Depuis que le Règlement sur le captage des eaux souterraines du Québec (2002) a été publié, il est exigé des municipalités de procéder à l'exercice de détermination des aires d'alimentation et des périmètres de protection de leurs puits servant à l'alimentation publique dans le but de protéger la ressource en eau et d'assurer sa pérennité. Dans plusieurs municipalités du sud du Québec dont l'eau souterraine est la première source d'approvisionnement en eau, l'agriculture est un important secteur de développement économique. En conséquence, il est important d'approfondir l'état des connaissances de l'impact des pressions agricoles sur la qualité de l'eau souterraine et en particulier aux abords des ouvrages municipaux de captage d'eau. La présente recherche pose comme hypothèse générale que l'eau de consommation provenant de puits municipaux est soumise à l'influence de l'agriculture particulièrement lorsque l'agriculture se manifeste de manière intensive. Le territoire d'étude inclut sept (7) régions administratives de la province de Québec et compte environ 550 puits municipaux. Des aires d'alimentation approximatives des puits ont été générées selon une adaptation de l'approche par bassin versant à partir des modèles numériques d'élévation. Cette analyse régionale diffère des autres études du genre conduites auparavant puisqu'elle propose l'application d'une unité spatiale spécifique pour chaque puits au lieu de rayons fixes. L'information ayant trait à la vulnérabilité ainsi qu'aux pressions agricoles a été manipulée par le biais d'un système d'information géographique (SIG). Les variables générées pour la caractérisation de la vulnérabilité des aquifères à la contamination sont : l'infiltration superficielle, les caractéristiques des sols, la porosité des dépôts meubles et leur profondeur. Plusieurs variables ont été générées afin d'établir un portrait représentatif des pressions agricoles affectant les aires d'alimentation approximatives des puits. L'état de la qualité de l'eau des puits a été décrite selon deux paramètres : les concentrations de nitrates-nitrites exprimées par des seuils de 0,5 et 1 mg/ L N et l'occurrence de contamination microbiologique par les conformes totaux. Les résultats de cette étude démontrent que la qualité de l'eau des puits municipaux en regard des nitrates-nitrites et des conformes totaux est plus faible lorsque la vulnérabilité de l'eau souterraine et les pressions agricoles sont plus élevées à l'intérieur de l'aire d'alimentation. Plusieurs modèles de régression logistique ont été développés afin de prédire la probabilité que les puits municipaux, dépassent des seuils établis de contamination. Trente-sept (37) modèles de régression logistique ont été créés selon différentes façons de définir des épisodes de contamination. Les variables qui ressortent régulièrement significatives sont : la proportion des terres occupées par l'agriculture, le potentiel agricole des sols, la présence de dépôts superficiels peu profonds et finalement la combinaison de la proportion des terres agricoles et les conditions de drainage. Les modèles développés peuvent être utilisés par les gestionnaires du territoire comme outils d'aide à la décision. Par contre ils comportent des limites et pourraient être améliorés dans le futur.

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Die vorliegende Dissertation stellt eine Interpretation von Thomas Paines THE AGE OF REASON (1794) und Ralph Waldo Emersons NATURE (1836) als politiktheoretische Traktate vor, die normative Demokratiekonstrukte entwickeln. Diese Demokratiekonstrukte werden anhand ihrer Parameter vergleichend und historisierend gelesen. Die Annahme ist hierbei, dass sich die normativen Demokratieentwürfe beider Autoren mithilfe der Denkfigur des rhizomatischen Panoptizismus explizieren lassen. Die Dissertation leitet diese Denkfigur anhand von Texten des französischen Poststrukturalismus und auf Grundlage des soziologischen Ansatzes der Surveillance Studies her und erläutert seine Relevanz für das Verständnis und die Verhandlung von Demokratie in den Epochen der frühen Republik und des Antebellum in den USA. Ebenso findet eine Analyse der diskursiven Vermittlung dieser Denkfigur durch das religiöse Vokabular von Deismus, Unitarismus und Transzendentalismus in beiden Traktaten statt. Ein ausführliches close reading legt schließlich dar, wie einzelne Parameter eines rhizomatischen Panoptizismus in den Texten entwickelt, repräsentiert und diskutiert werden. / The present dissertation introduces an interpretation of Thomas Paine’s THE AGE OF REASON (1794) and Ralph Waldo Emerson’s NATURE (1836) as politico-theoretical tracts that develop normative constructions of democracy. At the core of the analysis lies a comparative and historicist reading of the parameters of these constructions. The thesis informing the analysis posits that both normative constructions of democracy can be made explicit with the aid of the concept of a rhizomatic panopticism. The dissertation develops this concept on the basis of French poststructuralist texts and with theoretical approaches from the sociological field of Surveillance Studies in mind, explaining its relevance for the understanding of democracy during the Early-Republic and Antebellum periods in the USA. Furthermore, the discursive mediation of the introduced concept through the religious vocabularies of Deism, Unitarianism, and Transcendentalism in both tracts receives attention. Finally, a close reading elucidates how the distinct parameters of a rhizomatic panopticism are developed, represented, and discussed in both texts.

This thesis draws on Freud to understand the innate human need to create boundaries and argues that ambivalence is an inescapable dilemma in their creation. It argues that a re-reading of Freud’s major thesis in Totem and Taboo via an engagement with the Dionysos myth and cult scholarship allows for a new understanding of dominant forms of hegemonic psychic and social formations that attempt to keep in place a false opposition of polis and phusis, self and Other, resulting in the perpetuation of oppressive structures and processes. The primary methodological claim of the thesis is that prior psychoanalytic engagements with cultus scholarship have suffered from being either insufficiently thorough or diffused in attempts to be comparative. A more holistic and detailed approach allows us to ground a psychoanalytic interpretation in the realities of said culture, allowing us to critique Freud’s misreading of Dionysos regarding the Primal Father and the psychic transmission of the Primal Crime. This thesis posits that Dionysos needs to acknowledged as a projection of the Primal Father fantasy linked to a basic ambivalence about the necessity of boundaries in psychosocial life. Using research from the classics and psychoanalysis alongside Queer and post-colonial theory, as well as extensive fieldwork and primary source analysis, this thesis provides a grounded materialist critique of psychoanalysis’ complicity in reproducing a false dichotomy between polis and phusis, a dichotomy that furthers the projection onto marginalised groups whose othering is linked to a fear and desire of a return to phusis and denial of its constant presence in the psyche and polis. This re-reading of Dionysos challenges the defensive structures, which are organised around ideas of subjectification that posit that phusis must be severed from polis/ego and projected onto Dionysos and all groups that threaten the precariousness of these boundaries.

This thesis aims to set out an urban public design framework based on gender differences and experiences, in order to pay attention to the design of the open public spaces, parks in particular, to enhance them as places which are friendly to all people. In this manner two public parks were selected in Ankara to verify the theoretical framework and hypotheses set. The thesis study first makes a review of theoretical concepts of gender relations in public spaces and recreational areas. Then, it explains how an open public space is examined with respect to the three main headings, user profiles, use patterns and sense of safety felt by users. The case studies are Segmenler Park in the Gaziosmanpasa- Kavaklidere district and Ke&ccedil / i&ouml / ren Park in the Ke&ccedil / i&ouml / ren district, two public parks in two different sectors of the city with different cultural, economical and social structures. The concept of gender differences and effects of gender relations on the use patterns of a place and vice a versa, different needs and perceptions of men and women in public places and effective design solutions are studied in the second chapter. Then, two public parks are examined with the above framework. This is done first with respect to the mentioned component, and then with the data based on maps, photographs, personal observation and questionnaires which to find out the problems and characteristics of the users. Finally in the conclusion, the differences and needs of users and strengths and weaknesses of design and planning of the parks are evaluated to set specific design principles and solutions in the design of public parks.

This Project identified the relationships between storage conditions, dry matter losses (DMLs) caused by Fusarium species in cereal grains and mycotoxin contamination and assessed novel control strategies for post-harvest grain management including chemical control and ozone. F. graminearum, F. verticillioides and F. langsethiae were inoculated on wheat, maize and oats and stored under environmental conditions where marginal to optimum spoilage and mycotoxin contamination can occur. DMLs were calculated from the CO2 produced and were significantly correlated with deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (FUMs) and T-2 and HT-2 toxins respectively. Mycotoxin levels in wheat and maize exceeded the EU legislative limits with 0.9-1% DMLs. Therefore, CO2 monitoring during storage can indicate the level of contamination in a stored batch. Using CO2 production data at different water activity (aw) and temperature conditions, the environmental regimes at which F. langsethiae can grow and contaminate oats with T-2 and HT-2 toxins were identified for the first time. Five acids were examined in vitro and little effect was observed on Fusarium growth, in the aqueous form, while the effect on mycotoxin production varied. Dissolved in ethanol, adipic, fumaric and ferulic acids inhibited fungal growth and controlled DON and FUMs, but T-2 toxin was stimulated by the ethanol. Two garlic essential oils, propyl-propylthiosulfinate (PTS) and propyl propylthiosulfonate (PTSO) were studied for the first time. In vitro, 200 ppm reduced fungal growth (50-100%) and mycotoxin production by >90%. The efficacy was species-dependent. In naturally contaminated oats of 0.93 aw stored for 20 days, 16 ppm PTSO reduced T-2 and HT-2 toxins by 66% and ochratoxin A (OTA) by 88%, while 200 ppm PTS reduced OTA by 95%. In wheat, 100 ppm PTS reduced DON and ZEA and 300 ppm PTS reduced fumonisins by 40-80%. PTSO:PTS (1:1) at 400 and 600 ppm was very effective against DON and ZEA in wheat of 0.92 aw. Ozone (O3) exposure at 200 ppm for 30 min delayed Fusarium spore germination on media of 0.98 aw and inhibited germination at 0.94 aw. O3 was more effective against fungal spores than mycelium and little effect was observed on growing cultures. In vitro, mycotoxin production after exposure depended on the stage of life of the fungi. O3 reduced fungal populations in grains. Mycotoxin production in wet grains treated with 100-200 ppm O3 for 60 min and stored for up to 30 days was reduced or completely inhibited, depending on the species and the exposure system. Simultaneous drying of the grain due to the O3 passage was observed.

This thesis aims to set out an urban design framework, based on pedestrian experiences and pedestrian spaces, in order to take up streets to design or enhance them as pedestrian friendly urban public places. This could also be considered as a model of approach, which assumes a normative manner. Pedestrian urban places are surveyed, then analyses are drawn that will lead to design. In that framework, the study first summarizes theoretical concepts of urbanity, urban quality and pedestrian experiences, which are necessary for examining these places. Then, it puts out how an urban place is examined with respect to the three main headings, which constitute the components of urban places: urban form, urban image and urban activity. The study area, 7th Street in Bah&ccedil / elievler, has become a secondary centre with its vitality and the diversity of activities attracting many people from other districts besides local residents. However, initially planned within a housing cooperative, the neighbourhood has lost much from its cultural and urban accumulation due to global dynamics based on consumption. What is more, 7th Street is quite inadequate in providing an easy circulation both for pedestrians and vehicles as well as providing a quality urban place with its every element. Hence, the street has been examined with the above framework. This is done first with respect to the above mentioned components, and then with the information based on maps, photographs, personal observations and questionnaires which are done in order to find out the problems and characteristics of the users as well as their perceptive qualities. The conclusions together with strengths and weaknesses, which are derived from these surveys, have been used to set specific design guidelines for the area.

In the last 30 years many changes have taken place within the Cowlitz Indian Tribe. These changes involve the tribe’s sovereignty and have greatly impacted the emic identity of the tribe. Previous identity research with the Cowlitz predates these changes and no longer accurately describe the Cowlitz. The question for this research was how have these changes affected the emic identity of the Cowlitz today as seen in their community and interactions? And how does their identity now compare with their identity in the times of pre-contact and initial contact with whites? This research uses Manuel DeLanda’s assemblage theory to assess and compare the emic identity of the contemporary and historical tribe in terms of sovereignty, identity, and cultural rejuvenation. When the structure, relationships, activities, and purposes of the tribe and groups within the contemporary tribe were analyzed, there was a striking resemblance to the community system described in early settler journals and histories of the Cowlitz. The research was cross-sectional, including ethnographic study, interviews of tribal members, document analysis, and historical analysis. In an attempt to allow the Cowlitz people to speak for themselves rather than project ideas onto the tribe, each section of the research first allows tribal members to voice their opinions and then relies on Cowlitz voices to confirm the analysis. The final dissertation was then submitted to the tribe for comment.

L'épithélium intestinal est un tissu en constant renouvellement, grâce à des cellules souches somatiques présentes dans les cryptes intestinales. Le renouvellement perpétuel et l’homéostasie de ce tissu sont assurés par plusieurs réseaux de signalisation. Il est maintenant admis que la dérégulation de ces mêmes voies est impliquée dans le processus d’initiation et/ou de progression tumorale. Mon laboratoire a décrit l'implication des hormones thyroïdiennes (HT) et de leur récepteur nucléaire TRα1 dans le contrôle de l'homéostasie intestinale, via la régulation de la voie Wnt, jouant un rôle clé dans la physiopathologie de ce tissu. Plus précisément, TRα1 active l’expression et la stabilisation de β-caténine via un mécanisme impliquant le facteur sFRP2. Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai participé, d’une part à l’étude de souris transgéniques surexprimant TRα1 dans l’épithélium intestinal et à l’analyse des mécanismes moléculaires de la régulation croisée entre TRα1 et la voie Wnt canonique dans l’induction des tumeurs intestinales. Nous avons donc démontré un rôle oncogénique de TRα1 dans l’épithélium intestinal. De plus, le mécanisme moléculaire et fonctionnel implique les deux effecteurs de la voie canonique, β-caténine et TCF4. D’autre part, j’ai analysé la fonction de sFRP2 dans la physiopathologie intestinale, et son action sur la voie Wnt. D’une manière intéressante, l’étude de la fonction de sFRP2 nous a permis de révéler son rôle original dans la différenciation des cytotypes épithéliaux. De plus, nous avons montré que sFRP2 est un modulateur positif des voies Wnt canonique et non canonique (JNK). Par ailleurs, l’absence d’expression de sFRP2 a pour conséquence d’augmenter l’apoptose dans les cryptes intestinales et ainsi diminuer le nombre de tumeurs chez des animaux double mutants sFRP2-/-/Apc+/1638N comparé aux simple mutants Apc+/1638N. Ces résultats fournissent des éléments originaux et importants sur les relations fonctionnelles entre les voies des HT et Wnt. / The intestinal epithelium is a tissue constantly renewing through somatic stem cells located within the crypts. Several signalling pathways control this process and the homeostasis in this tissue. It is now recognized that the deregulation of these pathways is involved in the process of initiation and/or progression of intestinal tumors. My laboratory has described the involvement of thyroid hormones (TH) and their nuclear receptor TRα1 in the control of the intestinal homeostasis via the regulation of Wnt pathway, which plays a key role in the intestinal physiopathology. Specifically, TRα1 directly activates the expression of β-catenin and controls its stabilization through a mechanism involving sFRP2 (secreted frizzled-related protein 2). During my thesis, I participated to the characterization of transgenic mice overexpressing TRα1 in the intestinal epithelium. Moreover, I have been involved in the study of the molecular mechanisms of the cross-regulation between TRα1 and the canonical Wnt in the induction of intestinal tumors. We have therefore demonstrated an oncogenic role of TRα1 in the intestinal epithelium. In addition, the molecular and functional mechanisms involve both effectors of the canonical pathway, β-catenin and TCF4. On the other hand, I carried out the study of sFRP2 function in the intestinal physiopathology, and its action on the Wnt pathway. My data strongly suggest that sFRP2 plays an essential role in the differentiation of epithelial cytotypes. In addition, we showed that sFRP2 is a positive modulator of the canonical and non-canonical (JNK) Wnt. For instance, the absence of sFRP2 expression increases the apoptosis in the intestinal crypts and thus reduces the number of tumors in the double mutant sFRP2-/-/Apc+/1638N compared to simple mutant Apc+/1638N. These results provided original and important data of the functional relationships between TH and Wnt pathways.

Quasi-particles formed in lithium niobate after pulse exposure were investigated by transient absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy as well as numerical simulations. This includes the formation process, the transport through the crystal, interim pinning on defects during the relaxation process, and the final recombination with deep centers. It was shown that the charge-transport through the crystal can be described by a hopping transport including different types of hops between regular or defective lattice sites, i.e., the transport includes a mixture of free and bound small polarons. Furthermore, the different types of hops connected with varying activation energies and their distribution are responsible for an altered temporal decay curve when changing the crystal composition or temperature. Additionally, it was shown that the hitherto accepted recombination model is insufficient to describe all transient absorption and luminescence effects in lithium niobate under certain experimental conditions, i.e., long-living absorption dynamics in the blue/UV spectral range do not follow the typical polaron dynamics and cannot be described under the assumption of charge compensation. However, similar decay characteristics between self-trapped excitons known from photoluminescence spectroscopy and the unexpected behavior of the transient absorption were found leading to a revised model. This includes, besides the known polaron relaxation and recombination branch, a significant role of self-trapped excitons and their pinning on defects (pinned STEs). Since the consideration of further absorption centers in the relaxation path after pulse exposure might result in misinterpretations of previously determined polaron absorption cross-sections and shapes, the necessity to perform a review became apparent. Therefore, a supercontinuum pump-probe experiment was designed and all measurements applied under the same experimental conditions (temperature, polarization) so that one can extract the absorption amplitudes of the single quasi-particles in a spectral range of 0.7-3.0eV. The detailed knowledge might be used to deconvolve the absorption spectra and transform them to number densities of the involved centers which enables one to obtain an easier insight into recombination and decay dynamics of small polarons and self-trapped excitons. As the hopping transport of quasi-particles and the concept of pinned STEs might be fundamental processes, a thorough understanding opens up the possibility of their exploitation in various materials. In particular, results presented herein are not only limited to lithium niobate and its applications; an extension to a wide range of further strongly polar crystals in both their microscopic processes and their use in industry can be considered.