Étude de la modulation de la voie canonique d'activation de NF-kB par les protéines non structurales du virus Nipah / Study of the modulation of the canonical NF-κB pathway by the nonstructural proteins of Nipah virus

Enchéry, François 20 December 2017 (has links)
Le virus Nipah (NiV) est un paramyxovirus zoonotique du genre Henipavirus, qui a émergé en 1998. NiV infecte l'homme et cause des troubles respiratoires et des encéphalites avec une forte létalité. A l’inverse, chez les hôtes naturels de NiV, les chauves-souris de la famille des Pteropodidae, l’infection est asymptomatique. Cependant, les mécanismes permettant aux Pteropodidae de contrôler l’infection sont inconnus à ce jour. NiV produit des protéines non structurales, V, W et C, qui sont des facteurs de virulence. V, W et C inhibent les voies de l’interféron de type 1. De plus, la protéine W inhibe la production de chimiokines in vitro et module la réponse inflammatoire in vivo, mais son mécanisme d’action reste inconnu. La voie NF-κB étant le principal régulateur de la réponse inflammatoire, nous avons émis l’hypothèse que W pourrait moduler la voie NF-κB. Nous avons démontré que la protéine W inhibe l'activation de la voie canonique de NF-κB induite par TNFα et IL-1β, effet pour lequel sa région C-terminale spécifique est nécessaire. Nous avons également identifié quels signaux d’import et d’export nucléaires de W sont nécessaires à son effet inhibiteur et ainsi mis en évidence l’importance du trafic nucléo-cytoplasmique de W pour l’inhibition de NF-κB. L’étude des interactions de W avec les protéines cellulaires nous a permis d’identifier un partenaire prometteur connu pour son rôle dans le rétrocontrôle négatif de NF-κB. Enfin, le rôle de W dans l'inhibition de la voie NF-κB a été démontré pendant l'infection par NiV. Les résultats obtenus ouvrent la voie à la compréhension du mécanisme par lequel W module la réponse inflammatoire. Finalement, afin de mieux comprendre le contrôle de l’infection de NiV par son hôte naturel, nous avons généré des lignées cellulaires primaires et immortalisées de chauve-souris Pteropus giganteus. Ces cellules devraient permettre de mieux comprendre les mécanismes par lesquels ces chauves-souris contrôlent l’infection virale. / Nipah virus (NiV), from Henipavirus genus, is a zoonotic paramyxovirus, which emerged in 1998. In humans, it causes acute respiratory distress and encephalitis with a high lethality. Conversely, the natural hosts of NiV, bats from the Pteropodidae family, are asymptomatic. The mechanisms by which the Pteropodidae control infection are unknown to date. NiV produces non-structural proteins, V, W and C, which are virulence factors. V, W and C inhibit the type 1 interferon pathways. Moreover, W inhibits the production of chemokines in vitro and modulates the inflammatory response in vivo, but its mechanism remains unknown. The NF-κB pathway being the main regulator of the inflammatory response, we hypothesized that W could modulate the NF-κB pathway. We demonstrated that protein W inhibits the activation of the NF-κB canonical pathway induced by TNFα and IL-1β. The specific C-terminal region of W is necessary for this effect. We have also identified which nuclear import and export signals of W are necessary for its inhibitory effect and thus highlight the importance of the nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking of W for the inhibition of NF-κB. The study of the interactions of W with the cellular proteins allowed us to identify a promising partner known for its role in the negative feedback of NF-κB. Finally, the role of W in the inhibition of the NF-κB pathway was demonstrated during the infection with NiV. The results obtained open the way to understanding the mechanism by which W modulates the inflammatory response. Finally, to better understand the control of the infection of NiV by its natural host, we generated primary and immortalized cell lines of Pteropus giganteus bat. These cells should provide a better understanding of the mechanisms by which these bats control viral infection.
132

Des protéines et de leurs interactions aux principes évolutifs des systèmes biologiques / From proteins and their interactions to evolutionary principles of biological systems

Carvunis, Anne-Ruxandra 26 January 2011 (has links)
Darwin a révélé au monde que les espèces vivantes ne cessent jamais d’évoluer, mais les mécanismes moléculaires de cette évolution restent le sujet de recherches intenses. La biologie systémique propose que les relations entre génotype, environnement et phénotype soient sous-tendues par un ensemble de réseaux moléculaires dynamiques au sein de la cellule, mais l’organisation de ces réseaux demeure mystérieuse. En combinant des concepts établis en biologie évolutive et systémique avec la cartographie d’interactions protéiques et l’étude des méthodologies d’annotation de génomes, j’ai développé de nouvelles approches bioinformatiques qui ont en partie dévoilé la composition et l’organisation des systèmes cellulaires de trois organismes eucaryotes : la levure de boulanger, le nématode Caenorhabditis elegans et la plante Arabidopsis thaliana. L’analyse de ces systèmes m’a conduit à proposer des hypothèses sur les principes évolutifs des systèmes biologiques. En premier lieu, je propose une théorie selon laquelle la traduction fortuite de régions intergéniques produirait des peptides sur lesquels la sélection naturelle agirait pour aboutir occasionnellement à la création de protéines de novo. De plus, je montre que l’évolution de protéines apparues par duplication de gènes est corrélée avec celle de leurs profils d’interactions. Enfin, j’ai mis en évidence des signatures de la co-évolution ancestrale hôte-pathogène dans l’organisation topologique du réseau d‘interactions entre protéines de l’hôte. Mes travaux confortent l’hypothèse que les systèmes moléculaires évoluent, eux aussi, de manière darwinienne. / Darwin exposed to the world that living species continuously evolve. Yet the molecular mechanisms of evolution remain under intense research. Systems biology proposes that dynamic molecular networks underlie relationships between genotype, environment and phenotype, but the organization of these networks is mysterious. Combining established concepts from evolutionary and systems biology with protein interaction mapping and the study of genome annotation methodologies, I have developed new bioinformatics approaches that partially unveiled the composition and organization of cellular systems for three eukaryotic organisms: the baker’s yeast, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. My analyses led to insights into the evolution of biological systems. First, I propose that the translation of peptides from intergenic regions could lead to de novo birth of new protein-coding genes. Second, I show that the evolution of proteins originating from gene duplications and of their physical interaction repertoires are tightly interrelated. Lastly, I uncover signatures of the ancestral host-pathogen co-evolution in the topology of a host protein interaction network. My PhD work supports the thesis that molecular systems also evolve in a Darwinian fashion.
133

Diversification et adaptation génomique des virus entomopathogènes / Genomic diversification and adaptation of entomopathogenic viruses

Thézé, Julien 31 May 2013 (has links)
À différentes échelles de temps, le but de ma thèse a été de comprendre l'évolution des virus entomopathogènes à travers l’étude de la diversification et de l’adaptation génomique de grands virus à ADN d’insectes. Dans un premier temps, j’ai pu estimer les âges de diversifications des baculovirus et des nudivirus, et proposer un scénario de coévolution à long terme entre ces virus et leurs hôtes insectes. Puis, me plaçant sur une échelle de temps moindre, j’ai montré que les hôtes insectes sont le facteur principal de la diversification des baculovirus, et de façon surprenante, j’ai également observé que l'environnement biotique de ces virus, c’est-à-dire les plantes hôtes des insectes, joue un rôle central dans leur évolution. Dans un second temps, des mutations ponctuelles ont pu être reliées à l’adaptation locale de populations différentiées du baculovirus SeMNPV. Enfin, l’étude de l'adaptation génomique convergente entre les entomopoxvirus et les baculovirus a mis en évidence que les transferts horizontaux de gènes sont une source importante de variabilité pour les grands virus à ADN, pour l'adaptation aux mêmes niches écologiques. Les gènes et les mécanismes identifiés dans ce travail de thèse apportent des éléments nouveaux pour comprendre comment les génomes sont façonnés par l’écologie. / At different timescales, the purpose of my PhD was to understand insect virus evolution through the study of the genomic diversification and adaptation of insect large DNA viruses. Firstly, I was able to estimate the ages of baculovirus and nudivirus diversifications, and to propose a long-term coevolutionary scenario between these viruses and their insect hosts. Then, on a narrower timescale, I showed that insect hosts are the major factor in baculovirus diversification, and surprisingly, I also observed that the virus biotic environment, i.e. insect host plants, plays a central role in their evolution. Secondly, punctual mutations have been linked to the local adaptation of differentiated populations of the baculovirus SeMNPV. Finally, the study of convergent genomic adaptation between entomopoxviruses and baculoviruses highlighted that horizontal gene transfers are an important source of variability for large DNA viruses, for the adaption to the same ecological niches. Genes and mechanisms identified in this PhD work provide new insights to understand how genomes are shaped by ecology.
134

Etude de deux protéines impliquées dans l'injection de toxines par la bactérie Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Study of two proteins involved in toxin injection by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Perdu, Caroline 04 June 2013 (has links)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, une bactérie à Gram négatif responsable d'infections nosocomiales, possède de nombreux facteurs de virulence lui permettant d'infecter ses hôtes. En particulier, le Système de Sécrétion de Type III (SST3) lui permet d'injecter des effecteurs directement dans le cytoplasme de la cellule cible eucaryote. Durant cette thèse, deux protéines du SST3 de P. aeruginosa ont été étudiées : l'ATPase PscN et la protéine ExsB. Plusieurs approches ont été utilisées afin d'étudier l'ATPase PscN, indispensable à l'activité du SST3. Des mutations ponctuelles réalisées dans PscN conduisent à des souches de P. aeruginosa non cytotoxiques, et cet effet est dominant négatif. Une autre approche a permis l'obtention de fractions partiellement purifiées de l'ATPase PscN active, sous forme de grands complexes visualisés en microscopie électronique. Ces fractions contiennent également d'autres protéines du SST3, qui pourraient être des partenaires de PscN. La protéine ExsB a été caractérisée pour la première fois. Après avoir vérifié son expression chez P. aeruginosa, son association à la membrane externe de la bactérie a été démontrée. Son rôle a ensuite été étudié par une analyse du phénotype d'une souche de P. aeruginosa dépourvue du gène exsB. Nous n'avons pas identifié d'activité de ExsB dans la régulation du SST3. Après avoir constaté l'implication de ExsB dans la virulence de la bactérie dans des modèles d'infections aiguës chez les animaux, son rôle dans l'activité du SST3 a été établi. Nous avons enfin pu montrer que ExsB a une activité de pilotine, car elle participe à l'assemblage de la sécrétine, le composant de la membrane externe du SST3. / Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a Gram negative bacterium responsible for nosocomial infections, exhibits numerous virulence factors to infect its hosts. In particular, the Type III Secretion System (T3SS) allows the injection of effectors directly into the host cell cytoplasm. This work focuses on the study of two proteins from the T3SS of P. aeruginosa: the ATPase PscN and the ExsB protein. Several approaches were used to study the ATPase PscN, an enzyme essential for T3SS activity. Site-directed mutations, made on PscN, lead to non cytotoxic strains, and this effect is dominant negative. Another approach allowed the partial purification of active PscN, visualized as large complexes by electron microscopy. These partially purified samples also contain other T3SS proteins, which could interact with PscN. The ExsB protein was characterized for the first time. After checking its expression in P. aeruginosa, its association with the outer membrane was shown. The phenotypic analysis of a strain lacking exsB gene gave insights into the role of this protein. We did not identified any function of ExsB in the T3SS regulation. After showing the involvement of ExsB in the bacterial virulence during acute animal infections, ExsB role in T3SS activity was established. Finally, we showed that ExsB has a pilotin activity as it participates in the assembly of the secretin, the outer membrane component of T3SS.
135

Avaliação da patogenicidade de estirpes mutantes de Salmonella Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum para genes relacionados ao metabolismo naturalmente defectivos em S. Gallinarum biovar Pullorum / Evaluation on the pathogenicity of genetically engineered Salmonella Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum strains harbouring mutations in metabolism-related genes naturally inactivated in S. Gallinarum biovar Pullorum genomes

Batista, Diego Felipe Alves [UNESP] 04 July 2017 (has links)
Submitted by DIEGO FELIPE ALVES BATISTA null (diegofelipe_vet@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-23T15:53:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese final.pdf: 4005234 bytes, checksum: 457b822652d4193c9c8e25953f4d3dc1 (MD5) / Rejected by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo a orientação abaixo: Incluir o número do processo de financiamento FAPESP nos agradecimentos da dissertação/tese. Corrija esta informação e realize uma nova submissão com o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2017-07-26T13:34:20Z (GMT) / Submitted by DIEGO FELIPE ALVES BATISTA null (diegofelipe_vet@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-26T14:07:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Diego_Felipe_Alves_Batista.pdf: 4004591 bytes, checksum: 1de74c2da3ba5ba3e56c6bcf6f9ba6f2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-07-26T19:26:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 batista_dfa_dr_jabo.pdf: 4004591 bytes, checksum: 1de74c2da3ba5ba3e56c6bcf6f9ba6f2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-26T19:26:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 batista_dfa_dr_jabo.pdf: 4004591 bytes, checksum: 1de74c2da3ba5ba3e56c6bcf6f9ba6f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-04 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O tifo aviário, causado por Salmonella Gallinarum biotipo Gallinarum, é uma infecção caracterizada pela alta mortalidade nos lotes de aves suscetíveis acometidos, enquanto S. Gallinarum biotipo Pullorum, o agente da pulorose, infecta as aves de produção industrial com as quais desenvolve relação mais branda. Ainda é escasso o conhecimento sobre os mecanismos moleculares que sustentam essas diferentes interações patógeno-hospedeiro. Nesse estudo, objetivou-se investigar o efeito de deleção parcial das sequências codificantes dos genes idnT (transportador de L-idonato ou D-gluconato), idnO (5-cetogluconato redutase) e ccmH (heme liase necessária na montagem de citocromos do tipo C) sobre a patogenicidade de S. Gallinarum 287/91 (SG287/91), uma vez que seus ortólogos são pseudogenes conservados em S. Pullorum. Os clones mutantes SG∆idnTO, SG∆ccmH e SG∆ccmHidnTO foram obtidos por meio da técnica de mutação sítio-dirigida, denominada de recombinação Lambda-Red e testados em dois experimentos independentes com aves comerciais semipesadas de postura suscetíveis ao tifo aviário. No 1º experimento não se observou alteração da patogenicidade dos clones mutantes após inoculação oral, pois todos os animais infectados desenvolveram sinais clínicos típicos do tifo aviário e vieram a óbito ao longo de 12 dias pós-infecção (dpi). Apesar dos 100% de mortalidade, as infecções desenvolvidas pelos clones SG∆idnTO e SG∆ccmHidnTO levaram os animais a óbito dentro de 48 horas desde o aparecimento dos sinais clínicos, enquanto SG287/91 o fez em 6 dias, sugerindo aumento da virulência dos clones mutantes. No 2º experimento observou-se que as mutantes invadiram o hospedeiro a partir do intestino, embora as quantidades recuperadas de SG∆idnTO e SG∆ccmHidnTO nos fígados e de SG∆idnTO nos baços, no 5º dpi, foram superiores a de SG287/91, reforçando a hipótese de aumento da virulência dos clones contendo a alteração idnTO. Apesar disso, os níveis de transcrição das citocinas CXCLi2 e IL6 produzidos à infecção por SG∆idnTO e SG∆ccmHidnTO não diferiram nas tonsilas cecais nos 1º e 3º dpi e nos baços no 3º dpi em relação à infecção por SG287/91. Somente SG∆ccmH inclinou-se a estimular a transcrição de CXCLi2 e IL6 nas tonsilas cecais no 1° dpi em relação ao grupo controle, enquanto SG287/91 tendeu a suprimi-la. Porém, não houve suporte estatístico para essa observação. Os níveis de mRNA do IFNγ estavam aumentados para todas as estirpes de S. Gallinarum, mutantes ou não, porém sem diferença estatística entre eles. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que a ruptura nos genes idnTO, e em menor grau do gene ccmH, poderiam levar a perda de “fitness” em S. Gallinarum, lhes justificando a permanência no genoma desse micro-organismo, ao contrário do que ocorre com S. Pullorum. O estudo da patogenicidade de estirpe de S. Pullorum tendo reconstituídos os genes idnTO e ccmH no seu genoma poderia esclarecer os motivos pelos quais esses foram negativamente selecionados por esse micro-organismo. / Fowl typhoid, caused by Salmonella Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum, is an infectious disease which elicits high mortality into a flock of susceptible birds whereas S. Gallinarum biovar Pullorum, the aetiological agent of pullorum disease, infects poultry of commercial importance with which such a bacterium sets off a more permissive host-pathogen interaction. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms driving these distinct interplays with the host. Herein, we aimed at investigating the effect of partial deletions in the idnT (L-idonate / D-gluconate transporter), idnO (5-ketogluconase reductase) and ccmH (heme liase involved in the c-type cytochrome maturation) coding sequences on S. Gallinarum 287/91 (SG287/91) pathogenicity since they are conserved pseudogenes in S. Pullorum genomes. SG∆idnTO, SG∆ccmH and SG∆ccmHidnTO mutant strains were constructed through a one-step inactivation technique, known as Lambda-Red-mediated recombination, and tested on two independent experiments by using a commercial brown egg-producing layer line susceptible to fowl typhoid. On the experiment 1, no changing was observed in the pathogenicity of the mutant strains upon oral inoculation as the infected animals developed typical fowl typhoid clinical signs and died along 12 days post-infection (dpi). In spite of causing 100% mortality, SG∆idnTO and SG∆ccmHidnTO killed all the animals within 48 hours since the clinical signs appearance while SG287/91 did so in 6 days, indicating an increased virulence by these mutant strains. On the experiment 2 every mutant strain were able to invade the host system from the intestine albeit SG∆idnTO and SG∆ccmHidnTO were recovered from livers and SG∆idnTO alone from spleens at higher numbers than was SG287/91, supporting the hypothesis of increased virulence for those clones harbouring the idnTO mutation. Despite the results above, CXCLi2 and IL6 transcription levels during infection by SG∆idnTO and SG∆ccmHidnTO were similar to that induced by SG287/91 in caecal tonsils at 1 and 3 dpi and in spleens at 3 dpi. In contrast, SG∆ccmH trended to stimulate CXCLi2 and IL6 transcription in caecal tonsils at 1 dpi when compared to the negative, control group whereas SG287/91 tended to suppress it, but no statistical significance was found for such an observation. IFNγ mRNA were augmented for all S. Gallinarum strains, mutant or not, but without statistical difference amongst them. These findings indicate that gene decay into idnTO, and at a lesser extent, into ccmH sequences might lead to the loss of fitness by S. Gallinarum, raising an explanation for their maintenance on this bacterium chromosome when the opposite happens to S. Pullorum. Studying the pathogenicity of a S. Pullorum strain possessing both the idnTO and ccmH genes in its genome could bring to light the reasons whereby such genes were negatively selected by this microorganism. / FAPESP: 2013/22920-4 / FAPESP: 2013/26127-7
136

Phosphorylation et interaction hôte/pathogène : analyse de deux facteurs bactériens sécrétés, la kinase CstK de Coxiella burnetii et la phosphatase PtpA de Staphylococcus aureus / Phosphorylation and host/pathogen interactions : study of two bacterial secreted factors, the kinase CstK of Coxiella burnetii and the phosphatase PtpA of Staphylococcus aureus.

Brelle, Solène 10 December 2015 (has links)
Afin de déjouer les défenses immunitaires de l’hôte et créer les niches nécessaires à leur survie, les bactéries pathogènes mettent on œuvre de nombreux mécanismes ciblant les voies de signalisation de la cellule hôte. L’un de ces mécanismes repose sur la sécrétion de protéines bactériennes dans les cellules cibles afin de moduler directement leurs réseaux de signalisation. Cependant, les signaux, les senseurs et les effecteurs impliqués dans ces régulations sont encore peu ou mal connus. La détection de l’environnement dans la cellule hôte lors de l'infection est l’élément clé d’une réponse adaptée, et les systèmes de signalisation basés sur les mécanismes de phosphorylation sont indispensables à l'adaptation hôte-pathogène. L’aspect innovant de ce projet repose sur l’étude du rôle des Ser/Thr kinases et phosphatases sécrétées lors des interactions hôte-pathogène, modifiant ainsi la réponse globale de l’hôte durant l’infection. Pendant ma thèse, j’ai tout d’abord étudié le rôle d’une nouvelle protéine kinase bactérienne identifiée chez Coxiella burnetii, nommée CstK (Coxiella serine threonine Kinase). C. burnetii, l’agent étiologique de la zoonose appelée fièvre Q, modifie les défenses de la cellule hôte, permettant sa réplication dans des vacuoles spécifiques à l’intérieur de la cellule hôte. Par ailleurs, la sécrétion d’un grand nombre d’effecteurs bactériens est indispensable au détournement du phagosome par Coxiella. Nous ainsi avons démontré que cette potentielle protéine kinase, identifiée in silico dans le génome de C. burnetii, est capable de s’autophosphoryler et par conséquent possède une activité kinase. De plus, nous avons identifié différentes protéines spécifiques de la cellule hôte interagissant avec CstK à l'aide du modèle amibe Dictyostelium discoideum, un phagocyte professionnel eucaryote, permettant des études génétiques et biochimiques. Dans la deuxième partie de mon projet, je me suis intéressée au rôle d’une probable protéine sécrétée, la tyrosine phosphatase PtpA, durant l’infection par Staphylococcus aureus. Bien connue dans les hôpitaux, où elle est responsable de nombreuses maladies nosocomiales, cette bactérie possède un grand nombre de facteurs de virulence, responsables d’infections variées, et l’apparition exponentielle de souches multi-résistantes en font un problème majeur. Ce pathogène est capable d’envahir et de persister dans un grand nombre de types cellulaires différents chez l’Homme, en sécrétant des protéines effectrices qui vont moduler les réponses cellulaires. Nous avons démontré que PtpA était sécrétée durant la phase de croissance bactérienne, et pu déterminer que PtpA possédait une activité tyrosine phosphatase, régulée par la tyrosine kinase CapA1B2 de S. aureus. Enfin, en utilisant le modèle D. discoideum, nous avons pu identifier des protéines de l’hôte qui interagissent avec PtpA, mais leur rôle dans l’infection n’est pas encore connu. / Bacterial pathogens have developed diverse strategies towards host signalling pathways, in order to subvert the immune response and/or create permissive niches for their survival. One such strategy is based on the secretion of bacterial signalling proteins into the target host cells, thereby directly modulating the status of host signalling networks. Because the mechanisms involved are largely intractable to most in vivo analyses, very little is known about the signals, sensors, and effectors mediating these adaptations. Sensing the host environment is a key component to execute appropriate developmental programs, and the eukaryotic-like phosphosignaling systems in prokaryotes are emerging as equally important regulatory systems as the well-known eukaryotic systems, but the study of their functions is still in its infancy. The innovative aspect of this project resides in the study of the emerging role of secreted Ser/Thr kinases and phosphatases in the control of host-pathogen interactions thus modifying the global host response during infection. During my thesis, I first investigated the role of a novel bacterial protein kinase identified in Coxiella burnetii that we named CstK (Coxiella serine threonine Kinase). C. burnetii, the etiological agent of the emerging zoonosis Q fever, subverts host cell defenses, permitting its intracellular replication in specialized vacuoles within host cells. Secretion of a large number of bacterial effectors into host cell is absolutely required for rerouting the Coxiella phagosome. We demonstrated that this putative protein kinase identified by in silico analysis of the C. burnetii genome is able to autophosphorylate and undergoes in vitro phosphorylation. Moreover, we identified specific host cell proteins interacting with CstK, by the use of the model amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, an eukaryotic professional phagocyte amenable to genetic and biochemical studies. In the second part of my project, I was interested in the role of a putative secreted protein tyrosine phosphatase (PtpA) during Staphylococcus aureus infection. Well-known in hospital-acquired diseases, this bacteria produces multiple virulence factors that lead to various severe diseases, and the increase of multi-resistant strains is a major concern. This pathogen has the ability to invade and persist in a number of different human host cell types, secreting effector proteins to modulate cellular responses. Here we demonstrated that PtpA is secreted during the bacterial growth. We also determined that PtpA presents a tyrosine phosphatase activity that is regulated by the tyrosine protein kinase CapA1B2 of S. aureus. At last, using the D. discoideum model, we identified some host proteins that interact with PtpA, but their link with infection still remain to be studied.
137

Caracterização bioquímica, patogênica e molecular de isolados de Ralstonia solanacearum biovar 2 de batata e berinjela. / Biochemical, pathogenic and molecular characterization of Ralstonia solanecearum biovar 2 isolates of potato and eggplant.

Jose Magno Martins Bringel 08 November 2002 (has links)
A murcha bacteriana, causada por Ralstonia solanacearum, afeta principalmente as solanáceas, destacando-se as culturas da batata, berinjela, jiló, pimentão e tomate. No presente trabalho foi conduzida a caracterização molecular de isolados de R. solanacearum e sua possível relação com características relacionadas à morfologia, bioquímica, patogenicidade, agressividade e distribuição geográfica. Foram utilizados 51 isolados pertencentes à biovar 2, sendo 9 provenientes de berinjela e 42 de batata, coletados em diversas regiões brasileiras. A análise molecular permitiu separar os isolados em quatro grupos distintos de padrões de bandas para os iniciadores BOX e ERIC, e em cinco para o iniciador REP. Não foi encontrada relação dos grupos de isolados caracterizados molecularmente com tamanho de colônias, ocorrência de mutantes, produção de melanina, capacidade de colonização do sistema radicular e resistência a antibióticos/fungicidas. A identificação de isolados de batata, como biovar 2-A, e de berinjela, como biovar 2-T, com base em teste bioquímico do uso de trealose, foi confirmadas pela análise molecular. Não houve variação de agressividade entre os isolados inoculados em batata e berinjela, exceção feita ao isolado avirulento CNPH-65. Portanto, isolados das biovares 2-A e 2-T podem infectar estas duas hospedeiras com a mesma intensidade sob altas temperaturas. Para todos os isolados, o desenvolvimento da população bacteriana foi significativamente maior no sistema radicular de plantas das cultivares suscetíveis, tanto para batata como para berinjela. No entanto, dentro de cada cultivar, os isolados se comportaram de maneira semelhante, não sendo possível fazer distinção entre os mesmos. A tentativa de se associar grupos de isolados caracterizados molecularmente com os locais de origem revelou alguns aspectos interessantes. O grupo I agregou somente isolados do Paraná. No grupo II ficaram isolados da Bahia, Distrito Federal e do Paraná. No Grupo III, foram reunidos todos os isolados de berinjela e um único de batata, sendo todos procedentes do Distrito Federal. O grupo IV, de forma semelhante ao grupo II, reuniu isolados de locais diversos como Paraná, Goiás, Rio Grande do Sul e Distrito Federal. Portanto, nos grupos I e III parece haver uma tendência de relação entre grupamento molecular e local de origem, enquanto que para os grupos II e IV, isolados de características genéticas similares são provenientes de locais distintos, apontando considerável diversidade genética do patógeno. / The bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solonacearum affects mainly the solanaceous species, specially potato, eggplant, peppers, tomato and brazilian gilo (Solanum gilo). This work reports the molecular characterization of R. solanacearum biovar 2 isolates and the possible relationship of this molecular data with other characteristics related to morphology, biochemistry, pathogenicity, aggressiveness and geographical distribution. Fifty-one biovar 2 isolates were studied, 9 isolated from eggplant and 42 from potato, all of them collected from different regions of Brazil. According to the molecular analysis, the isolates were clustered in four different groups, with distinct band patterns to the primers BOX and ERIC, and five groups to the primers REP. There was no relationship between the groups clustered through molecular analyses and phenotypic characteristics, such as colony size, presence of mutants, melanin presence, capability of root system colonization and antibiotic/fungicide resistance. The identification of potato isolates as the biovar 2-A, and the eggplant isolates as biovar 2-T, based on biochemical tests using trealose were confirmed with the molecular analyses. There was no variation of aggressiveness in the isolates inoculated on potato an eggplant, except the avirulent isolate CNPH-65. Consequently, isolates of biovars 2-A and 2-T are able to infect both hosts with the same aggressiveness under high temperatures. The population of all isolates developed in significant levels at the root system of susceptible cultivars of both hosts, potato and eggplant. However, considering each cultivar tested, there was no difference between isolates. Interesting results were observed when the isolates clustered based on molecular data were associated with the geographical region of their collection. The group I clustered only the isolates collected in Paraná. The group II clustered the isolates collected in Bahia, Federal District and some in Paraná. The group III clustered all isolates from eggplant and only one of potato, all of them collected in the Federal District. The group IV, as the group II, clustered isolates from different regions, like Paraná, Goiás, Rio Grande do Sul and Federal District. These results suggest a relationship between the isolates clustered through molecular analysis in the groups II and III and their geographical region of collection. The isolates clustered in the same way, with similar genetic background in the groups II and IV, were however collected in different regions, showing the great genetic variation of this pathogen.
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Expression de marqueurs fluorescents et d'antigènes viraux chez les mycoplasmes, étude d’interactions avec les cellules de l’hôte / Expression of fluorescent markers and viral antigens by mycoplasmas, and interaction studies with host cells

Bonnefois, Tiffany 22 September 2017 (has links)
Un mini-transposon qui permet une mutagénèse stable et non marquée a été modifié pour permettre l’expression de gènes chez les mycoplasmes. Cet outil a tout d’abord été utilisé pour le développement de mycoplasmes fluorescents. Pour ce faire, les protéines mCherry, mKO2 et mNeonGreen ont été insérées dans le chromosome de deux espèces de mycoplasmes phylogénétiquement distants : Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) et Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis). Cette insertion a permis l’observation sans précédent de colonies fluorescentes vertes et rouges chez les deux espèces et ce, sans toxicité apparente. De plus, des niveaux de fluorescence équivalents ont été quantifiés par cytométrie en flux chez les deux espèces, ce qui suggère que l’outil développé peut être largement utilisé chez les mycoplasmes. Ces mycoplasmes fluorescents ont ensuite été utilisés pour effectuer des études d’adhésion, d’invasion et de persistance de ces deux espèces de mycoplasmes avec différents types cellulaires bovins. Ces analyses ont confirmé que M. bovis présente de meilleures capacités d’adhésion et prolifération au support de culture, ainsi qu’aux cellules embryonnaires épithéliales qu’il envahi. Il présente aussi une meilleure résistance à la l’élimination par les macrophages. Néanmoins, Mmm a aussi été détecté à l’intérieur des macrophages après 72 heures d’infection, et ce, même à des MOI faibles et en présence de concentrations bactériostatiques d’antibiotique. Ensuite, le système d’expression a été utilisé pour tester la possibilité d’utiliser les mycoplasmes en tant que vecteurs vaccinaux. Le gène de la protéine H du virus de la peste des petits ruminants, utilisé avec succès dans des vaccins recombinants, a été inséré dans un mycoplasme caprin comme preuve de concept d’un vaccin multivalent. Cependant, malgré la détection d’ARNm spécifique, l’expression de la protéine virale n’a pas été mise en évidence, et ce, malgré le recours à une technique très sensible de détection par spectrométrie de masse. La preuve de concept n’a donc pas pu être réalisée. Pour conclure, les systèmes d’expression de gènes de fluorescences développés dans ces travaux sont bien adaptés aux études d’interaction hôte-pathogène et offrent une multitude de perspectives pour l’analyses fonctionnelle chez les mycoplasmes in vitro et in vivo.. / A mini-transposon affording unmarked, stable mutagenesis in mycoplasmas was modified to allow gene expression. This tool was first used for the development of fluorescence expression for stable and innocuous whole mycoplasma cell labelling. For this purpose, the fluorescent proteins GFP2, mCherry, mKO2 and mNeonGreen were introduced as chromosomal tags in the phylogenetically distant species Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Mmm) and Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis), resulting in the unprecedented observation of red and green fluorescent mycoplasma colonies in the two species, with no apparent cytotoxicity. Equivalent fluorescence expression levels were quantified by flow cytometry in both species, suggesting that these tools can be broadly applied in mycoplasmas. These fluorescent mycoplasmas were then used to compare the adhesion, invasion and persistence of the two species in different bovine cells. They notably confirmed that M. bovis shows a higher adhesion and proliferation capacity to the inert culture surface and higher adhesion to embryonic lung epithelial cells, which it invades. It also shows an increased resistance to elimination by macrophages. However, fluorescent Mmm were also detected inside the phagocytes 72h post-infection, even at a low MOI. Finally, the expression vector was used to assess the possible use of mycoplasmas as vaccine vectors. For this purpose, we introduced the H gene of the “peste des petits ruminants” virus, already used in effective recombinant vaccines, in a caprine mycoplasma as proof-of-concept of a mycoplasma-based multivalent vaccine. However, despite the detection of specific mRNA, the expression of the viral protein could not be evidenced using a highly a sensitive peptide detection technique by mass spectrometry, so this prove of concept could not be delivered. Still, the fluorescence expression tools developed in this study are suitable for host-pathogen interaction studies and offer innumerable perspectives for the functional analysis of mycoplasmas both in vitro and in vivo.
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Etude de la régulation de l'expression des microARN de l'herpesvirus associé au sarcome de Kaposi / Regulation of the expression of Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus microRNAs

Contrant, Maud 26 September 2014 (has links)
La dérégulation de l’expression des microARN peut induire des cancers. De plus, ils jouent un rôle crucial dans la pathogénèse et la survie des virus. L’herpès virus humain de type 8 (HHV-8 ou KSHV) est l’agent étiologique du sarcome de Kaposi et est impliqué dans la génération de lymphomes agressifs de type B. De manière intéressante, le génome ce virus code 12 pré-miARN localisés dans la région de latence et exprimés sur un même pri-miARN. Les miARN du KSHV sont importants pour le maintien de la latence, l’inhibition de l’apoptose ou encore la régulation du cycle cellulaire de l’hôte. Nous nous intéressons à leur expression et leur régulation durant l’infection virale. Nous avons résolu la structure secondaire de l’ARN codant ces miARN afin d’identifier les critères structuraux responsables de leur accumulation différentielle. Nous avons initié une analyse cinétique de la première étape de maturation et enfin nous essayons d’identifier des co-facteurs modulant leur expression. / It is now well known that modulation of microRNAs expression is linked to the development of cancers. Moreover, they play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and the survival of some viruses. Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpes virus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma and is involved in human aggressive B lymphomas generation. Its genome encodes 12 precursor miRNAs that are clustered in a latency region and expressed on a single long primary transcript. KSHV miRNAs are important to maintain the virus latency and to regulate or inhibit the host cell cycle or apoptosis, respectively. Therefore, understanding the regulation of KSHV miRNA accumulation is of prime importance. In this respect, we resolved the secondary structure of them iRNA cluster to identify structural criteria responsible of their differential accumulation. In addition, we started to analyse the mechanism of their maturation by kinetics studies. Finally we tried to identify some cofactors of miRNA expression.
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Salmonella virulence factors and their role in intracellular parasitism

Möst, Thomas 17 October 2014 (has links)
Salmonella est un pathogène intracellulaire dont la virulence dépend de la fonction de deux systèmes de sécrétion du type trois (T3SS). Les T3SSs sont responsables pour la transduction de protéines effectrices dans le cytoplasme de la cellule hôte afin d'initier l'invasion de la cellule et de former la vie intracellulaire de Salmonella. Plusieurs effecteurs forment la SCV et induisent un réseau de tubules qui est impliqué dans la stabilisation de la SCV. Il consiste de trois différents genres de tubules. Nous avons pu montrer que les protéines effectrices SseF et SseG sont responsables pour la formation d'un genre de ces tubules, les LAMP-1 negative tubules (LNTs). Leur fonction est importante puisque des souches de Salmonella qui induisent que des LNTs et ne pas d'autres tubules sont apte de créer une SCV stable. Ceci améliore la réplication et virulence in vivo comparé à des souches qui ne peuvent pas induire des tubules. En utilisant les LNTs comme modèle, nous avons essayé de comprendre la contribution des tubules à la formation de la SCV et aussi leurs interaction avec les endosomes tardives et les lysosomes (LE/lys). Nous avons découvert une contribution essentielle de la petite GTPase Arl8B à la fusion de tubules avec les LE/lys. Ainsi, le knockdown d'Arl8B réduit la capacité de reproduction de Salmonella dans la cellule hôte. Nous avons pu démontrer qu'une interaction entre l'effecteur SifA et Arl8B est responsable pour ces observations. / Salmonella is an intracellular pathogen, whose virulence relies on the function of two type three secretion systems (T3SSs). The T3SSs are responsible for the delivery of effector proteins into the host cell cytoplasm in order to mediate invasion of the cell and to shape Salmonella's intracellular life.Salmonella's intracellular survival and replication depends on its niche, the Salmonella containing vacuole (SCV), a compartment that is derived from host plasma membrane. Several effectors shape the SCV and give rise to a tubular network, which is implicated in the SCV's stabilization and consists of three different kinds of tubules. We were able to show that the effector proteins SseF and SseG play in concert to form one kind of tubules, the recently discovered LAMP-1-negative tubules (LNTs). Their function is important to Salmonella, as strains having only LNTs but none of the other tubules are able to create a stable SCV, which leads to better replication and virulence in vivo compared to a strain that lacks in tubule formation. Starting from these LNTs as working model, we tried to understand the contribution of tubules to the formation of the SCV and their interactions with the late endosomal / lysosomal compartment (LE/lys). We deciphered the small GTPase Arl8B to play an essential role in the fusion of tubules with LE/lys. Thereby, the knockdown of Arl8B reduced Salmonella's capability to replicate within host cells. We were able to show that an interaction between the effector SifA and Arl8B was responsible for our observations.

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