Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-02-26T13:54:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Cecília do Nascimento Peixoto - 2006.pdf: 6636718 bytes, checksum: b112892e216b4dc189c4e9cb3dd28f4c (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-02-26T13:55:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Cecília do Nascimento Peixoto - 2006.pdf: 6636718 bytes, checksum: b112892e216b4dc189c4e9cb3dd28f4c (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-26T13:55:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Cecília do Nascimento Peixoto - 2006.pdf: 6636718 bytes, checksum: b112892e216b4dc189c4e9cb3dd28f4c (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The morphological and cultural characteristics of G. graminis var. graminis isolates from rice and grasses were studied. The fungus forms two types of mycelia, dark macrohyphae that join laterally to form runner hyphae or rhizomorphs and hyaline or infectious microhyphae, as well as fan shaped hyphae characteristic of the pathogen. Pigmented and lobed hyphopodia on lower leaf sheaths were formed both under natural conditions and artificial inoculations of plants. The perithecia containing asci and ascospores were found on leaf sheaths lesions on field samples. The perithecia were produced on leaf sheaths of inoculated plants as well as on detached sterilized leaf sheaths and on culture medium, potato-dextrose-agar (PDA). Hyphae and hyphopodia were formed from germination tubes of ascospores, and the hyphae under moist stress conditions produced chlamydospores which were initially hyaline and later attained dark color. The culture of Ggg, was characterized by fluffy aerial mycelium, white in the initial stages of growth and later with age, the colony color changed from dirty-white or mouse gray to almost black. The marked diagnostic colony characteristic of whorled appearance was the curling back of marginal hyphae. The amount and time of formation of perithecia varied among the isolates tested. The virulence test conduced with 20 isolates of rice and grasses, showed differences in aggressiveness both on rice seedlings and adult plants. In general, isolates from rice were more aggressive on rice than isolates from grasses. The test with four levels of inoculum (0, 5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 g per plant of autoclaved sorghum grains) and two plant ages showed that 60-day old were more susceptible than 35-day old plants. The spontaneous infection of healthy plants was observed in the greenhouse indicating the role of ascospores in the dissemination of black sheath rot in rice. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of ascospores of Ggg on rice plants was confirmed by inoculations tests. Six fields of upland rice were surveyed in the advanced stages of maturation for the incidence of black sheath rot. The disease incidence on tillers, under natural conditions of infection, ranged from 68 to 100%. The pathogenicity of 20 isolates retrieved from rice and grasses were studied. All isolates were pathogenic to rice and grasses such as baranyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli), fountain grass (Pennisetum setosum) signal grass (Brachiaria sp), crab grass (Digitaria horizontalis), plantain signal grass (Brachiaria plantaginea), indian goose grass (Eleusine indica) and southern sandbur (Cenchrus echinatus). Winter cereals such as wheat, oat, rye, barley and triticale as well as sorghum, corn, and millet exhibited different degrees of susceptibility to the isolate Ggg-a 01. Significant differences were observed in relation to characteristic symptoms on the culm, lesion height, number of tillers or dead plants, presence of characteristic mycelium, fan shaped hyphae, production of hyphopodia and perithecia. The formation of perithecia was not observed on leaf sheaths of inoculated plants of millet, sorghum, southern sandbur and maize. All inoculated wheat plants were killed indicating more susceptibility than other cereals. The resistance of 58 upland rice genotypes were tested in the greenhouse, utilizing rice isolate Ggg-a 01. Of the genotypes assessed, the lesion height of SCIA16 and SCIA08 was significantly shorter compared to the highly susceptible genotype CNAS10351. The progress and dissemination of black sheath rot in rice was studied during two years under field conditions in savanna sensu lato ‘cerrado’. The central line of each plot was inoculated with isolate of Ggg to establish the infection foci. The soil was infested with four levels of inoculum (5.0, 10.0, 20.0 and 40.0 g of autoclaved sorghum grains containing mycelium / 40 cm) and main tiller of plants (4, 8, 16 and 32, tillers per plot/ 40 cm) were inoculated with 2.0 cm-long detached leaf sheaths containing perithecia by insertion between the culm and leaf sheath of the tiller. There was no significant effect of inoculum level on the disease severity obtained by soil infestation with mycelium as well as the plants infected with perithecia. However, the total area under disease progress curve was significantly smaller for plant infection with perithecia than for soil infestation by mycelium, during 2002/2003. The evaluation of disease incidence for the analysis of gradients was based on infected tillers in 1.6 square meter area, five lines on either side of the inoculated 40 cm-long central line. The analysis according models of Gregory (1968) and Kiyosawa & Shiyomi (1972) showed the existence of gradients in the first year, both for levels of inoculum of soil infection by mycelium and plant infection with perithecia. In the second year (2004/2005), there was no well defined gradient for all the treatments. The disease progress was not affected by inoculum levels on soil or plant infections. Monomolecular model was found more adequate in tests conduced under greenhouse conditions while the models of Gompertz and monomolecular, better described the disease progress under field conditions. / Foram estudadas características morfológicas e culturais de isolados de Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis provenientes de arroz e capins. O fungo se estabelece formando dois tipos de hifas: macrohifas, escuras, superficiais que se juntam lateralmente e formam cordões ou rizomorfas e microhifas, hialinas ou infecciosas, que penetram no hospedeiro. Forma também hifas em leque sobre as bainhas, a partir de macrohifas, que caracterizam o patógeno. Houve a formação de hifopódios lobados e pigmentados em bainhas, tanto em condições naturais como em inoculações. Observou-se peritécios contendo ascas e ascósporos, característicos do fungo, nas bainhas sobre as lesões em amostras coletadas no campo. Através de inoculação artificial, foram produzidos peritécios em bainhas de plantas, em bainhas destacadas e esterilizadas e em meio de cultura de batata-dextrose-ágar (BDA). Foram formadas hifas e hifopódios a partir de tubos germinativos dos ascósporos e as hifas crescidas em condições de estresse hídrico produziram clamidósporos, inicialmente hialinos e, posteriormente, de coloração escura. O micélio de Ggg, geralmente de aspecto aéreo fofo, é branco no início do crescimento, com variação de cor com a idade, do branco cinza ao marrom oliváceo e quase preto. Uma característica marcante é a aparência espiralada das macrohifas escuras nas bordas da colônia. Entre os isolados testados houve variação na quantidade de peritécios bem como na época de formação. Os testes de virulência realizados com vinte isolados provenientes de arroz e capins apresentaram diferenças em agressividade, tanto em plântulas quanto em plantas de arroz. Em geral, os isolados provenientes de arroz foram mais agressivos em arroz que os isolados de capins. O teste com quatro níveis de inóculo (0,5, 1,0, 2,0, e 4,0 g de inóculo por planta, multiplicado em grãos de sorgo autoclavados) e duas idades de plantas mostrou que as plantas inoculadas aos 60 dias após o plantio foram mais suscetíveis do que aquelas inoculadas aos 35 dias, requerendo menor nível de inóculo para a infecção. A patogenicidade de ascósporos de Ggg em plantas de arroz foi comprovada, bem como o papel dos ascósporos na disseminação do mal-do-pé do arroz. A incidência de mal-do-pé em lavouras de arroz de terras altas nas condições naturais de infecção variou de 68 a 100% de perfilhos infectados, entre seis lavouras avaliadas em fase avançada de maturação. Foi estudada também a patogenicidade dos vinte isolados de Ggg obtidos, provenientes de arroz e capins. Todos os isolados foram patogênicos a arroz e aos capins: capim arroz (Echinochloa crusgalli), capim avião (Pennisetum setosum), capim braquiária (Bachiaria sp.), capim digitaria (Digitaria horizontalis), capim marmelada (Brachiaria plantaginea), capim pé-degalinha (Eleusine indica) e capim timbete (Cenchrus echinatus). Os cereais de inverno, trigo, aveia, centeio, cevada e triticale, bem como sorgo, milho, e milheto apresentaram diferentes graus de suscetibilidade ao isolado Ggg-a 01. As diferenças foram significativas quanto a sintomas típicos na base do colmo, altura de lesão escura na bainha, número de perfilhos ou plantas mortas, presença de micélio característico, hifas em leque e produção de hifopódios e peritécios. Não foram observados peritécios em milheto, sorgo, timbete e milho e a maior suscetibilidade foi apresentada pelo trigo, com a morte de todas as plantas inoculadas. Foi testada a resistência de 58 genótipos de arroz de terras altas, utilizando o isolado Ggg-a 01 proveniente de arroz, em casa-de-vegetação. Entre os genótipos avaliados, SCIA16 e SCIA08 apresentaram altura de lesão significativamente menor, sendo considerados resistentes em relação ao genótipo CNAS10351, altamente suscetível. O progresso e disseminação do maldo- pé do arroz foram estudados durante dois anos, em condições de campo em solo de cerrado. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental de blocos completos ao acaso e quatro repetições. Cada parcela foi constituída de dezenove linhas de sete e cinco metros, respectivamente no primeiro e segundo ano, com espaçamento de quarenta centímetros. Foi inoculada a linha central de cada parcela com isolado de Ggg para estabelecer os focos de disseminação da doença. O solo foi infestado com micélio em quatro níveis de inóculo (5,0, 10,0, 20,0 e 40,0 gramas de grãos de sorgo autoclavados e colonizados com micélio / 40 cm da linha) e perfilhos foram inoculados (4, 8, 16 e 32 perfilhos / 40 cm da linha) com pedaços de bainhas de arroz de dois centímetros de comprimento, contendo peritécios e micélio, inseridos entre o colmo e a bainha. Não houve efeito de níveis de inóculo na severidade da doença, tanto para micélio no solo quanto para peritécios na planta, nos dois anos de experimento. Entretanto, a área total sob a curva de progresso da doença na safra 2002/2003 foi significativamente menor nas plantas infectadas com peritécios, do que nas plantas infectadas através de infestação do solo com micélio. A avaliação de incidência da doença para análise do gradiente foi baseada nos perfilhos contados em 1,6 metros quadrados, compostos de cinco linhas de quarenta centímetros de cada lado da fonte de inóculo, na linha central. A análise de gradiente, conforme modelos de Gregory (1968) e Kiyosawa & Shiyomi (1972) mostrou existência de gradiente no primeiro ano, tanto para níveis de inóculo quanto para os focos provenientes dos dois tipos de inóculo. No segundo ano (2004/2005), não houve gradiente definido para os tratamentos testados. O progresso da doença não foi afetado pelos níveis, tanto na infecção do solo com micélio, quanto na planta com peritécios. Em teste de ajuste de modelo matemático para estudos epidemiológicos, o modelo monomolecular foi o mais apropriado para estudos de mal-do-pé do arroz nas condições de casa-de-vegetação e os modelos de Gompertz e monomolecular são os que melhor descrevem o progresso da doença, nas condições de campo.

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-27T11:47:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nelson Bernardi Lima.pdf: 1199005 bytes, checksum: e9e20cedc57b8c67aeeb8980dcfd13fb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-27T11:47:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nelson Bernardi Lima.pdf: 1199005 bytes, checksum: e9e20cedc57b8c67aeeb8980dcfd13fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-20 / Colletotrichum species are the most important and widespread form of decay affecting mango fruit worldwide. In this study, Colletotrichum species associated with fruit anthracnose isolated from mango in northeastern Brazil were subject to molecular and morphological analyses, epidemiology and sensitivity to fungicide. The partial sequence of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) gene of 143 Colletotrichum isolates was amplified, as an initial measure of genetic diversity. A subset of 47 isolates, selected to represent the range of genetic diversity and geographic origin, were further sequenced using the partial actin (ACT), β-tubulin (TUB2), calmodulin (CAL), glutamine synthetase (GS) genes and rDNA-ITS (ITS) region. Multilocus sequence analysis, together with a critical examination of the phenotypic characters, revealed four previously described species (Colletotrichum asianum, C. fructicola, C. tropicale and C. karstii) and one new species. The new species is introduced as Colletotrichum dianesii and formally described, illustrated and compared with similar taxa. Only C. asianum and C. karstii have previously been reported from mango, while the other species represent the first report associated with the mango fruits worldwide. In general, mango cultivars were susceptible to Colletotrichum species, although C. karstii did not infect the cultivars Keith and Palmer. The highest virulence of Colletotrichum species was observed in the cultivar Tommy Atkins. All Colletotrichum species were pathogenic to host range (mango, papaya, banana, guava and sweet pepper), which deserves attention in view of the existence of constant potential inoculum source. For all Colletotrichum species temperatures between 25 and 30° C provided the highest lesions, however it was found that the species have different thermal requirements for expressing the maximum virulence in fruits. All Colletotrichum species had reduced mycelial growth in the presence of fungicides methyl thiophanate and difenoconazole an azoxystrobin, regardless of the active principle. The sensitivity response varied with the fungicide and Colletotrichum species. / A antracnose causada por espécies de Colletotrichum é uma das doenças mais importantes da cultura da mangueira em todo o mundo. Neste estudo, espécies de Colletotrichum associadas à antracnose em frutas de mangueira, no nordeste do Brasil, foram coletadas e caracterizadas a partir de marcadores moleculares, morfologia, epidemiologia e sensibilidade a fungicidas. As sequências do gene gliceraldeído-3-fosfato-desidrogenase (GPDH), de 143 isolados de Colletotrichum, foram analisadas como uma primeira medida de diversidade genética. Um subgrupo de 47 isolados, selecionados para representar a gama de diversidade genética e origem geográfica, foram sequenciados usando os genes parcial actina (ACT), β-tubulina (TUB2), calmodulina (CAL), glutamina sintetase (GS) e genes rDNA- região ITS (ITS). A análise multilocus das sequências, juntamente com um exame crítico dos caracteres fenotípicos, revelou quatro espécies descritas anteriormente (Colletotrichum asianum, C. fructicola, C. tropicale e C. karstii) e uma nova espécie. A nova espécie foi introduzida como Colletotrichum dianesii e formalmente descrita e ilustrada. Apenas C. asianum e C. karstii tinham sido relatadas a partir de manga, enquanto as outras espécies representam o primeiro relato associado à antracnose em frutos de mangueira no mundo. De modo geral, as cultivares Tommy Atkins, Palmer e Keith foram suscetíveis as espécies de Colleotrichum. A menor virulência da maioria das espécies de Colletotrichum foi observada na cultivar Tommy Atkins. Todas as espécies de Colletotrichum foram patogênicas à gama de hospedeiros inoculada (manga, mamão, banana, goiaba e pimentão). Para todas as espécies de Colletotrichum as temperaturas entre 25 e 30°C proporcionaram lesões maiores, entretanto, foi comprovado que as espécies têm exigências térmicas diferentes para expressarem a máxima virulência em frutos. Todas as espécies de Colletotrichum apresentaram o crescimento micelial reduzido na presença dos fungicidas tiofanato metílico, difenoconazole e azoxistrobina. A resposta de sensibilidade variou de acordo com o fungicida e a espécie de Colletotrichum.

Plant feeding insects comprise about 25% of all animal species on earth and play an important role in all ecosystems. Although we understand that their association with plants is a key-factor driving the diversification in this group, we still have large gaps in our knowledge of the underlying processes of this relationship. Female choice of host plant is an important event in the insect life-cycle, as it is a major determinant of the larval food plant. In this Thesis I studied different aspects of insect host plant choice and used butterflies from the family Nymphalidae as my study system. I found that butterflies have a well developed olfactory system and that they use odors when searching for food or host plants. However, the information obtained from the odor of host plants does not seem to be sufficient for the studied species to make a distinction between plants of different qualities. Interestingly, even when in full contact with the leaf they do not make optimal decisions. I show for example that a sub-optimal female choice may be mitigated by larval ability to cope with unfavorable situations. Moreover, species that utilize a broader set of host plants may not be very well adapted to all the hosts they use, but at the same time they may survive in areas where there is only a subset of the plants available. Lastly, differences in the evolution of life-history traits between species can account for differences in how each species realizes its lifestyle. Thus, by incorporating findings on mechanisms of host plant choice with the ecological and evolutionary context of a species, our ability to explain the dynamics of host plant choice and insect-plant interactions can be improved. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

Nach der Eradikation der humanen Pockenerkrankung stellen zoonotische Orthopockenvirus-(OPV-)Infektionen heute eine mögliche Bedrohung der öffentlichen Gesundheit dar. Hierbei sind insbesondere Kuhpocken-(CPXV), Affenpocken-(MPXV) und Vaccinia Viren (VACV) von Bedeutung. In dieser Arbeit wurde das Genexpressionsprofil humaner (HeLa) Zellen nach Infektion mit CPXV, MPXV oder VACV untersucht. Es wurden sowohl zelluläre Gene identifiziert, welche generell von allen verwendeten Viren reguliert wurden, als auch Gene, die eine Virus-spezifische Regulation durch individuelle OPV aufwiesen. Gemeinsamkeiten zeigten sich insbesondere zwischen CPXV und MPXV, welche, im Gegensatz zu VACV, die Expression zahlreicher Cytokine und Chemokine induzierten. Insbesondere für Interleukin-6, -8 und CXCL1 konnte auch auf Proteinebene eine gesteigerte Sekretion durch CPXV-infizierte Zellen nachgewiesen werden. Vermutlich aufgrund dieser Induktion, trat in vitro eine verstärkte Rekrutierung von Monozyten und Makrophagen in Folge einer CPXV-, nicht aber einer VACV-Infektion auf. Makrophagen spielen eine kontroverse Rolle im Rahmen einer OPV-Infektion und sind sowohl für deren Bekämpfung, als auch, im infizierten Zustand, für die Ausbreitung der Viren im Organismus von Bedeutung. Daher wurde die Replikationsfähigkeit von CPXV und VACV in Makrophagen charakterisiert. Der Virulenzfaktor p28, welcher von den meisten VACV Stämmen nicht kodiert wird, konnte als essentiell für die Replikation von CPXV in einer murinen Makrophagen-Zelllinie, primären peritonealen Makrophagen der Ratte und in Makrophagen aus primären humanen PBMCs identifiziert werden. In Anbetracht der Bedeutung der Replikationsfähigkeit in Makrophagen für die Ausbreitung einer OPV-Infektion im Wirtsorganismus, deuten diese Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass CPXV, im Fall einer weiteren Adaption an den Menschen, ein höheres Bedrohungspotential im Vergleich zu VACV aufweisen könnten. / Today, following the eradication of human smallpox, zoonotic infections caused by orthopoxviruses (OPV) are emerging as a potential human health threat. Especially cowpox viruses (CPXV), vaccinia viruses (VACV), and monkeypox viruses (MPXV) are gaining importance as a cause of infectious disease of man and livestock. This study aimed to analyse and compare the gene expression profile of human (HeLa) cells following infection with CPXV, MPXV or VACV. Cellular genes were identified which were either commonly modulated by infection with any of the three viruses, or which were specifically modulated by one individual OPV. Particularly similar effects on cellular gene expression were observed in the case of CPXV and MPXV infection, which both induced the expression of several cytokine and chemokine genes. Especially interleukin-6, -8, and CXCL1 were strongly secreted by CPXV-infected cells but not by VACV-infected cells. Consequently, CPXV infection also induced a strong chemotactic recruitment of monocytes and macrophages in vitro in contrast to VACV infection. Especially macrophages are known to play a controversial role during OPV infection. On the one hand, macrophages are of importance for the control of the infection. On the other hand, infected macrophages also facilitate virus spread across the organism. Therefore, the capability of CPXV and VACV to replicate in macrophages was analysed. Thereby, the poxviral virulence factor p28, which is absent from most strains of VACV, was identified as an essential factor, allowing CPXV replication in a murine macrophage cell line, primary peritoneal rat macrophages and in human PBMC-derived macrophages. Concerning the importance of productively infected macrophages for OPV spread, these results suggest that CPXV, if further adapted to human beings as host species, may harbor a greater threat to human health when compared to VACV.

<p>Plant-animal interactions are affected by both abundance and distribution of interacting species and the community context in which they occur. However, the relative importance of these factors is poorly known. I examined the effects of predator host range, environmental factors, host plant populations, plant traits and fruit abortion on the intensity of pre-dispersal seed predation in 46 host populations of the perennial herb <i>Lathyrus vernus</i>. I recorded damage by beetle pre-dispersal seed predators, mainly <i>Apion opeticum </i>and <i>Bruchus atomarius</i> with different host ranges on <i>L. vernus</i> as well as on two additional host plants. Local seed predator population size was mainly influenced by plant population size, current seed production and beetle population size in the previous year, but was not strongly affected by connectivity. The monophagous seed predator was less abundant and had lower densities than the oligophagous. Both predator species had a strong ability to track fluctuations in seed production; intensity of predation increased with relative increases in seed production. Oligophagous predation on<i> L. vernus i</i>ncreased with the abundance of alternative hosts, but presence of<i> L. vernus</i> did not affect predation on alternative hosts. Abundances and trait preferences differed among three co-occurring seed predators, but were also associated with the abundance of the other species. Overall, seed predation influenced selection on flower number. I found clear indications of seed predator offence but no obvious plant defence. The pattern of fruit abortion was associated with reduced plant fitness since the seed predator had an advanced ability to locate fruits with high probability of retention. Taken together, different factors influencing abundance of the seed predator species, different preferences, and context dependent trait selection are likely to result in complex spatio-temporal variation in overall seed losses and trait selection in the common host plant.</p>

Plant-animal interactions are affected by both abundance and distribution of interacting species and the community context in which they occur. However, the relative importance of these factors is poorly known. I examined the effects of predator host range, environmental factors, host plant populations, plant traits and fruit abortion on the intensity of pre-dispersal seed predation in 46 host populations of the perennial herb Lathyrus vernus. I recorded damage by beetle pre-dispersal seed predators, mainly Apion opeticum and Bruchus atomarius with different host ranges on L. vernus as well as on two additional host plants. Local seed predator population size was mainly influenced by plant population size, current seed production and beetle population size in the previous year, but was not strongly affected by connectivity. The monophagous seed predator was less abundant and had lower densities than the oligophagous. Both predator species had a strong ability to track fluctuations in seed production; intensity of predation increased with relative increases in seed production. Oligophagous predation on L. vernus increased with the abundance of alternative hosts, but presence of L. vernus did not affect predation on alternative hosts. Abundances and trait preferences differed among three co-occurring seed predators, but were also associated with the abundance of the other species. Overall, seed predation influenced selection on flower number. I found clear indications of seed predator offence but no obvious plant defence. The pattern of fruit abortion was associated with reduced plant fitness since the seed predator had an advanced ability to locate fruits with high probability of retention. Taken together, different factors influencing abundance of the seed predator species, different preferences, and context dependent trait selection are likely to result in complex spatio-temporal variation in overall seed losses and trait selection in the common host plant.

The gammaproteobacterium Arsenophonus nasoniae infects Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a parasitic wasp that attacks filth flies. This bacterium kills virtually all male offspring of infected females. Female wasps transmit A. nasoniae both vertically (from mother to offspring) and horizontally (to unrelated Nasonia developing in the same fly). This latter mode may enable the bacterium to colonize novel species and spread throughout a filth fly-parasitoid guild. This spread may be important for maintenance of the bacterium. The ecology of novel hosts may be significantly impacted by infection. The actual and potential host range of A. nasoniae was assessed. I used Arsenophonus-specific primers to screen a large sample of filth flies and their parasitoids. The bacterium infects a wide range of wasp species in the environment. The potential host range was determined by inoculating three wasp and one fly species with an isolate of A. nasoniae from Lethbridge, AB. The bacterium successfully infected all insects and was transmitted by two wasp species. It reduced host longevity, but did not kill males, in Trichomalopsis sarcophagae. It also caused pupal mortality in Musca domestica.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-07-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:25:33Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fiorillo_cmt_dr_jabo.pdf: 399101 bytes, checksum: 0abac3d781532f7b3d6e83aad7d31df7 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Funep/Light / Sagittaria montevidensis é uma planta aquática emergente, de difícil controle desde que se tornou problemática em arroz irrigado. Infestante em corpos hídricos de usinas hidrelétricas, o biocontrole com o fungo Cylindrocarpon sp. empregado na estratégia inundativa, tem sido sugerido para manejo dessa macrófita onde o uso do controle químico tem se mostrado ineficiente devido ao desenvolvimento de resistência aos herbicidas inibidores da enzima ALS (acetolactato sintase). O presente trabalho foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e no laboratório de Controle Biológico de Plantas Daninhas Prof. Giorgio de Marinis, da FCAV – UNESP, Jaboticabal, visando avaliar a especificidade do agente de biocontrole em plantas não alvo de diferentes famílias botânicas e determinar a severidade da doença em função do número e intervalos de aplicações do bioherbicida, do período de orvalho e idade da planta além de estimar os efeitos de adjuvantes sobre o desenvolvimento de Cylindrocarpon sp. no controle de S. montevidensis. O fungo mostrou-se específico a S. montevidensis, não sendo constatado sintomas da infecção fúngica em plantas de interesse econômico e nas plantas aquáticas Pistia stratiotes, Eichhornia crassipes, E. azurea, Salvinia sp., Azolla caroliniana, Lemna minor, Heteranthera reniformis, Hydrocotyle verticillata, Pontederia rotundifolia, P. parviflora, P. cordata, Polygonum lapathifolium, Ludwigia sedoides, L. elegans, L. repens, L. helminthorrhiza, Potamogeton pectinatus, Cerathophylum demersum, Myriophyllum aquaticum, Egeria densa, E. najas, Najas guadalupensis, Hydrilla verticillata, Alternanthera phyloxeroides, Nimphoides indica. A doença foi mais severa quando o bioherbicida foi aplicado em plantas com 3 a 4 folhas e na fase de inflorescência, submetidas as condições de período de orvalho superior a 6 horas... / Sagittaria montevidensis is a very important aquatic in shallow water bodies in wetland rice, mainly recentely because tolerant biotipes is raising in areas with repetitive spraying with ALS inhibitor herbicide. The fungus Cylindrocarpon sp. has a good potential as biocontrol agent for this control action of this fungus against S. montevidensis under different conditions of spore concentration, dew period, number and intervals of spraying and surfactants adittion in the spraying solution. The fungus specificity also was evaluated in aquatic and crop plants. The fungus showed high specificity to S. montevidensis. The disease severity was more strong when the plants were inoculated a 3-4 leaf stage and during blooming. A dew period longer than 6 hours was enough for to reach the maximum disease severity. Two a three spraying with the fungus enhanced the disease severity comparing with a single application and the intervals of 21 days between spraying produced better control than intervals of 7 and 14 days. Among the surfactants, Silwet L-77AG and Iharaguen-S improved the disease severity while Energic and Herbitensil reduced the Cylindrocarpon sp. disease severity.

Orientador: Robinson Antonio Pitelli / Banca: Rita de Cassia Panizzi / Banca: Margarete Camargo / Banca: Glaucia de Figueiredo Nachtigal / Banca: Marta Cecília Malassen Nemoto / Resumo: Sagittaria montevidensis é uma planta aquática emergente, de difícil controle desde que se tornou problemática em arroz irrigado. Infestante em corpos hídricos de usinas hidrelétricas, o biocontrole com o fungo Cylindrocarpon sp. empregado na estratégia inundativa, tem sido sugerido para manejo dessa macrófita onde o uso do controle químico tem se mostrado ineficiente devido ao desenvolvimento de resistência aos herbicidas inibidores da enzima ALS (acetolactato sintase). O presente trabalho foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e no laboratório de Controle Biológico de Plantas Daninhas Prof. Giorgio de Marinis, da FCAV - UNESP, Jaboticabal, visando avaliar a especificidade do agente de biocontrole em plantas não alvo de diferentes famílias botânicas e determinar a severidade da doença em função do número e intervalos de aplicações do bioherbicida, do período de orvalho e idade da planta além de estimar os efeitos de adjuvantes sobre o desenvolvimento de Cylindrocarpon sp. no controle de S. montevidensis. O fungo mostrou-se específico a S. montevidensis, não sendo constatado sintomas da infecção fúngica em plantas de interesse econômico e nas plantas aquáticas Pistia stratiotes, Eichhornia crassipes, E. azurea, Salvinia sp., Azolla caroliniana, Lemna minor, Heteranthera reniformis, Hydrocotyle verticillata, Pontederia rotundifolia, P. parviflora, P. cordata, Polygonum lapathifolium, Ludwigia sedoides, L. elegans, L. repens, L. helminthorrhiza, Potamogeton pectinatus, Cerathophylum demersum, Myriophyllum aquaticum, Egeria densa, E. najas, Najas guadalupensis, Hydrilla verticillata, Alternanthera phyloxeroides, Nimphoides indica. A doença foi mais severa quando o bioherbicida foi aplicado em plantas com 3 a 4 folhas e na fase de inflorescência, submetidas as condições de período de orvalho superior a 6 horas ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Sagittaria montevidensis is a very important aquatic in shallow water bodies in wetland rice, mainly recentely because tolerant biotipes is raising in areas with repetitive spraying with ALS inhibitor herbicide. The fungus Cylindrocarpon sp. has a good potential as biocontrol agent for this control action of this fungus against S. montevidensis under different conditions of spore concentration, dew period, number and intervals of spraying and surfactants adittion in the spraying solution. The fungus specificity also was evaluated in aquatic and crop plants. The fungus showed high specificity to S. montevidensis. The disease severity was more strong when the plants were inoculated a 3-4 leaf stage and during blooming. A dew period longer than 6 hours was enough for to reach the maximum disease severity. Two a three spraying with the fungus enhanced the disease severity comparing with a single application and the intervals of 21 days between spraying produced better control than intervals of 7 and 14 days. Among the surfactants, Silwet L-77AG and Iharaguen-S improved the disease severity while Energic and Herbitensil reduced the Cylindrocarpon sp. disease severity. / Doutor

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Maringoni / Banca: Marli Teixeira de Almeida Minhoni / Banca: Renate Krause Sakate / Banca: Luís Otavio Saggion Beriam / Banca: Ivan Paulo Bedendo / Resumo: A murcha-de-curtobacterium, causada por Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff), é uma das principais doenças bacterianas da cultura do feijoeiro, acarretando grandes perdas na produção dessa cultura. Até o momento existem poucas informações sobre os diferentes nichos de sobrevivência desta bactéria e de sua gama de hospedeiras. Em vista disso, este trabalho teve por objetivos principais verificar a capacidade de sobrevivência saprofítica de Cff em restos de cultura de feijoeiro mantidos na superfície do solo e enterrados à 20 cm de profundidade; a influência da temperatura, umidade e do tipo de solo no período de sobrevivência da bactéria em solo; determinar a gama de hospedeiras de Cff inoculadas artificialmente, tanto por ferimento no caule, como por aspersão de suspensão bacteriana na parte aérea das plantas; a capacidade de colonização de Cff do rizoplano de plantas de aveia e trigo; e o efeito do pré-plantio de aveia e trigo na ocorrência da murcha-de-curtobacterium. Quanto à capacidade de sobrevivência de Cff em restos de cultura de feijoeiro, foi demonstrado que a bactéria possui menor capacidade de sobrevivência quando os restos vegetais são incorporados ao solo e também em épocas com maiores índices de precipitação e temperaturas mais altas. O período de sobrevivência do patógeno nos restos culturais de feijoeiro mantidos na superfície do solo variou entre 165 e 240 dias e nos restos vegetais enterrados a 20 cm de profundidade, o período de sobrevivência foi inferior a 30 dias. Quanto à sobrevivência de Cff na forma de células livres no solo, foi verificado que a temperatura, a umidade e o tipo do solo têm influencia na capacidade de sobrevivência da bactéria. O tempo de sobrevivência de Cff variou entre dois e quinze dias. Das 30 espécies botânicas inoculadas artificialmente com Cff, a bactéria causou lesões na parte... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Bacterial wilt caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff) is one of the main bacterial diseases affecting bean culture, leading to great losses in its production. So far there is scarce information about the different survival niches and host range of this bacterium. Thus, the present study had as major aims to verify Cff capability of saprophytically surviving in bean debris kept on the soil surface and buried at 20 cm depth; to assess the influence of temperature, humidity and soil type on the survival period of this bacterium in soil; to determine the host range for artificially inoculated Cff, either through stem injury or through bacterial sprinkling onto the shoot of plants; to verify Cff capability of colonizing the rhizoplane of oat and wheat plants; and to assess the effect of oat and wheat pre-planting on the occurrence of bean bacterial wilt. Cff had decreased capability of surviving in bean debris when the latter were incorporated into the soil and during periods of higher rainfall rates and temperatures. The pathogen survival period in bean culture remnants kept on the soil surface ranged from 165 and 240 days, while in plant debris buried at 20 cm depth the survival period was inferior to 45 days. The survival capability of Cff as free cells in soil was influenced by temperature, humidity and soil type. Cff survival time varied between two and fifteen days. Of 30 plant species artificially inoculated with Cff, bean and soy shoot had lesions caused by the bacterium which endophytically colonized wheat leaves and soy and wheat stem and leaves. Cff was also shown to have no capability of colonizing oat and wheat rhizoplane while the pre-planting of these grass plants, before bean culture establishment, had no effect on the occurrence of bean bacterial wilt / Doutor