Orientador: Patricia Borba Marchetto / Resumo: A bioética envolve questões que acontecem em um mundo multidisciplinar, interdisciplinar ou transdisciplinar, o que pode sugerir uma grande lacuna do direito, favorecendo ou até promovendo violações contra a humanidade, como também aos sistemas internacionais de direitos humanos e aos direitos fundamentais, estes inseridos no cenário constitucional brasileiro. Neste caso, a ciência e a tecnologia invadem o mundo do Direito, limitadas pelos institutos do direito à vida e da dignidade da pessoa humana, os quais são premissas constitucionais de formação do Estado para a construção e o fortalecimento do ordenamento jurídico composto por regras nacionais e por fontes internacionais, cenário permeado por questões éticas e morais que trazem interpretação tanto ao Direito quanto à Bioética e suas peculiaridades. A relevância do tema deve ser observada não somente pelo viés dos interesses econômicos que envolvem as pesquisas científicas ou a manutenção dos sistemas de saúde pública, mas, principalmente, para obtenção de respostas aos dilemas que envolvem a ciência e a saúde e suas sensíveis e possíveis violações aos princípios mencionados. Através de um caso concreto, ainda em trânsito no sistema de justiça brasileiro, abordando o direito de uma paciente submetida à lista de espera por um transplante de medula, a pesquisa se desenvolve no sentido de discutir a relação entre direitos humanos, bioética, preservação da vida, evolução científica e seus desafios modernos e, especialmente, ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Bioethics involves issues that happens in a multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary world, which can suggest a wide gap of the Law studies, favoring or even promoting violations against humanity, but also to international systems of human and fundamental rights, these inserted into Brazilian constitutional scenario. In this case, the science and technology invades the world of law, limited by the institutes of the right to life and human dignity, which are constitutional premises of formation of the State for the construction and strengthening of the legal system composed of national rules and international fonts, scenery permeated by ethical and moral issues that bring interpretation both to the Law regarding Bioethics and its peculiarities. The relevance of the theme should be observed not only by the bias of economic interests that involve scientific research or the maintenance of public health systems, but mainly for obtaining answers to dilemmas that involve science and health and his sensitive and possible violations to the principles mentioned. Through a concrete case, still in transit in the Brazilian justice system, addressing the right of a patient subject to the waiting list for a bone marrow transplant, the research develops in order to discuss the relationship between human rights, bioethics, preservation of life, scientific progress and its modern challenges and, especially, to reach an analysis as to the application of national legislation con... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

[pt] Esta pesquisa busca compreender como a universidade católica pode enfrentar os desafios atuais a fim de interagir com o seu corpo docente e, principalmente, com o discente, a partir dos valores presentes e provenientes do Evangelho de Jesus Cristo. Aborda-se a missão evangelizadora da universidade católica, mais precisamente seu desafio atual na sociedade pluralista. O ponto de partida é o de que o pluralismo cultural e religioso não é apenas externo, encontrase dentro da própria instituição. O estudo é realizado a partir do método pastoral tripartido ver-julgar-agir, inter-relacionado com a Ex Corde Ecclesiae, documento que propõe a definição da identidade e da missão da universidade católica. A universidade católica atual necessita empreender um anúncio da fé cristã que promova o ser humano e que o faça à luz da mensagem do Reino de Deus, que traz consigo os valores cristãos, ainda que nem sempre nomeados como tais. Diante da constatação da existência de um hiato entre a fé e a vida, mostra-se necessário (e possível) que na universidade católica haja uma pastoral universitária ativa e dialogante. Mais que uma universidade em pastoral, que seja uma universidade em pastoralidade, conceito que aponta para um ambiente universitário em que haja atitudes concretas na promoção e defesa da dignidade da pessoa humana, na busca da vivência do humanismo cristão integral e integrado, tendo a solidariedade como eixo norteador. A missão evangelizadora proposta nesta pesquisa visa que a universidade católica adote uma postura de fidelidade aos valores evangélicos e, simultaneamente, valorize e respeite as liberdades, a diversidade religiosa e a pluralidade cultural que caracterizam toda a sociedade atual. A ação pastoral realizada no âmbito universitário busca constantemente o diálogo com o mundo contemporâneo conforme anunciado pela Igreja em documentos oficiais: o documento de Buga, a Ex Corde Ecclesiae, o documento conciliar Gravissimum Educationis, o Documento de Aparecida, entre outros. Reitera que o desafio posto à universidade católica atual, considerando que a fidelidade ao múnus da evangelização não é opcional, mas vital, é que faça jus ao adjetivo católica, considerando-se o fato de as referências religiosas nas instituições católicas de ensino universitário encontrarem-se cada vez mais diluídas, sendo absorvidas ou sufocadas pela mentalidade e postura empresarial mercantilista presentes na sociedade da qual a universidade é parte. O adjetivo católica equivale a universal, e remete necessariamente aos princípios cristãos como os que iluminam a busca da verdade sobre Deus, o ser humano e a natureza. O título católica é o que especifica o dinamismo da universidade, distinguindo-a das outras. / [en] This research seeks to comprehend how the Catholic university can face current challenges in order to interact with its faculty and especially with its student body according to the values present and stemming from the Gospel of Jesus Christ. The evangelizing mission of the Catholic university is discussed, specifically its current challenge in the pluralist society. The starting point is that cultural and religious pluralism is not only external but is found within the institution itself. The study is carried out in accordance with the tripartite pastoral method see-judgeact, interrelated with Ex Corde Ecclesiae, document that proposes the definition of the identity and mission of Christian faith that promotes human beings in the light of the message of the Kingdom of God, which entails Christian values, although not always named as such. Before the ascertainment of the existence of a hiatus between faith and life, it becomes necessary (and possible) for the Catholic university to have an active and dialogic campus ministry. More than a pastoral university, it should be a university in pastorality, a concept that points to a university atmosphere in which concrete attitudes are taken for the promotion and defense of the dignity of the human person, searching to live the integral and integrated Christian humanism, having solidarity as the guiding North. The evangelizing mission proposed in this research aims for the Catholic university to adopt a faithful posture to the evangelical values and, at the same time, to value and respect freedoms, religious diversity and cultural plurality, which characterize current society. The pastoral action undertaken in the university sphere constantly seeks to dialogue with the contemporary world as it has been announced by official Church documents: the document of Buga, the Ex Corde Ecclesiae, the conciliar document Gravissimum Educationis, the Document of Aparecida, among others. It reiterates the challenge presented to the present Catholic university, considering that the faithfulness to the office of evangelization is not optional, rather vital, justifying its Catholic adjective, considering the fact that the religious references in the Catholic institutions find themselves increasingly thinned, being absorbed or suffocated by the mercantilist business mentality and posture in the society where the university takes part. The Catholic adjective is equivalent to universal and necessarily remits to the Christian principles such the ones that illuminate the search for the truth about God, the human being and nature. The title Catholic is what specifies the university dynamism, distinguishing it from others.

Neither altruistic nor commercial surrogacy is allowed in Sweden but neither is it forbidden for Swedes to travel abroad for surrogacy arrangements. The debate on allowing altruistic surrogacy in Sweden has grown and changed in recent years, from being seen as an unusual method of reproduction to becoming a major family policy issue. In a 2013 report by the Swedish National Council on Medical Ethics aimed at examining the permissibility of altruistic surrogacy, all members of the council agreed that commercial surrogacy is not ethically justifiable. There are several arguments against commercial surrogacy, including the fact that it takes place under exploitative and coercive conditions. Hence, Sweden would never allow commercial surrogacy. However, the majority considered that altruistic surrogacy could be justifiable under certain conditions. The arguments about whether altruistic surrogacy can violate human rights are not as numerous. This thesis has aimed to examine the arguments for and against allowing altruistic surrogacy in Sweden by analysing debate articles and other argumentative newspaper articles. These arguments have then been assessed against four ethical principles, namely respect for human dignity, self-determination, self-ownership and the principle of the best interests of the child, to determine whether or not altruistic surrogacy should be allowed in Sweden. With the help of argumentation analysis, debate articles from several Swedish newspapers regarding altruistic surrogacy have been analysed and the results show that the pro-surrogacy side claims that a ban on altruistic surrogacy risks limiting women's right to self-determination and self-ownership over their own bodies. While the anti-surrogacy side argues that allowing altruistic surrogacy violates our human dignity, which states that we should be treated as ends and not as means. What emerges is that both sides of the altruistic surrogacy debate see the current Swedish legislation that neither prohibits nor allows surrogacy as problematic. Both sides argue that it risks leading to Swedish citizens continuing to travel abroad to use commercial surrogate mothers who are often mistreated and exploited. But here the pro-surrogacy side argues that the solution is to allow altruistic surrogacy to stop Swedes from travelling abroad. While the anti-surrogacy side argues that allowing it would not reduce the number of trips abroad and a total ban on surrogacy is the solution.

Sowohl die öffentlichen wie die akademischen Auseinandersetzungen um Gehalt und Bedeutung der Menschenwürde werden bis heute von der Philosophie, den Rechtswissenschaften und der Theologie dominiert; Stimmen aus der Soziologie werden hierzu nur vereinzelt vernommen. Der Beitrag verfolgt zunächst das Ziel, unter Rückgriff auf ‚würdesensible‘ klassische Autoren Koordinaten eines genuin soziologischen Würdekonzepts zu entwickeln, das Probleme des menschlichen Ausdrucks und gesellschaftsstrukturelle Faktoren (u. a. städtische Öffentlichkeit, Arbeitsteilung, Rollenvielfalt) in strenger Weise zusammendenkt. Im ersten Kapitel (1) wird daher insbesondere auf Helmuth Plessners Grenzen der Gemeinschaft und Erving Goffmans Interaktionssoziologie Bezug genommen, um in einem eher induktiven, phänomenzentrierten Zugriff überhaupt erst diejenigen Situationen und die zugehörigen gesellschaftlichen Randbedingungen zu identifizieren, in denen das Problem der Würde in einem soziologisch distinkten Sinne akut wird. Das anschließende Kapitel (2) verfolgt mit Georg Simmel, Émile Durkheim und Niklas Luhmann zunächst eine rollentheoretische Präzisierung des Würdekonzeptes, die sich vor allem an der problematischen Annahme Peter L. Bergers abarbeitet, dass die vermeintlich bruchlose Ablösung von traditionellen Ehrvorstellungen durch den Würdekomplex gleichbedeutend wäre mit einer Bedeutungsminderung gesellschaftlicher Rollenerwartungen. Das letzte Kapitel (3) hält den systematischen Ertrag der vorangegangenen Überlegungen fest und widmet sich abschließend der Frage, in welchem Verhältnis dieser Ertrag zu dem normativ emphatischen Verständnis von Menschenwürde steht, wie es dem in Philosophie und Verfassungsrecht nach wie vor dominanten Unverlierbarkeitspostulat zugrunde liegt. / Both public and academic debates about the concept of human dignity are to date dominated by philosophical, legal and theological perspectives, while sociological contributions remain conspicuously scarce. This article aims at developing a genuine sociological concept of dignity, which binds together problems of human expression with socio-structural conditions of modernity (urban public sphere, division of labour, variety of roles, etc.). The argument unfolds in three steps: first, drawing upon the works of Helmuth Plessner, Erving Goffman and Niklas Luhmann, I identify those situations which allow us to distinguish problems of dignity from those associated with other expectational forms (particularly honour). Secondly, I turn to Simmel, Durkheim and Luhmann in order to pursue a role-theoretical clarification of the concept of dignity. Finally, I inquire into the question of how the systematic yield of these sociological considerations relates to the emphatic and heavily normative understanding of human dignity which pervades recent philosophical and juridical discourses.

Law / LL.M.

Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research investigates the role of nature and cultures/traditions in the ethical and theological interpretation of the Bible. To be specific, it is concerned with the legitimacy of the knowledge of the existence and attributes of God arrived at using only the natural faculties of sense and reason and whether moral norms or evaluative principles can be derived from or grounded in nature. When the issue of moral norms and principles appears, it leads to reflection on the issue of so-called natural law, an ethical principle which claims that moral duty can be learned through nature. The research argues that the invitation of the cosmic elements and the parable of the ox and donkey in Isaiah‟s prophetic indictment (Isaiah 1: 2-3) provide evidence of the traces of natural law in the book and the entire Bible. It also argues that natural law and natural theology correspond to elements of African cultures/traditional religions. As such, incorporating natural law in the theological-ethical interpretation of the Old Testament will be relevant for interpretive communities in Africa, like the Tangale in the northern Nigeria. The research also envisages that the natural law tradition and the elements of African cultures/traditional religions can have a favourable impact on the theological ethical understanding of human dignity if appropriately incorporated into the theological-ethical interpretation of the Bible. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsing ondersoek die rol van die natuur en kultuur/tradisie in die etiese en teologiese interpretasie van die Bybel. Meer spesifiek gaan dit oor die geldigheid van die kennis van God se bestaan en eienskappe, soos wat dit met behulp van slegs die natuurlike persepsie van sintuie en rede veronderstel kan word; en oor die vraag of morele norme en evaluerende beginsels vanuit die natuur afgelei kan word of gegrond kan wees. Waar die kwessie van morele norme en beginsels verskyn, gee dit aanleiding tot nadenke oor die vraagstuk van die sogenaamde “natuurlike wet”, ʼn etiese beginsel wat beweer dat morele plig aangeleer kan word deur die natuur. Die navorsing argumenteer dat die uitnodiging van die kosmiese elemente en die gelykenis van die os en die donkie in Jesaja se profetiese aanklag (Jes 1: 2 – 3) bewyse lewer van die spore van die natuurlike wet in die boek en die Bybel in geheel. Dit voer ook aan dat die natuurlike wet en natuurlike teologie met sekere elemente van Afrika-kulture/tradisionele godsdienste ooreenstem. As sulks is dit relevant vir interpretatiewe gemeenskappe in Afrika soos die Tangale in noord-Nigerië, om die natuurlike wet by die teologies-etiese interpretasie van die Ou Testament te inkorporeer. Die studie veronderstel ook dat die tradisie van die natuurlike wet en die elemente van Afrika-kulture/tradisionele godsdienste ʼn gunstige uitwerking op die teologiese, etiese begrip van menswaardigheid kan hê, indien dit op gepaste wyse in die teologies-etiese interpretasie van die Bybel geïnkorporeer word.

This thesis probes the relevance of objections against newly establishing contemporary paradigm of human dignity, based on connection between dignity and Kantian views on human autonomy, which possess universalistic ambitions. First chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of human dignity during history. The chapter shows there have been evolved at least three different concepts: (i) dignity as an internal value; (ii) dignity as a social status; and (iii) dignity as a certain manner of social behavior. Second chapter consequently deals with courts` techniques regarding the dignity as a legal concept. The conclusions extrapolated from German, Israeli and South African judicial decision-making noticeably support objections raised in contemporary discourse against the abovementioned universalistic concept. In spite of these universalistic ambitions, human dignity represents concept enabling to construe individual human rights through values shared by vast majority in certain jurisdictions. This mindset naturally leads to the limitation of individual freedom rather to its expansion, in the name of an idea that ideal moral order objectively exists. Consequently, the authority of classical human rights is considerably weakened. In third chapter the effort to analyze and construe current judicial practice is...

No description available.

Freedom of Religion or Belief in the Context of European and International Law This PhD dissertation focuses on selected aspects of freedom of religion or belief in Europe. It aims to introduce the legal framework in which religious freedom has to operate, and to place this essential freedom into a broader cultural, religious and human rights context. The contextualisation emphasised throughout this dissertation is based on an assumption that it is not possible to establish a pure legal notion of religious freedom that would not bear any imprint of the societal, legal, cultural and religious context of its authors; in reality, each person's understanding of religious freedom is rooted in his culture, religion and experience. This should not lead, however, to a complete rejection of the possibility of a common understanding and universal protection of religious freedom. On the contrary, it should motivate each interpreter and law-maker in the area of religious freedom to study the understandings of all persons and entities involved in a particular case or situation. Having thoroughly studied all presented claims rooted in religious freedom and having taken into consideration all other rights, principles and interests involved, it should be possible for the decision-makers to resolve the case in a...

O trabalho trata da despedida coletiva e de seu dever de motivação. Embora não haja tratamento legal no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, a conjugação de normas principiológicas constitucionais e infraconstitucionais permite afirmar que a despedida coletiva é instituto jurídico distinto da despedida individual e, como tal, requer consequências jurídicas também diversas. A fim de compreender os limites dessa figura jurídica e buscar solução genuína e adequada ao quadro nacional, realizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica em autores nacionais e estrangeiros e estudo de casos jurisprudenciais. No primeiro capítulo, buscou-se conceituar o instituto, distinguindo-se entre as despedidas individuais plúrimas e a despedida coletiva. No segundo capítulo, recorreu-se ao estudo do Direito Comparado e das normas de organismos internacionais que tratam do tema. No terceiro capítulo, destacam-se princípios constitucionais, como a dignidade da pessoa humana e a função social da propriedade, e princípios infraconstitucionais, como a boa-fé objetiva e a vedação do abuso de direito. No quarto capítulo, analisam-se as decisões judiciais paradigmáticas envolvendo as empresas Embraer e Usiminas destacando-se, de forma breve, o papel do Poder Judiciário. Ao final, pudemos concluir que a despedida coletiva tem importância crescente na realidade social e, como tal, requer que se tome posse de sua complexidade para seu desvendamento. / The paper deals with collective dismissal and its duty of motivation. Although there is no legal treatment in the Brazilian legal system, the combination of infra-constitutional and constitutional norms related to principles allows us to state that collective dismissal is a legal institution different from individual dismissal and, as such, it also requires different legal consequences. In order to understand the limits of this legal concept and seek a genuine and appropriate solution to the national framework, a bibliographical research was conducted using national and foreign authors as well as jurisprudential study cases. In the first chapter, the aim was to conceptualize the institute, distinguishing between multiple individual dismissals and collective dismissals. In the second chapter, we resorted to the study of comparative law and norms from international bodies dealing with the theme. In the third chapter, constitutional principles such as human dignity and the social function of property and infra-constitutional principles such as objective good faith and the prohibition of abuse of rights are highlighted. In the fourth chapter, the paradigmatic judicial decisions involving the companies Embraer and Usiminas are analyzed briefly stressing the role of the Judiciary Power. At the end, we could conclude that the collective dismissal has increasing importance in social reality and, as such, it requires that possession of its complexity is taken so that it is unveiled.