Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The main theme of this thesis deals with young victims in sex trafficking who end up with serious emotional consequences during their developing years. The young victim trapped in the sex trade, has to deal with problems that other youths who are not in these situations do not face. Sex trafficking is a phenomenal problem world-wide. Literature study shows that up to 50% of victims are juveniles. Chapter 1 is an overview of this problem, while chapter 2 defines the conceptual understanding of slavery, human trafficking and prostitution. These concepts are then applied to sex trafficking. The agreements are also highlighted and then the causes and consequences of sex trafficking are discussed. Chapter 3 focuses on the discussion of the development of adolescent sexuality, including a reference to the development of the youth’s identity. The effect on the sex trade victims is shown by the victims’ stories. This is particularly relevant to the developmental phases of the adolescent when he/she is still trying to find out who they are and where they fit in, in life. After hearing these stories, there is a factor which cannot be denied. This factor is that trauma is a part of a victim’s life even after he/she is saved. This should be addressed in various ways for any healing to take place. Chapter 4 emphasises human dignity and sex trafficking. The researcher also seeks to provide a theological perspective of this problem. Therefore, a theological response to human dignity is offered. Chapter 5 focuses on human rights with regard to human dignity. President Zuma signed a new law in 2013 that focuses on combating trafficking specifically. The rights of the adolescent are emphasised. Recent events in Africa, where adolescent girls were kidnapped from their hostel by soldiers, are highlighted. An outcry, “Bring back our girls”, from the general public and the political arena arose from this incident. This research has shown the impact of sex trafficking, not only on the victim, but also on families, friends, churches, communities and governments. The quest for peace, hope, equality and human dignity in the context of sex trafficking is highlighted. Based on the literature review and findings, the researcher makes some conclusions and recommendations in chapter 6. Following the recommendations, it should be the objective of governments, communities, churches, families and friends to take action and get actively involved to combat sex trafficking that destroys youths’ lives. / AFRIKKANSE OPSOMMING: Die sentrale tema van hierdie literatuurstudie handel oor jeugslagoffers wat in sekshandel beland, met regstreekse emosionele gevolge tydens hulle ontwikkelingsjare. Die jeugslagoffer wat in sekshandel vasgevang is, het derhalwe te doen met probleme wat ander jeugdiges wat nie in sodanige situasies vasgevang is nie, vryspring. Sekshandel is wêreldwyd ʼn fenominale probleem. Literatuurstudie toon dat tot 50% van slagoffers jeugdiges is. In hoofstuk 1 word ʼn oorsig oor hierdie problematiek gegee, terwyl hoofstuk 2 die konseptuele en omskrywende verstaan van slawerny, mensehandel en prostitusie uiteensit. Hierdie konsepte word dan toegepas op sekshandel. Die ooreenkomste word voorts uitgelig en vervolgens word die oorsake en gevolge van sekshandel bespreek. Hoofstuk 3 fokus op die ontwikkeling van die adolessent se seksualiteit met onder meer ʼn verwysing na die jeug se identiteitsontwikkeling. Verhale van slagoffers word aangebied wat die effek toon wat sekshandel op die slagoffers het. Dit is veral van toepassing op die ontwikkelingsfases van die adolessent, wanneer hy/sy nog probeer uitvind wie hulle is en waar hulle in die lewe inpas. Na aanleiding van hierdie verhale word ʼn faktor beklemtoon wat nie vermy kan word nie. Hierdie faktor is dat trauma deel van ʼn slagoffer se lewe is selfs nadat hy/sy gered is. Dit moet aangespreek word op verskeie wyses indien daar enige vorm van heling kan plaasvind. Die literatuurstudie plaas in hoofstuk 4 klem op menswaardigheid en sekshandel. Die navorser poog dan ook om ʼn teologiese perspektief op hierdie hele problematiek te bied. Derhalwe word ʼn teologiese respons op menswaardigheid aangebied. Hoofstuk 5 fokus op menseregte met betrekking tot menswaardigheid. Die nuwe wet wat in 2013 onderteken is deur President Zuma en wat spesifiek fokus op die bekamping van mensehandel, word bespreek. Die regte van die adolessent waarop hy/sy kan aanspraak maak, word ook beklemtoon. Onlangse gebeure wat in Afrika plaasgevind het waar soldate adolessente meisies uit hulle koshuise ontvoer het word uitgelig. ʼn Kreet, ʺBring back our girlsʺ het as gevolg van hierdie insident, wêreldwyd by die algemene publiek en in die politieke arena ontstaan. Hierdie navorsing sluit ten nouste aan by hierdie ontsteltenis en wys daarop dat nie net die slagoffers se lewe verwoes word nie, maar ook dié van families, virende, gemeentes,gemeenskappe en regerings. Daar is dus ʼn soeke na vrede, hoop, regverdigheid, gelykheid en menswaardigheid. Op grond van die literatuurstudie en bevindinge, maak die navorser in hoofstuk 6 ʼn paar gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings. Na aanleiding van die aanbevelings, behoort dit die doelwitte van die regering, gemeenskap, gemeentes, kerke, families en vriende te word om aktief op te tree en betrokke te raak om sekshandel te bestry wat die jeug se lewe verwoes.

Human trafficking is the world’s fastest growing global crime, which finally gained its due attention in the late 1990s. This thesis provides a critique of governmental anti-human trafficking efforts, in particular the U.S. Department of State’s Trafficking in Persons Report. Additionally, this thesis focuses on Argentina and its federal capital, as a case study of the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of governmental reports on human trafficking, as well as the contributions made by non-governmental anti-human trafficking efforts. This thesis argues that due to many factors, government corruption being one of the main ones, it is important to be critical of state power and the knowledge it produces surrounding the issue of human trafficking. It is also crucial that governmental anti-human trafficking efforts strengthen coordination and increase collaboration with regional and local NGOs and other non-governmental anti-human trafficking efforts, in order to more effectively fight to eliminate this transnational and international crime.

<p>Human trafficking has emerged over the past three decades as an issue of considerable concern for the international community, and governments around the world have committed themselves to enacting legislation to combat the trade in humans. This has resulted in the adoption of international standards and important obligations of governments, to address the trafficking in persons (TIP) and in particular child trafficking which appears as a worldwide form of modern-day slavery, and a facet of transnational organized crime. This study investigated the potential causes of this state of affairs, which could be the inadequacy of legal texts and absence of implementation mechanisms, lack of co-ordination amongst the actors implicated, the insufficiency of political will to respond to the problem, the permeability of borders, or the lack of information in the accounts of victims and their parents. The principle objective aimed to address and ensure safety, special protection and security to child victims of trafficking. In so doing this study identified the existing legal framework in the international and regional environment.</p>

of the thesis Introduction: The topic of those who have been victims of human trafficking and who are also addicted to drugs is something not yet deeply investigated. The prevetion, intervention and social services for those who are both drug addicts and victims of human trafficking should be based on good knowledge of the situation each of thier particular needs. Helping organizations for this population of people report that from thier expereinces, this is a situation that continues to become more problematic. It is important to be aware of these situations in order to improve them. Victims of human trafficking who also struggle with drug addiction is a situation that deals with many types of needs. It is important to understand each of those comprehensively to fully help the people to return to a social life. Claim: The aim of this work is to describe the various barriers that people face when looking to access addiction rehabilitation centers. This work is from the point-of-view of the victims of human trafficking as well as from the professionals who work with those victims. The aim of the work is to examine how both the professional and victim look at all parts of the issues of barriers. Methods: Quality research was conducted using semi-structured interviews with human traffick victims and...

This thesis employs the most recent and best available data on human trafficking, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime’s Trafficking in Persons Global Report 2006, as well as nine independent variables to determine what their effects are on countries’ volumes of human trafficking outflows. By completing a cross-sectional analysis via an OLS regression, I found statistically significant support for three factors that I hypothesize lead to greater outflows of human trafficking. My findings suggest that countries that are less corrupt, have more seats in parliament held by women, and score higher on Cho, Dreher, and Neumayer’s Anti-Trafficking Policy Index are less likely to experience high outflows of human trafficking. Additionally, while they narrowly avoid statistical significance, this study also suggests that states that have a legal stance on prostitution and have fewer women employed in the non-agricultural sector experience less human trafficking outflows.

Yearly, hundreds of thousands of people are trafficked across borders, most often against their will or without their knowledge. Albeit having been a part of our history, our present and, sadly, probably our future, this form of modern slavery remains rather unexplored in quantitative research due to the lack of reliable data. By using a gravity model, this study investigates how trafficking is affected by prostitution laws. The strength of this paper lies in being able to disentangle the effect of prostitution laws on different types of trafficking and to look at both total trafficking flows as well as only cross-border flows. The results point towards there being a mostly negative correlation between legal prostitution and trafficking inflows, however, most results become insignificant when adding rule of law (a proxy for legal enforcement) to the specification. Allowing for third party involvement and solicitation might be correlated an increase in the inflow of victims exploited for sexual services, this is, however, statistically insignicant. For victims of forced labour, results are more equivocal, illustrating the potentially misleading conclusions that might be drawn in studies looking only at the effects of prostitution laws on total trafficking flows.

Thesis advisor: Paul Christensen / This thesis begins by examining the security trends of the European Union after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 and the resulting efforts to shield Europe against unknown enemies through strengthened external borders. It notes that the driving force behind such a state security mindset was the idea that the global developments that opened the way for hyperterrorism were also responsible for other cross-border threats such as cross-border crime and illegal migration. Thus Europe and consequently, Poland, have found themselves in positions of increased law enforcement and border control at a time when globalization presses for the free movement of goods and labor. As a product of these dualities, this work notes that human trafficking has negatively altered in its manifestations rather than decreasing in occurrence. Thus, through a detailed examination of United Nations, European Union, and Polish laws, this thesis finally concludes that the current state security approach to anti-trafficking efforts is ineffective; it argues that countries such as Poland – through the help of NGOs – must adopt a human security mindset and use improved criminal prosecution and victim assistance as a new, more successful, means of deterrence. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2011. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: Political Science.

Sujeitas de Direitos: história de vida de mulheres bolivianas, peruanas e paraguaias na cidade de São Paulo é uma pesquisa de história oral, guiada por seu conjunto de procedimentos em todas as etapas do trabalho. As entrevistas, a partir da história de vida de cinco mulheres migrantes, seguiram seus pressupostos e formaram o corpo do documento. Baseado nessas narrativas, feitas de forma colaborativa, buscou-se abordar a história do tempo presente a partir da migração de mulheres que vieram da Bolívia, Paraguai e Peru, e escolheram viver na cidade de São Paulo. A conquista de espaços urbanos, a liberdade relativa na escolha da profissão e a mobilidade como saída da opressão familiar foram discutidas, ao lado da criação de transnacionalização familiar e das atividades que exploram as vulnerabilidades da pessoa, como o trabalho escravo e o tráfico de pessoas / Subject of Rights: the life stories of Bolivian, Peruvian and Paraguayan women in São Paulo is an oral history research project, guided in its entirety by the methods guidelines. Focused on the life trajectories of five migrant women, the interviews follow the oral history procedures, and interviews also structure the core of the present document. Grounded on the narratives of these migrants, conducted in a collaborative manner, this projected aimed to tackle the present history of women from Bolivia, Paraguay, and Peru who chose to live in the city of Sao Paulo. We discuss the seizure of urban spaces, the relative freedom of choice of occupation and mobility as an exit from family oppression, in addition to the conception of household transnacionalization, and finally the activities that endanger the individual, such as slave labor and human trafficking

This work is a theoretical exploration that seeks to better understand the grooming process involved in some cases of domestic trafficking for sexual exploitation in North America. It theorizes the grooming process as a relation of power engaged in a strategy of subjection. The analysis points to how micropolitical deployments of disciplinary techniques restrict the fluidity of agency, enable the habituation of behaviour, modify thought processes, and produce consciousness. This thesis also identifies two political problems in current anti-trafficking legislation and policies in North America. The first is that sex work has become conflated with trafficking for sexual exploitation. This conflation does not serve the interests of sex workers, as it has led to legislation that further criminalizes the sex industry, and to an increase in violence and exploitation within it. It also does not serve the needs of trafficked individuals, as it leads to trafficking being misunderstood, and renders anti-trafficking deployments ineffective as a result. The second is that binary categorizations of consent (as tied to exploitation) in North American trafficking legislation are problematic and theoretically insufficient. Binary conceptions of consent are problematic because: (a) they enable a conflation of sex work and trafficking for sexual exploitation; (b) they force survivors or sex workers to relinquish their agency and identify as “victims” in order to work toward a conviction of their trafficker, or to avoid arrest or deportation; and (c) they emphasize a view of choice/consent that precludes an understanding of how an agent always works within limits that are unique to that individual. They are theoretically insufficient because they rely on liberal understandings of autonomy, which my engagement with Butler, Foucault, and affect theory critiques. This thesis makes the argument that there are varying degrees to which identity and consent are constructed through the production of subjectivities and the reorganization of preconscious thought processes. The “self”, consent, and judgment, are —to varying degrees— produced by external signifiers, institutions, and discourses. Thus, this work points to the need for a more nuanced approach to determine agency, one that does not rely upon binary and static categorizations. / Graduate

No atual cenário de globalização são verificadas diversas práticas de exploração laboral. O trabalho escravo é a forma de exploração laboral mais intensa que pode existir nos dias atuais. O tráfico de pessoas é uma prática criminosa crescente em nossa sociedade. No Brasil, em São Paulo, existem casos de trabalhadores imigrantes bolivianos vítimas de tráfico de pessoas e trabalho escravo. Esta pesquisa busca discutir os conceitos de trabalho decente, trabalho escravo, tráfico de pessoas, tráfico de migrantes, com o objetivo de focar na análise da exploração de imigrantes bolivianos em oficinas de costura de São Paulo. É argumentado que estes trabalhadores bolivianos, independentemente de seu status imigratório, possuem direitos laborais que devem ser respeitados. / In the present scenario of globalization many labor exploitation practices take place. Slave labor is the most intensive form of labor exploitation that exists nowadays. Human trafficking is an ascending crime in our society. In Brazil, in Sao Paulo, there are cases of Bolivian immigrant workers victims of human trafficking and slave labor. This research intends to discuss concepts of decent work, slave labor, human trafficking, migrant smuggling, in order to focus on the analyses of the exploitation of Bolivian immigrants in textile sweatshops in Sao Paulo. It is argued that these Bolivian workers, independently of their migratory status, have labor rights that should be respected.