68 14 Resumé in English This study is aimed on the image of women as it was perceived by advertising in magazines between 1917 and 1930. The focal points are lexemes: lady, mistress, housewife, a girl, ma'am, miss, household, parent, cook, mother, daughter, child. Their occurrences are statistically processed in the tables according to selected criteria, for example: whether the lexemes are developed by attribute or not. The obtained data are interpreted in the chapters which are divided according to ad focus on three sections: Decoration, Household, Family relationships. The conclusion is based on all of the data created by the image of women as perceived by contemporary advertising compared to what was required of traditional society. The conclusion of the study, including a shift in social values, is supported by a brief comparison of the results of this work, based on knowledge of the study Language image of women in advertising in the late 19th Century (Štumpf, M., RP, Charles University, 2008).

Thesis (MA (English))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Grace and The Townships Housewife, two black women’s magazines published in South Africa between 1964 and 1969, have slipped into obscurity. This thesis aims to write them back into the history of the black press, black journalism and literature in South Africa. The study is significant in that no research has as yet been conducted on these two magazines. The first chapter excavates Grace and The Townships Housewife from obscurity by providing information on the magazines’ publication, staff, editors, content, target audience and writers. A salient characteristic of both magazines’ content that the study discusses is the ambiguous attitude of readers and writers towards modernity and tradition (and the negotiation of new identities) as they move from the country to the city. Some readers’ embrace and others’ rejection of early signs of feminism and womanism in the magazines also display this ambiguous attitude. The chapter foregrounds the various ambiguities and often colliding voices that infuse much of the magazines’ content. The absence of explicit reference to apartheid in Grace’s and The Townships Housewife’s content provides another focal point of this chapter and is discussed in relation to the concepts of ‘minstrelsy’ and ‘mimicry’. Considering specifically the position of the black woman in apartheid South Africa, the second chapter compares the representation of white women in South African white women’s magazines Die Huisgenoot, Sarie Marais and Fair Lady to the way in which black women are represented in Grace and The Townships Housewife in the 1960s. The role of the latter two magazines in positively representing black women during apartheid South Africa, and thus standing in direct opposition to the identities ascribed to black people in colonial and apartheid ideology, is a primary focus of this chapter. The representation of black women in the 1960s is elaborated on in the next chapter which explores the shift in the representation of black women from Drum magazine (during its heyday in the 1950s), with its predominantly male staff, to the representation of black women in Grace and The Townships Housewife (in the 1960s), with their predominantly female staff. I hypothesise on the possible agencies at work within this shift in women’s representation. Despite the magazines’ adherence at times to white standards of beauty (an aspect which the thesis engages with throughout), the ‘creation’ of black women within the pages of Grace and The Townships Housewife (as the previous two chapters articulate), often resonates with Black Consciousness’s philosophy of black pride. This last chapter explores the possible connection between Grace and The Townships Housewife, on the one hand, and the early beginnings of an emergent black consciousness in South Africa in the late 1960s, on the other hand. It also discusses the sexism associated with black consciousness philosophy in relation to these two magazines, but the focus falls on how black female readers of Grace and The Townships Housewife negotiate imposed ‘female identities’ (for example, mother, housewife and supporter) towards greater agency. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Grace en The Townships Housewife, twee tydskrifte gemik op swart vroue en wat in Suid-Afrika gepubliseer is tussen 1964 en 1969, is vandag onbekend. Die doel van dié tesis is om hierdie twee tydskrifte terug te skryf in die geskiedenis van swart joernalistiek en literatuur in Suid-Afrika. Dit is ’n waardevolle studie aangesien geen navorsing oor hierdie twee tydskrifte nog gedoen is nie. Dit is ook ’n ingewikkelde proses wat gepaard gaan met baie spekulasie, aangesien dit alreeds te lank gevat het vir hierdie tydskrifte om ontdek te word – dit is nie meer moontlik om die meeste van die bydraers tot hierdie twee tydskrifte op te spoor nie. Die eerste hoofstuk ‘grawe’ Grace en The Townships Housewife as t’ ware weer ‘op’ deur inligting te voorsien oor hierdie tydskrifte se uitgewers, personeel, redaktrises, inhoud, teikengroepe en skrywers. Die dubbelsinnige houdings wat lesers in die tydskrifte toon teenoor tradisie en moderniteit soos wat hulle beweeg van plattelandse gebiede na stedelike gebiede, is kenmerkend van hierdie tydskrifte en word in hierdie hoofstuk bespreek. Hierdie dubbelsinnigheid word ook weerspieël in lesers en skrywers se ambivalente houdinge teenoor die bemagtiging van vroue. Die verskeie dubbelsinnighede en dikwels botsende stemme in meeste van die twee tydskrifte se inhoud is ’n belangrike punt wat hierdie tesis uitlig. Die afwesigheid van direkte verwysings na apartheid in beide tydskrifte is nog ’n kenmerkende eienskap van die tydskrifte wat in hierdie hoofstuk ondersoek word. Met die fokus op die posisie van die swart vrou in apartheid Suid-Afrika, vergelyk die tweede hoofstuk die voorstelling van wit vroue in Suid-Afrikaanse wit vrouetydskrifte (Die Huisgenoot, Sarie Marais en Fair Lady) met dié van swart vroue in Grace en The Townships Housewife in die 1960s. ’n Primêre fokus van hierdie hoofstuk is die rol wat Grace en The Townships Housewife speel in die positiewe voorstelling van swart vroue tydens apartheid, in direkte kontras tot die voorstellinge van swart vroue in apartheid ideologie. Die volgende hoofstuk brei verder uit op die voorstelling van die swart vrou in die 1960s: hier word gekyk na die skuif wat plaasvind in die voorstelling van swart vroue van die Drum-tydskrif in die 1950s met sy hoofsaaklik manlike personeel, na die voorstelling van swart vroue in 1960s Grace en The Townships Housewife, met hoofsaaklik vroulike personeel. Die moontlike faktore verantwoordelik vir so ’n verandering in voorstelling word oorweeg. Alhoewel die inhoud van Grace en The Townships Housewife gereeld ‘wit’ standaarde van skoonheid ondersteun, toon die voorstelling van swart vroue in hierdie twee tydskrifte ook dikwels ooreenkomste met swart bewustheid filosofie se fokus op swart trots. Hierdie laaste hoofstuk ondersoek die moontlike verbintenis tussen Grace en The Townships Housewife, aan die een kant, en die vroeë begin van swart bewustheid in Suid-Afrika in die laat sestigerjare. Die dikwels seksistiese houdinge wat met swart bewustheid filosofie geassosieer word, word in hierdie hoofstuk bespreek aan die hand van voorbeelde uit Grace en The Townships Housewife. Dit is egter nie die fokus van hierdie studie nie: die fokus val op hoe swart vroue lesers van Grace en The Townships Housewife opgelegde rolle van moederskap, huisvrou en ondersteuners stuur tot posisies van groter mag.

In the 70-year history of the weekly magazine Vlasta, there were three main divisions that fundamentally influenced the personnel department, as well as the choice of topics. This diploma thesis is focused in the years 1988-1991. That is, before and after the Velvet Revolution. After 1989 there were changes in the editorial office, changes in the topics of articles (influenced by propaganda) and changes in advertising and graphic design. This thesis deals with these three lines. The main goal is to find out how the working environment in the weekly magazine Vlasta has changed during the years under review and how did the content changed. The first part deals with the functioning of the editorial office two years before the change of régime and the subsequent change in the magazine environment after 1989. The thesis is focused on the work of individual editors, but also on what topics they chose and why.

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Thesis "The comparison of selected topics in Vlasta Magazine between periods 1973- 1978 and 2013-2018" informs readers about thematic categories in Vlasta Magazine of the 1970s and the 21st century. The main goal was to compare topics of these two periods and decide how they have changed during forty years. This work introduces media theories, reminds of the most important Czech and Czechoslovakian historic events, the third chapter discusses woman's roles, especially her work and social roles. The next chapter is about media owners and about Vlasta Magazine. The practical part of this work is dedicated to quantitative and qualitative differences among thematic categories in Vlasta Magazine between periods 1973-1978 and 2013-2018. Research shows that texts of both periods have their typical features. Authors write about politics and criticize social imperfections. A woman is shown like an unselfish mother and a hard worker. Nowadays, journalists speak neither about policy nor foregone regime. An appeal to women is not coherent - they should be beautiful and slim, but on the other hand "real women have curves" and "a real lady does not care about wrinkles". Today's women do care about relationships with men and about shopping. In addition, consumerism is evident because of increased number of...

民法第一零三零條之一剩餘財產分配請求權之規定，「婚後財產」的界定上應否包含未到期未取得之退休金期待權，此一難題，涉及離婚配偶，尤其未就業或中斷就業的家庭主婦的老年安全保障需求，而開啟本文之討論。 離婚配偶的憲法基本權利應為吾人重視，尤其平等權、財產權和家庭權之保障。而社會保險具財產價值之權利如年金、退休金具有憲法第十五條財產之地位，即便為未到期未領取之期待權，其財產權之性質不受影響，應與私法財產等同視之而納入剩餘財產分配範圍。然而在親屬法、社會法交錯適用下，離婚配偶的老年安全為法制面之闕漏，實務則囿於法條文義解釋，逕將年金、退休金排除於剩餘財產分配範圍外，此種解釋適用方式不僅不適當，並有違憲之虞。 離婚配偶老年安全匱乏的問題，涉及親屬法和社會法的整合，應兼顧離婚時的現時性和離婚後的未來性。內化的親屬法法制當能發揮暫時填補離婚後扶養的缺漏，在私經濟層面提供離婚配偶一定的財產基礎，但長期性的社會風險，仍應回歸外化的社會法法制，以年金給付因應之。就此，世界各國多採取「年金分割」方式，使未就業的家庭主婦獲得自己名義下獨立的年金權利，作為老年安全的基石。 因而本文以最早施行年金分割的德國法制為觀察主軸，尤其二零零九年進行大規模修法後，由民法中獨立出來，整合成為一部共五十四條的專法；在利益分配權利人的考量下，俾使分配結果更符合正義，以調和離婚雙方照護上平衡之方式，達成立法者促進雙方實質平等之目的，而深值我國參照。故本文主要概括介紹德國新法內涵，其後比較觀察美國和瑞士不同的立法模式，並總結歸納外國法制對台灣未來法制發展之啟示。