A Segurança sempre foi um tema de grande interesse para as nações, para os grandes líderes de governos e para os acadêmicos que foram testemunhas das mudanças no sistema internacional ao longo do tempo. Essas mudanças repercutiram em transformações no conceito de segurança que acompanharam o contexto internacional, criando assim um debate teórico em torno ao conceito. Depois da Guerra Fria, o realismo entra em crise, demandando uma mudança no conceito que, hoje, tem a ver com o indivíduo e as ameaças existentes que se tornam problemas internacionais toda vez que transcendem fronteiras. A Segurança Humana surge como resposta do PNUD à nova agenda internacional, e inclui ameaças não estatais à segurança internacional. Dentro destas ameaças estão presentes os problemas ambientais, as epidemias, o desemprego, a fome, o narcotráfico, o terrorismo, a migração, os conflitos étnicos, as violações dos direitos humanos, dentre outros. São sete as dimensões que procuram classificar todas as ameaças ao individuo. Uma das dimensões da Segurança Humana é a Segurança Alimentar, que busca garantir o acesso, disponibilidade e uso dos alimentos com uma estabilidade ao longo do tempo. Com base nisto, este trabalho abordará as condições e os debates teóricos durante a Guerra Fria, que permitiram o desenvolvimento do conceito de Segurança Humana e, complementarmente, da Segurança Alimentar. Além disso, nesta dissertação, se utiliza a análise de um caso prático de um país em particular, a Bolívia, para medir qualitativamente e quantitativamente os impactos e a eficiência das politicas de Segurança Alimentar aplicadas na última década. / Security has always been a topic of great interest to the nations, to the great leaders of governments and academics who witnessed the changes in the international system over time. These changes impacted on transformation in the concept of security that accompanied the international context, creating a theoretical debate around the concept. After the Cold War, realism was in crisis, demanding a change in the concept that today is related to the individual and the threats that become international problems, and that transcend borders. Human Security is a response from UNDP to the new international agenda, including non-state threats to international security. Within these threats are present environmental issues, epidemics, unemployment, hunger, drug trafficking, terrorism, migration, ethnic conflicts, human rights violations, among others. There are seven dimensions in which it attempts to classify every threat to the individual. One dimension of Human Security is the Food Security, which seeks to ensure access, availability and use of a stable food in time. Based on this, this paper will focus on the conditions and the theoretical debates during the Cold War, which led to the development of the concept of Human Security and additionally Food Security. Moreover, in this dissertation, we use the analysis of a case study of a specific country, Bolivia, to qualitatively and quantitatively measure the impact and efficiency of Food Security policies implemented in the last decade.

The purpose of this study is twofold; to apply a human security perspective on our understanding of the individual’s role in crisis management policies and to explore how the issue of the individual’s role is represented in policies from the Swedish Contingencies Agency (MSB). Carol Bacchi’s post-structural policy analysis method “What’s the problem represented to be” (WPR) is used to problematize and understand these representations. The method enabled the author to shed light on how the issue is constructed and represented in policy. Interviews with MSB personnel and other professionals served as a valuable complement to get an inside perspective. This study concludes that the role of the individual is represented in terms of economic efficiency, where the individual is viewed as a resource and not an actor. Furthermore, efforts to include and inform the individual is limited to a representation of survival, not empowerment. This has implications for the policies effects and the realization of political goals for a resilient society. This study also concludes that a crisis management structure based on a human security perspective will be more capable of including the individual. Without a human security perspective, the individual will be caught between policy and reality, and the policies intended to include the individual will not produce the desired outcome.

La mission canadienne en Afghanistan constitue la plus longue intervention étrangère de l'histoire du pays et a été marquée par un effort important dans la province de Kandahar depuis 2006. Aujourd'hui, il s'avère que la mission à Kandahar présente des échecs importants. Afin d'appréhender la nature de ces échecs, ce travail propose des pistes de réflexions pour améliorer notre compréhension face à cet enjeu. Pour ce faire, le mémoire se questionne à savoir dans quelle mesure le Canada a-t-il respecté l'approche de sécurité humaine au sein de sa mission à Kandahar? La mission britannique dans la province de Helmand en Afghanistan est également utilisée comme outil de comparaison. En guise d'hypothèse, il est proposé que le Canada n'a pas respecté l'approche de sécurité humaine et que cela pourrait contribuer à la compréhension des échecs de la mission à Kandahar. D'abord, les bilans détaillés de ces missions sont présentés et il est démontré que la mission britannique a connu un meilleur bilan que la mission canadienne. Ensuite, à l'aide de la méthode de l'analyse de contenu et d'un codage, les missions canadiennes et britanniques sont analysées afin de déterminer leur correspondance respective face à l'approche de sécurité humaine. Les résultats démontrent que la mission britannique respecte l'approche de sécurité humaine de façon plus importante que la mission canadienne. Finalement, une analyse documentaire propose des pistes de réflexions afin de comprendre en quoi ce déficit de sécurité humaine pourrait permettre d'expliquer les échecs de cette mission lors de futures recherches. Ce mémoire apporte donc deux conclusions. D'abord, la mission canadienne n'a pas respecté l'approche de sécurité humaine malgré le fait que le Canada ait affirmé l'avoir fait. De plus, il est clair que le non-respect de l'approche de sécurité humaine constitue une avenue intéressante afin de comprendre les insuccès canadiens. / The Canadian mission in Afghanistan is the longest foreign intervention in the history of the country and an important part of it was the mission in the province of Kandahar which started in 2006. Today, it appears that this mission presents important failures. In order to have a better understanding of these failures, this work proposes reflection tracks to improve our knowledge on this issue. To do this, this work asks the following question: how did Canada respected the human security approach in its mission to Kandahar? The United Kingdom mission in the province of Helmand in Afghanistan is also used as comparison tool. The hypothesis suggests that Canada did not respect the human security approach and this may contribute to our understanding of the failures of the mission to Kandahar. First of all, detailed results of the missions are presented and it appears that the UK mission obtained better results than the Canadian mission in Kandahar. Afterwards, the human security approach previously conceptualized is used to compare the two missions. With a coding process, Canadian and British reports are used to compare the correlation of the missions with the human security approach. The results show that the UK mission respected much better the human security approach than the Canadian mission. Finally, a content analysis is proposing reflection tracks that may help to explain the failures of the Canadian mission for future research. This work brings two main conclusions. On a first hand, the Canadian mission did not respect the human security approach even if the Canadian officials declared having respected it. Furthermore, it is clear that a lack of human security approach is a strong reflection track for a better understanding of the failures of the Canadian mission in Kandahar.

The dissertation aims to explore the impact of rape on human security and hence to drawn conclusions about rape as a national security concern in South Africa. The dissertation puts forward six propositions to be explored and tested: · Forcible rape undermines human security. · The extent of rape in South Africa constitutes a widespread threat to the personal safety of especially women and children. · The constitutional commitment to gender equality, the empowerment of women, the rights of children and the right to security of the person are indicative of the severity with which South African society views rape. · These factors combine to render rape a national security concern in South Africa during the past decade, requiring direct measures to be undertaken. · This situation obliges a coordinated government strategic interpretation of the impact of rape on constitutional rights and stability, and evaluation of government policy in this regard. · An integrated government strategy that entails close cooperation with civil society is required to enable the countering and reduction of rape and the ultimate construction of a rape-safe culture in South Africa. The dissertation begins with a conceptual exploration of the concepts of rape, violence, gender violence, human and national security, and then provides an outline of how these concepts have been applied in the post-1994 South African context. Human security is identified as a core element of South African national security. Against the background of the conceptual definitions of terminology used in the dissertation, and the outline of the application of these concepts in South Africa, the extent and nature of rape is described and analysed. The dissertation avoids over-utilisation of statistics given that rape statistics are based to a large extent only on those cases that are reported to the police, and there is a range of factors that result in the under-reporting of rape. The dissertation then describes and comments on the government’s response to rape in the period 2000-2003, outlining the inter-departmental strategies that have been initiated by Cabinet. Through this analysis, the seriousness with which government and parliamentary representatives have viewed rape has been indicated, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the governmental response to rape. This has enabled an indication of certain key aspects of governmental response that must be addressed if the security risk of rape is to be contained. The dissertation concludes that the propositions are indeed supported by the both exploration of the South African policy on rape, human and national security, as well as the operational practice of the relevant government departments. The dissertation indicates a strong emphasis on the criminal justice prosecution of rape cases, and an imbalance in the social crime prevention dimension of government’s response to rape. It is argued that for a successful strategy to combat rape and to achieve a rape-safe culture in South Africa, an integrated governmental response, with a close social compact with civil society, balancing both improved efficiency and effectiveness of the criminal justice prosecution of rape cases, and social crime prevention that addresses the causes of rape, is required. / Dissertation (M (Security Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

The aim of this study is to analyse and critically assess the nature, scope and basis of South Africa‟s official external threat perception as it developed during the period from 1994 to 2012. Accordingly, the assessment allows for the identification of shortcomings in the current national security policy on external security threats, based on the alignment of external threat perceptions with the Government Programme of Action. Essentially what had to be determined is whether perceived official threats correspond with the actual situation. Accordingly, the main research question of the study is: What is the nature, scope and basis of the post-1994 official external threat perception of South Africa? The research problem generated four subsidiary questions: When does a security issue become a national threat? What types of threat are there? How does the South African government perceive these threats? And whose security is threatened? In responding to the main research questions, the study‟s findings note a change in perceptions during the post-Cold War era as to what constituted threats to security. The focus shifted from traditional to non-traditional threats to national security, because most current threats are non-military and transnational in nature. The analysis of South Africa‟s official external threat perception is informed by the changed views of Government towards what are considered the main threats to national security. The study concludes with key findings in response to the stated problem and with specific recommendations. The study confirmed that the nature of threats and security debates post-1994 have changed constantly with the expansion of the security agenda beyond state and military security. The official viewpoint is that South Africa at present is not faced with any military threats. Emphasis is currently placed on human beings as the main object of security. Most identified threats are transnational in nature and these relate to the illegal flow of immigrants, terrorism, organised crime, climate change (linked to food and water security), regional instability and other socio-economic threats. These threats are being perceived and articulated by Government through policy announcements and public speeches, also validated in the critical analysis of various scholars. The concept of non-traditional threats still lacks a commonly accepted definition; hence the study proposes the need for South Africa to define and outline non-military security threats in a comprehensive manner, preferably through the development of a South African External Threat Perception Framework. Developing such a framework will assist security agencies (such as analysts) and other stakeholders in providing advice and guidance to Government in identifying external security threats. This initiative could eliminate the abuse of power by various stakeholders in securitising any issue as a threat to national security, and instead divert those resources to other Government services. Provision should also be made in the form of policy initiatives on the role of military force and other agencies in addressing non-military security threats. Thus, the development of key elements of an integrated national security strategy in order to address external security issues and threats is essential. / Dissertation (MSecurity Studies)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2015 / Political Sciences / MSecurity Studies / Unrestricted

Cyber attacks can target any nodes of the space infrastructure, and while these attacks are called non-violent, there is a credible capability to use cyber attacks to cause direct or indirect physical damage, injury or death. However, the vulnerability of satellites and other space assets to cyber attack is often overlooked, which is a significant failing given society's substantial and ever increasing reliance on satellite technologies. Through a policy analysis, this dissertation assess the set of political provisions provided by the European Union to address the cyber security issue of the space infrastructure. Such study aims at exploring the geopolitical consequences linked to space cyber security risks, and at assessing the political preparedness of the European Union to address these challenges. The perspective of transatlantic cooperation to further support both American and European effort to tackle this security risk is also addressed. The overarching value of the study is to contribute to future European cyber security for space and transatlantic debates by providing useful perspectives and key takeaways on these two domains. Ultimately, he existing set of policies are not sufficient to address the cyber security issue in Outer Space, a unified approach by the European Union and the United...

Ukraine belongs to the most landmine contaminated countries in the world. Therefore, humanitarian mine action (HMA) is an important area of work for Ukraine’s humanitarian protection cluster. In Ukraine, landmine contamination produces gendered insecurities and vulnerabilities. Casualties are predominantly men, while the affected population has a high proportion of vulnerable people, including women, the elderly, displaced and the disabled.  This study investigates which strategies were applied by organisations in the Ukraine’s mine action sub-cluster in order to respond to gendered insecurities and vulnerabilities to landmine contamination and by empowering vulnerable groups through their programmes. It is based on semi-structured interviews with representatives of HMA operators and international organisations in Ukraine. The main findings are that HMA operators in Ukraine considered gender and diversity to reach marginalised groups for operational purposes, such as internally displaced people (IDPs) and the elderly, by conducting household visits and deploying diverse teams. While operators adopted an evidence-based approach to explosive ordnance risk education (EORE), programmes predominantly focused on children, despite the largest at-risk group being adult men. More than in operations, gender mainstreaming was visible in operators’ efforts to offer equal employment opportunities in the HMA sector, supporting the affected population socio-economically. However, for meaningful participation in decision making in the sector, more time and continuous effort is required to help women advance even further into senior roles of impact.  Challenges to adequately mainstream gender were the lack of a centralised information management system and difficulties accessing the affected population. Particularly since early 2020, gender mainstreaming in community interaction has been severely limited due to COVID-19 related contact restrictions. Technological solutions were identified as the main opportunity for continued community interaction and EORE amid these access restrictions.

1 Abstract Humanitarian intervention is one of the most contentious issues of contemporary international politics. The roots of the concept of humanitarian intervention can be traced back to the just war theory. Having examined the practice of states, I lean towards the opinion that the international custom legalizing humanitarian intervention has not fully crystallized. Although the realist school comes up with a few very convincing points, I think that the Charter of the United Nations, as it stands now, does not allow to carry out a humanitarian intervention. The International Court of Justice case law does not consider humanitarian intervention legal. The concept of human security became one of the fundamental sources of legitimization of the Responsibility to Protect doctrine. It also served as one of the principles, upon which the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty had built the doctrine of The Responsibility to Protect. The principles of the Responsibility to Protect doctrine were passed by the UN General Assembly at the 2005 World Summit. A year later, these principles were referred to in a Security Council resolution on the protection of civilians in armed conflict. Although the United Nations General Assembly resolutions are not legally binding, their come from the fact...

The aim of this research paper is to answer the question: to what measure, from the perspective of the human security concept, do the progressive participatory- inclusive trends of urban development, built on the principle of organic thinking about city-society, represent a cheaper, efficient and long-term preventive strategies to counter violence and insecurity compared to rather traditional control-repressive reaction using security forces and whether they are universally applicable. The direction where the urban development agenda, eventually infrastructure building, will evolve has the capacity to influence everyday security and quality of life of more than half of the global population. No matter if and how the national armies are prepared, if and where can the state allocate basic energetic resources or how is the state ready to face eventual terrorist attack. Presented examples of a breakthrough transformation of society, physical environment and security n Bogotá under the mayors Mockus and Penalosa together with the transformation of development strategies of New York City based on the reflection of the globally growing discourse of the human scale urbanism and human security in cities under mayor Bloomberg both demonstrate that in efforts to increase the comprehensive quality of life and...

This work focuses on situations where two different sectors of human security - economic and environmental - clash. It uses the currently popular topic of shale gas in the United States in order to determine what happens when such conflict occurs. It also tries to find out which sector potentially dominates in this conflict. The first part of the work defines the research questions, states my preliminary working thesis and discusses sources used. The theoretical background of the whole work is then outlined in the second part. Special attention is given to the concept of human security and the Copenhagen school, i.e. to elements that widened the traditional perception of security. The second part, however, is also engaged in the definition of the theoretical framework of given security sectors in the context of US shale gas. The third part is the core of the work's research. Here, various mini case studies within the United States and their economic and environmental variables are discussed. The aim is to find out what happened in specific cases when the clash of the two sectors occurred. The fourth part aims to outline the possible factors not mentioned in the third part, which, however, could still play a role in the shaping of the results. In the fifth section, there is a preliminary analysis of...