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O presente trabalho teve como finalidade estudar os efeitos das variações do vento resultantes de ocorrências do fenômeno El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) nos padrões da circulação superficial ao longo da costa peruana, através da análise de dados observados e de modelagem numérica. É enfocado o período 1991-2000, quando ocorreram fortes eventos La Niña (1996-97, 1998-2000) e El Niño (1997- 98). Esses eventos tiveram fortes impactos em escala global mas muito pouco se sabe sobre os impactos locais na estrutura da termoclina e no ciclo da dinâmica de Ekman ao longo da costa peruana. Os dados analisados no presente estudo foram dados coletados em duas radiais ao longo das latitudes 5 S e 15 S. O modelo oceânico utilizado foi o Modelo da Universidade de Princeton (Princeton Ocean Model-POM). As simulações numéricas foram forçadas com produtos de vento relativos ao período 1991-2000. Essas simulações reproduziram satisfatoriamente os padrões médios da circulação na região de estudo, confirmando que nas áreas próximas da costa o vento é o principal mecanismo gerador de ressurgência ou subsidência. Os resultados mostraram que durante a ocorrência do forte evento El Niño 1997-1998, nas radiais de 5 S e 15 S, houve uma drástica alteração do sistema de ressurgência costeira em resposta às variações do vento. / The objective of the present work was to study the effects of variability in the wind due to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation events in the surface circulation patterns of the Peruvian coast, by means of data analysis and numerical modeling. It is focused the period 1991-2000, when it was observed strong La Niña (1996-1997, 1998-2000) and El Niño events (1997-98). These events had strong effects worlwide but very little is known on the local impacts on the circulation, thermocline structure and the Ekman dynamics of the Peruvian coast. The data analysed in the present study were collected on transects along 5 S and 15 S. The model used was an implementation of the Princeton Ocean Model (POM). The numerical simulations were forced with wind products relative to the period of interest (1991-2000). The simulations reproduced satisfactorily the mean circulation patterns in the study area, confirming that the in the nearshore region the wind is the main driving mechanism for coastal upwelling/downwelling. The results show that during the strong 1997-1998 El Niño, a drastic alteration of the coastal upwelling system ocurred in response to the changes in the wind.

Native chemische Ligation ist heutzutage die Methode der Wahl für die chemische Synthese von Proteinen. Die Voraussetzung der Methode: ein Cystein Rest am N-Terminus, gilt als größter Nachteil der Methode. N-alpha-Auxiliare werden seit mehreren Jahren als Cystein-Surrogat verwendet, um diese Einschränkungen zu überwinden. Aufgrund zahlreicher Einschränkungen haben sich die Auxiliare als Standard Methode nicht durchgesetzt. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurde eine neue Klase N-alpah-Auxiliare entwickelt. Die Auxiliare sind einfach zu synthesieren, können direkt auf den Festphasen in das Peptid eingeführt und unter milden basischen Bedingungen wieder abgespalten werden. Modelversuche wurden durchgeführt um ihr Eigenschaften hinsichtlich der native chemische Ligation und Abspaltung zu evaluieren. Daraufhin wurden die Auxiliare für die Synthese der antimikrobiellen Domäne des Dermicidin Proteins verwendet. Die chemische Ligation an der festen Phase hat in den letzten Jahren erheblich an Popularität gewonnen. Die Methode profitiert von der einfachen Reinigungseigenschaften der Festphasensynthese und erlaubt die sequenzielle Verknüpfung von mehreren Peptidfragmenten zu den gewünschten Zielproteinen mit hohen Reinheiten. Im zweiten Teil der Dissertation wurde das Konzept der chemische Festphasen Ligation mit der Hilfe eines „Second Generation“ Auxiliar über die Cysteinchemie hinaus erweitert. Durch Auxiliar-unterstüzte Festphase Ligation“ wurde die variable tandem repeats Domäne des MUC1 Proteins hergestellt. / Native chemical ligation continues to lead as the method of choice for the total chemical synthesis of proteins. Despite the methods broad use the method requirement for a terminal cysteine residue remains its biggest disadvantage. N-alpah-auxiliaries have long been used to overcome this inherent hindrance by acting as cysteine mimics. The method however has still not achieved broad use due to several key issues. In the first part of the thesis a new class of N-alpha-auxiliaries is presented. The auxiliaries are straightforwardly synthesized, readily introduced onto the peptide building blocks and cleaved under mild basic conditions. Model tests were carried out to evaluate the auxiliaries’ characteristics and their removal chemistry was developed. Finally, the auxiliary was utilized for the synthesis of the antimicrobial C-terminal domain of Dermicidine. Solid phase chemical ligation has grown in popularity in the recent years. Benefitting from the solid-phase inherent purification characteristic it allows for multiple peptide fragments to be ligated in a sequential fashion to yield the full length protein target in high purity. In the second part of the dissertation the concept of solid phase chemical ligation is expanded beyond the cysteine junction using a “second generation” auxiliary. MUC1 protein variable tandem repeats domain was synthesized using auxiliary-assisted solid phase chemical ligation.

O presente trabalho teve como finalidade estudar os efeitos das variações do vento resultantes de ocorrências do fenômeno El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) nos padrões da circulação superficial ao longo da costa peruana, através da análise de dados observados e de modelagem numérica. É enfocado o período 1991-2000, quando ocorreram fortes eventos La Niña (1996-97, 1998-2000) e El Niño (1997- 98). Esses eventos tiveram fortes impactos em escala global mas muito pouco se sabe sobre os impactos locais na estrutura da termoclina e no ciclo da dinâmica de Ekman ao longo da costa peruana. Os dados analisados no presente estudo foram dados coletados em duas radiais ao longo das latitudes 5 S e 15 S. O modelo oceânico utilizado foi o Modelo da Universidade de Princeton (Princeton Ocean Model-POM). As simulações numéricas foram forçadas com produtos de vento relativos ao período 1991-2000. Essas simulações reproduziram satisfatoriamente os padrões médios da circulação na região de estudo, confirmando que nas áreas próximas da costa o vento é o principal mecanismo gerador de ressurgência ou subsidência. Os resultados mostraram que durante a ocorrência do forte evento El Niño 1997-1998, nas radiais de 5 S e 15 S, houve uma drástica alteração do sistema de ressurgência costeira em resposta às variações do vento. / The objective of the present work was to study the effects of variability in the wind due to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation events in the surface circulation patterns of the Peruvian coast, by means of data analysis and numerical modeling. It is focused the period 1991-2000, when it was observed strong La Niña (1996-1997, 1998-2000) and El Niño events (1997-98). These events had strong effects worlwide but very little is known on the local impacts on the circulation, thermocline structure and the Ekman dynamics of the Peruvian coast. The data analysed in the present study were collected on transects along 5 S and 15 S. The model used was an implementation of the Princeton Ocean Model (POM). The numerical simulations were forced with wind products relative to the period of interest (1991-2000). The simulations reproduced satisfactorily the mean circulation patterns in the study area, confirming that the in the nearshore region the wind is the main driving mechanism for coastal upwelling/downwelling. The results show that during the strong 1997-1998 El Niño, a drastic alteration of the coastal upwelling system ocurred in response to the changes in the wind.

This thesis focuses on mineralogy, geochemistry, and origin of eight pegmatites and two spatially associated granites of Late Archean and Paleoproterozoic ages located in Marquette and Dickinson Counties, Michigan. Biotite geochemistry reveals that both granites and all pegmatites are peraluminous and have an orogenic signature. However, bulk composition reveals the Humboldt granite is a peraluminous A-type granite and the Bell Creek granite is a peraluminous mix between I-, S-, and A-type granites. The Republic Mine pegmatite appears to be geochemically similar to the Bell Creek granite and Grizzly pegmatite. The Crockley pegmatite is genetically related to the Humboldt granite. The Groveland Mine, Sturgeon River, and Hwy69 pegmatites appear to be a product of the Peavy Pond Complex being contaminated with the Marquette Range Super Group. Contamination and anatexis have made classification of the granites and pegmatites problematic. The Grizzly should be classified as a primitive LCT-type even though this pegmatite lacks characteristic enrichment associated with LCT pegmatites. Mineralogical geochemistry reveals that the Republic Mine is relatively more primitive than other pegmatites and should be classified as a primitive Mixed-type pegmatite. Groveland Mine has mineralogy and geochemistry not normally associated with NYF-type pegmatites and should be classified as Mixed. The Crockley pegmatite should be classified as NYF-type with a primitive LCT overprint. Dolfin, Hwy69, Sturgeon River, and Black River pegmatites should be classified as Rare Element, REE, NYF-type, although the Black River has slight tantalum enrichment expressed in columbite group minerals.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1988. / Vita. Bibliography: leaves [235]-255.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-04-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:25:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 barbosa_t_dr_prud.pdf: 1833394 bytes, checksum: f15b58808366e115e594d8f49d673627 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Partimos da tese que o romantismo germânico influenciou, decisivamente, a reelaboração das ciências humanas, neste caso, estudamos especificamente a ciência geográfica e sua constituição a partir do século XIX. Para isso compreendemos o juízo estético como fundamental para entender o desdobramento do romantismo germânico, já que defendemos que a estética romântica germânica, influenciada por Kant, proporcionou o desenvolvimento da ciência geográfica antecedida pela paisagem. Neste sentido a compreensão da paisagem do século XIX foi precedida pelos ideais românticos e se firmou, naquele momento, enquanto categoria estética-geográfica; assim, posteriormente, possibilitou o desenvolvimento das ciências da natureza e das ciências humanas, o que resultou na Geografia. Um dos primeiros interlocutores entre o romantismo, as ciências humanas e as ciências da natureza foi Humboldt que baseou suas observações também nos elementos estéticos para a natureza, daí a importância em verificarmos a relação estética na Geografia a partir de Kant, Schelling, Fichte, e Goethe para compreendermos as relações conceituais que compõe a paisagem do século XIX e o desenvolvimento da Geografia / This research studies as the Germanic romanticism influenced decisively the reworking of the humanities in this case specifically studied geographical science and its formation from the nineteenth century. To understand this aesthetic judgment as fundamental to understanding the unfolding of Germanic Romanticism, as we argue that the Germanic Romantic style, influenced by Kant, enabled the development of geographical science preceded by the landscape. In order to understand the landscape of the nineteenth century was preceded by romantic ideals and established himself at that moment as an aesthetic category, geographical, so subsequently enabled the development of natural science and humanities, which resulted in Geography. One of the first contact between the romanticism of humanities and natural science was Humboldt who based his observations on the aesthetics for nature, hence the importance to verify the relationship between aesthetics in geography from Kant, Schelling, Fichte, and Goethe to understand the relationships of the concepts that comprise the landscape of the nineteenth century and the development of geography

Confucius is often considered a great teacher and the sage of Chinese philosophy for thousands of years. His teachings laid the foundation for an education system that prevailed for almost 2000 years before being outlawed by the revolution in 1905. Confucius himself was adamant about the need for education in the society at large, where he saw the need for the people to return to the golden ages of past kings where the kings ruled with benevolence and with righteousness.    But what did Confucius teachings say? What did the students read and study, and what ideals were presented to the students? What were the teacher’s roles and how did the Chinese society look upon them? What was considered valuable knowledge, and how was this argued in the actual works that were studied?    These are some of the questions that this essay examines and tries to answer.

Roger Paulin, einer der besten Kenner der europäischen Literatur des 18. Jahrhunderts, bereitet die erste neuere Biographie zu August Wilhelm Schlegel vor. Die Grundlage dafür ist der Nachlass Schlegels, der sich im Bestand der Handschriftenabteilung der SLUB Dresden befindet.