Under the electric dipole approximation, second harmonic of the incident light is scattered by a collection of randomly oriented molecular dipoles in solution due to instantaneous orientational fluctuation which is directional. If two such dipoles are correlated in space through intermolecular or other interactions, the intensity of the second harmonic scattered light (SHSL) will be related to the extent of such interactions. If two dipoles are arranged in a particular geometry by design, the geometry will determine the intensity of the SHSL. If a molecule has no dipole moment, the intensity of the SHSL will be less and is only allowed by higher order electric multipoles. If two such zero-dipole molecules interact with each other and transfer some amount of electronic charge from one to the other, the induced dipole moment will give rise to an enhanced SHSL. However, along with the direction of the dipole moment from the donor to the acceptor, the actual geometry of such molecular dimer/complex should also play an important role to determine the nature of the SHSL response. If all the isotropic nonzero components of first hyperpolarizability (β) are taken into account, from the measurement of β and related quantities such as depolarization ratios, in solution it should be possible to derive information about the geometry of the dimer/complex. This is precisely the motivation behind this thesis. Chapter 1 gives a brief introduction of 1:1 charge transfer (CT) complexes between a donor and an acceptor and their importance in chemistry. It also contains an introduction to nonlinear optics, various spectroscopic techniques to characterize CT complexes, etc. The motivation of extracting the geometry of such complexes from hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) measurements in solution is presented in this chapter. In Chapter 2, all the experimental details of the unpolarized and polarization resolved HRS measurements at various excitation wavelengths have been described. Generation of infrared wavelengths (1543 nm and 1907 nm) using stimulated Raman scattering in gases have also been discussed. In Chapter 3, the first hyperpolarizability (βHRS) for two series of 1:1 molecular complexes between methyl substituted benzene donors with tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone (CHL) and dicyanodichloro-p-benzoquinone (DDQ) acceptors in solution at 1543 nm have been presented. Enhancement of βHRS due to charge transfer from the donor to the acceptor molecule which was predicted theoretically has been verified. Using linearly (electric field vector along X direction) and circularly polarized incident light, respectively, two macroscopic depolarization ratios D = I2ω,X,X/I2ω,Z,X and D' = I2ω,X,C/I2ω,Z,C in the laboratory fixed XYZ frame by detecting the SHSL in a polarization resolved fashion have been measured. The experimentally obtained first hyperpolarizability (βHRS), D and D' values, are then matched with the theoretically calculated values from single and double configuration interaction calculations using the Zerner’s intermediate neglect of differential overlap and the self-consistent reaction field (ZINDO–SDCI– SCRF) approach by adjusting the geometrical parameters. It has been found that in most of the CT complexes studied here, there exists a significant twist in the equilibrium geometry at room temperature which is not a simple slipped parallel geometry as was believed. In chapter 4, the βHRS, D and D' values of 1:1 pyridine (PY)-chloranil (CHL) complex at 1064 nm have been described. Previous theoretical studies have shown that there is a tilt angle of 77.9 degree in the gas phase PY-CHL complex. In this chapter, this prediction about the geometry of 1:1 PY-CHL complex has been probed. The experimentally found βHRS, D and D' are matched well with theoretically calculated values, using ZINDO–SDCI–SCRF, for a cofacial geometry of PY-CHL complex in solution indicating that the solution geometry is different from the gas phase geometry. In Chapter 5, the βHRS, D and D' for a series of 1:1 complexes of tropyliumtetrafluoroborate and methyl-substituted benzenes in solution at 1064 nm have been reported. The measured D and D' values vary from 1.36 to 1.46 and 1.62 to 1.72, respectively and are much lower than the values expected from a typical sandwich or a T-shaped geometry. The lowering in D and D' indicates that these complexes have higher symmetry than C2v. The value of D close to 1.5 indicates there is a significant octupolar contribution in such complexes. In order to probe it further, βHRS, D and D' were computed using the ZINDO-SDCI-SCRF technique in the presence of BF4-anion. By arranging the three BF4-ions in a C3 symmetry around the complex in such a way that electrical neutrality is maintained, the computed values are brought to agreement with experiments. This unprecedented influence of the anion on the HRS, D and D' values of these complexes are discussed in this chapter. In Chapter 6, the effect of dipolar interactions, within a multichromophoric system, on the second order nonlinear optical properties have been studied. It has been found that the βHRS response of the multichromophoric system is always larger than expected for uncorrelated chromophores demonstrating that the dipole moment of individual chromophores are not merely additive within the multichromophoric system but contribute cooperatively to the SHSL signal. Also the relative orientation and nature of the chromophores and the angle of interaction between them alter the HRS values. Chapter 7 is the concluding chapter in which all the work done in the thesis has been summarized and future direction has been proposed.

Dans le milieu aéronautique, la simulation numérique s'est largement imposée dans le développement industriel des systèmes complexes. De la conception au suivi en service, les simulations numériques sont nombreuses et variées. Afin de proposer des méthodes alternatives aux méthodes de calcul intensif, la réduction de modèle permet de réduire considérablement le coût de la résolution numérique des problèmes non linéaires en projetant les équations aux dérivées partielles sur une base réduite. De plus, la description des phénomènes physiques requiert une loi de comportement élaborée dont une simplification est considérée en exploitant une partie restreinte du domaine spatial. Les études effectuées ont pour but d'apporter certains développements à la méthode incrémentale et adaptative A Priori Hyper Reduction dans le cas des matériaux hétérogènes. Ces développements sont intégrés dans le code éléments finis Z-set et utilisés pour traiter une série d'exemples académiques sur des structures composites.

Face à l’évolution sinueuse de l’intégration européenne, notre objectif est d’analyser, depuis la perspective de la théorie des systèmes de Niklas Luhmann, le processus suivi par le système politique en Europe. Si Luhmann n’a jamais réalisé une observation ponctuelle de la question, sa théorie nous apporte un cadre pluridisciplinaire à la capacité d’innovation remarquable au regard de la complexité de la société moderne, des relations post-nationales et de la reconfiguration du politique. Cette approche est notamment prometteuse dans un contexte de décentration du politique par rapport à la société européenne, et de décentration des Etats nationaux par rapport au système politique. Ce contexte provoque une incertitude face au futur, qui fait à la fois écho à un moment de transition dans la réalité et dans notre formulation théorique de cette réalité. Notre recherche vise donc à une reformulation de la structure conceptuelle systémique dont l’actualisation nous semble nécessaire. Par delà le caractère fécond des observations, descriptions et concepts de la théorie des systèmes tels que l’anti-régionalisme, le post-humanisme, le constructivisme ou la spécificité du politique, nous défendons l’introduction et l’application d’un schéma conceptuel qui cible l’analyse du social dans ses aspects complexes, multi-niveaux, « polycontexturels » et polycentriques, et dans ses temporalités multiples. L’Europe prend une référence particulière, au croisement d’une complexité globale (la « société-monde ») et d’une complexité héritée de la différenciation territoriale (Etats-nations et régions); ce travail se propose de trouver une perspective qui permettra d’observer ce phénomène. / Facing to the winding evolution of European integration, our aim is to analyze the process followed by the political system in Europe, from the perspective of Niklas Luhmann’s System Theory. Although Luhmann has never made a punctual observation about this question, his theory gives us a pluridisciplinary framework with a remarkable innovative ability in order to think modern society’s complexity, post-national relations and political reconfigurations. This is an auspicious approach in a context of political decentralization with regard to the European society, and a context of decentralization of the National-State with regard to the political system. This original situation provokes an uncertainty face to the future which shows a transitional moment in reality as well as in theoretical formulation on this reality. Our research focuses on reformulating the system’s structure of concepts; we consider its renewal necessary. Despites the fructiferous nature of system theory’s observations, descriptions and concepts: anti-regionalism, post-humanism, constructivism or the specificity of politics for instance; we propose the introduction and application of a renewed conceptual schema that focuses on the analysis of society in its complexity, multi-level, “policontextural”, polycentric aspects as well as multiple temporalities. Europe itself takes a particular reference in the intertwined theoretical space of a global complexity (“World-Society”) and of a complexity inherited from territorial differentiation (Nation- States and regions); our research tries to find out the best possible perspective from which we could observe this phenomenon.

This dissertation argues for the hope that is found in G. C. Berkouwer’s doctrines of providence and bodily resurrection in relation to the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, and the rising pervasiveness of the doctrine of hyperpreterism among American Reformed circles. In Part I of the dissertation, Berkouwer’s doctrine of providence is explained and then evaluated and applied. By way of explanation and exposition, Berkouwer’s knowledge of providence is examined, along with his theology of providence in sustenance and government, in relation to miracles, and the dilemma of the existence of God and evil. Following that is an evaluation and application of the doctrine to the 9/11 terrorist attack on America. In Part II, a theological/doctrinal study is undertaken concerning the doctrine of resurrection. Hyper-preterism is examined, along with its leading proponents, and placed into interaction with Berkouwer’s views of the doctrine of the physical resurrection of the body at the eschaton. / Theology / M.Th. (Philosophy & Systematic Theology)

Interval analysis is an essential tool in the construction of validated numerical solutions of Initial Value Problems (IVP) for Ordinary (ODE) and Partial (PDE) Differential Equations. A validated solution typically consists of guaranteed lower and upper bounds for the exact solution or set of exact solutions in the case of uncertain data, i.e. it is an interval function (enclosure) containing all solutions of the problem. IVP for ODE: The central point of discussion is the wrapping effect. A new concept of wrapping function is introduced and applied in studying this effect. It is proved that the wrapping function is the limit of the enclosures produced by any method of certain type (propagate and wrap type). Then, the wrapping effect can be quantified as the difference between the wrapping function and the optimal interval enclosure of the solution set (or some norm of it). The problems with no wrapping effect are characterized as problems for which the wrapping function equals the optimal interval enclosure. A sufficient condition for no wrapping effect is that there exist a linear transformation, preserving the intervals, which reduces the right-hand side of the system of ODE to a quasi-isotone function. This condition is also necessary for linear problems and "near" necessary in the general case. Hyperbolic PDE: The Initial Value Problem with periodic boundary conditions for the wave equation is considered. It is proved that under certain conditions the problem is an operator equation with an operator of monotone type. Using the established monotone properties, an interval (validated) method for numerical solution of the problem is proposed. The solution is obtained step by step in the time dimension as a Fourier series of the space variable and a polynomial of the time variable. The numerical implementation involves computations in Fourier and Taylor functoids. Propagation of discontinuo~swaves is a serious problem when a Fourier series is used (Gibbs phenomenon, etc.). We propose the combined use of periodic splines and Fourier series for representing discontinuous functions and a method for propagating discontinuous waves. The numerical implementation involves computations in a Fourier hyper functoid. / Mathematical Sciences / D. Phil. (Mathematics)

Le syndrome de vibration main-bras (HAVS) est généralement provoqué par l'utilisation d'outils électriques portatifs sur le long terme ; il se manifeste après une exposition au froid, en provoquant une forte et anormale vasoconstriction des vaisseaux sanguins. L'objectif de la thèse est d'établir un nouveau modèle prédictif des changements géométriques et structurels des parois des capillaires causés par l'exposition des membres supérieurs aux vibrations. Le contexte médical du HAVS est rappelé en premier lieu, en particulier les mécanismes pathologiques sous-jacents. Les modèles constitutifs des tissus mous de la pulpe de doigt et de la paroi du vaisseau en croissance issus de la littérature sont rappelés. Dans la troisième partie de la thèse, les paramètres élastiques et visqueux de la pulpe du doigt sont identifiés par le recalage des résultats de la simulation d'un modèle 2D d'une section transversale du bout du doigt avec des données expérimentales. La dernière partie de la thèse aborde la modélisation de la croissance des capillaires induite par la vibration de l'outil, en considérant des échelles spatiales et temporelles macroscopique et microscopique. Le problème spatial multi-échelles est résolu par une méthode de zoom structural, le champ de déformation calculé à l’échelle macroscopique définissant la condition limite appliquée ensuite à l’échelle microscopique. Le problème multi-échelle de temps est résolu en transformant le problème dynamique en un problème équivalent quasi-statique. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les vibrations induisent l'épaississement de la paroi du capillaire, l’effet étant maximum au voisinage de la fréquence de résonance. Des analyses paramétriques sont réalisées pour étudier la relation entre la croissance des capillaires en fonction de la localisation dans la pulpe du doigt, la fréquence de la vibration, l’amplitude de la pré-charge statique, et la dose de vibrations / Hand-Arm Vibration syndrome (HAVS) is usually caused by long-term use of hand-held power tools. It typically occurs after exposure to cold, causing an abnormally strong vasoconstriction of blood vessels. A model predicting the geometrical and structural changes of the arterial walls caused by vibration exposure is developed for the first time in this thesis. The medical context of HAVS is first recalled, especially the underlying pathological mechanisms. The constitutive models for the finger pulp and the growth of the vessel wall from the literature are used as a basis for the modeling of the arterial wall remodeling under exposure to vibration. The elastic and viscous parameters of the fingertip have been identified by adjusting the simulation results of a 2D model of fingertip cross-section to available experimental data. The last part of the thesis develops a first attempt to build the growth model of capillary induced by the tool vibration, considering multiscale spatial and temporal aspects. The two-scale spatial problem is solved by a structure focus, the deformation field computed at the macro level defining the boundary condition next applied at the microscopic level. The two-scale time problem is solved by transforming the dynamic problem into a quasi-static problem. The results obtained show that vibration induces an increase of the thickness of the capillary's wall. Parametric analyses were carried out to study the relationships between the capillary growth and their localization within finger’s pulp, the vibration frequency, the magnitude of the static preload and the vibration dose

This thesis explores motion trajectory-based approaches to recognize human actions in real-world, unconstrained videos. Recognizing actions is an important task in applications such as video retrieval, surveillance, human-robot interactions, analysis of sports videos, summarization of videos, behaviour monitoring, etc. There has been a considerable amount of research done in this regard. Earlier work used to be on videos captured by static cameras where it was relatively easy to recognise the actions. With more videos being captured by moving cameras, recognition of actions in such videos with irregular camera motion is still a challenge in unconstrained settings with variations in scale, view, illumination, occlusion and unrelated motions in the background. With the increase in videos being captured from wearable or head-mounted cameras, recognizing actions in egocentric videos is also explored in this thesis. At first, an effective motion segmentation method to identify the camera motion in videos captured by moving cameras is explored. Next, action recognition in videos captured in normal third-person view (perspective) is discussed. Further, the action recognition approaches for first-person (egocentric) views are investigated. First-person videos are often associated with frequent unintended camera motion. This is due to the motion of the head resulting in the motion of the head-mounted cameras (wearable cameras). This is followed by recognition of actions in egocentric videos in a multicamera setting. And lastly, novel feature encoding and subvolume sampling (for “deep” approaches) techniques are explored in the context of action recognition in videos. The first part of the thesis explores two effective segmentation approaches to identify the motion due to camera. The first approach is based on curve fitting of the motion trajectories and finding the model which best fits the camera motion model. The curve fitting approach works when the trajectories generated are smooth enough. To overcome this drawback and segment trajectories under non-smooth conditions, a second approach based on trajectory scoring and grouping is proposed. By identifying the instantaneous dominant background motion and accordingly aggregating the scores (denoting the “foregroundness”) along the trajectory, the motion that is associated with the camera can be separated from the motion due to foreground objects. Additionally, the segmentation result has been used to align videos from moving cameras, resulting in videos that seem to be captured by nearly-static cameras. In the second part of the thesis, recognising actions in normal videos captured from third-person cameras is investigated. To this end, two kinds of descriptors are explored. The first descriptor is the covariance descriptor adapted for the motion trajectories. The covariance descriptor for a trajectory encodes the co-variations of different features along the trajectory’s length. Covariance, being a second-order encoding, encodes information of the trajectory that is different from that of the first-order encoding. The second descriptor is based on Granger causality. The novel causality descriptor encodes the “cause and effect” relationships between the motion trajectories of the actions. This type of interaction descriptors captures the causal inter-dependencies among the motion trajectories and encodes complimentary information different from those descriptors based on the occurrence of features. The causal dependencies are traditionally computed on time-varying signals. We extend it further to capture dependencies between spatiotemporal signals and compute generalised causality descriptors which perform better than their traditional counterparts. An egocentric or first-person video is captured from the perspective of the personof-interest (POI). The POI wears a camera and moves around doing his/her activities. This camera records the events and activities as seen by him/her. The POI who is performing actions or activities is not seen by the camera worn by him/her. Activities performed by the POI are called first-person actions and third-person actions are those done by others and observed by the POI. The third part of the thesis explores action recognition in egocentric videos. Differentiating first-person and third-person actions is important when summarising/analysing the behaviour of the POI. Thus, the goal is to recognise the action and the perspective from which it is being observed. Trajectory descriptors are adapted to recognise actions along with the motion trajectory ranking method of segmentation as pre-processing step to identify the camera motion. The motion segmentation step is necessary to remove unintended head motion (camera motion) during video capture. To recognise actions and corresponding perspectives in a multi-camera setup, a novel inter-view causality descriptor based on the causal dependencies between trajectories in different views is explored. Since this is a new problem being addressed, two first-person datasets are created with eight actions in third-person and first-person perspectives. The first dataset is a single camera dataset with action instances from first-person and third-person views. The second dataset is a multi-camera dataset with each action instance having multiple first-person and third-person views. In the final part of the thesis, a feature encoding scheme and a subvolume sampling scheme for recognising actions in videos is proposed. The proposed Hyper-Fisher Vector feature encoding is based on embedding the Bag-of-Words encoding into the Fisher Vector encoding. The resulting encoding is simple, effective and improves the classification performance over the state-of-the-art techniques. This encoding can be used in place of the traditional Fisher Vector encoding in other recognition approaches. The proposed subvolume sampling scheme, used to generate second layer features in “deep” approaches for action recognition in videos, is based on iteratively increasing the size of the valid subvolumes in the temporal direction to generate newer subvolumes. The proposed sampling requires lesser number of subvolumes to be generated to “better represent” the actions and thus, is less computationally intensive compared to the original sampling scheme. The techniques are evaluated on large-scale, challenging, publicly available datasets. The Hyper-Fisher Vector combined with the proposed sampling scheme perform better than the state-of-the-art techniques for action classification in videos.

Orientador: Maximiliano Martin Vicente / Banca: Daniel dos Santos / Banca: Murilo Cesar Soares / Resumo: Conforme o mercado de luxo foi crescendo, inúmeros desafios surgiram diante dele, sendo a Internet um dos principais. Apesar de representar uma excelente oportunidade na construção de uma marca, a Internet é uma mídia de acesso global, cuja ampla disseminação colocaria em risco conceitos substanciais de luxo, como sua tradição, raridade e exclusividade. Nesse sentido, desde a popularização da Internet, tornou-se muito recorrente a dúvida se a mídia seria uma oportunidade ou uma ameaça para os negócios de luxo. É por isso que essa pesquisa visa compreender as mudanças estabelecidas pela Web no universo premium, identificando e avaliando os conceitos, significados e valores envolvidos na comunicação de marcas de luxo na Internet. O objetivo é compreender se esta comunicação consegue manter os valores do luxo, como exclusividade e status, e ainda, agregar novos valores. Para isso, realizou-se uma minuciosa Análise de Conteúdo dos websites de três das mais importantes grifes globais - Yves Saint Laurent, Givenchy e Dior - em parceria com as teorias da 'Sociedade de Hiperconsumo' de Lipovetsky, 'Cauda Longa' de Chris Anderson e 'Interação Mediada por Computador' de Alex Primo, cujos pensamentos, contemporâneos possibilitaram a interpretação dos dados coletados. Como o objetivo é também identificar as mudanças trazidas pela Web, a técnica encontrada foi uma análise comparativa do conteúdo dos sites com a comunicação tradicional, aqui representada por anúncios publicitários da revista Vogue América. Como resultado, a pesquisa observou que a Internet é uma excelente oportunidade para as marcas de luxo construírem relações mais próximas e personalizadas com seus consumidores e que o luxo é um setor capaz de se reinventar e assumir facetas diferentes ao longo do tempo, associando-se a determinadas posturas e práticas conforme as tendências sócio-culturais... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: As the luxury market has grown, many challenges have appeared, and the Internet is one of the biggest. Althrough it represent an excellent opportunity to build a brand, the Internet is a global media access, which wide dissemination could endanger substantial concepts of luxury, as its tradition, rarity and exclusivity. Therafore, since the popularization of the Web, has become common the doubt whether the online media would be an apportunity or a threat to the business of luxury. This research seeks to understand the changes established by the Internet on the luxury universe, identifying and evaluating the concepts, meanings and values envolved in the communication of the luxury brands on the Internet. The purpose is to understand whether this communication can keep the values of luxury, as exclusivity and status, and also add new values. Thereby, was perfomed a detailed content analysis of the Website of three global brands - Yves Saint Laurent, Givenchy and Dior - in partnership with the theories of the "Hyper-consumption Society" by Lipovetsky, 'Long Tail' by Chris Anderson and 'Interaction Mediated by Computer' by Alex Primo, whose contemporary thoughts enabled an interpretation of collected data. Since the intend is to identify the changes brought by the Web, the appropriate technique was a comparative analysis of the content of sites with traditional communication, here represent by advertising in Vogue America magazine. As result, the research observes that the Internet in an excellent opportunity for luxury brands to build closer and personalized relations with its consumers and that luxury sector is able to reinvent itself and take on different facets over time, associating with certain attitudes and practices according to the socio-cultural tendencies. Always retains some characteristics of which the distinctive character is the most obvious... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Une méthode complètement Eulérienne reposant sur un modèle 1-fluide est présentée afinde résoudre les problèmes d’interaction fluide-structure élastique. L’interface entre le fluideet la structure élastique est représentée par une fonction level-set, transportée par le champde vitesse du fluide et résolue par un schéma d’ordre élevé WENO 5. Les déformationsélastiques sont calculées sur la grille eulérienne à l’aide des caractéristiques rétrogrades.Nous utilisons différents modèles d’hyperélasticité, afin de générer puis d’intégrer les forcesélastiques comme terme source des équations de Navier Stokes. Le couplage vitesse/pressionest résolu par une méthode de correction de pression et les équations sont discrétisées parla méthode des volumes finis sur la grille eulérienne. La principale difficulté réside dansles grands déplacements de fluide autour du solide, source d’instabilités numériques. Afind’éviter ces problèmes, nous effectuons périodiquement une redistanciation de la level-setet une extrapolation linéaire des caractéristiques rétrogrades. Dans un premier temps,nous effectuons la vérification et la validation de notre approche à l’aide de plusieurs castests comme celui proposé par Turek. Ensuite, nous appliquons notre méthode à l’étudedu phénomène d’atténuation des vagues par des structures élastiques. Il s’agit d’une desvoies possibles pour réduire l’impact des fortes houles sur notre littoral. De plus dans lalittérature et à notre connaissance, seules des structures élastiques rigides ou élastiquesmais monodimensionnelles ont été utilisées pour réaliser ces études. Nous proposons deplacer des structures élastiques sur les fonds marins et analysons leur capacité d’absorptionde l’énergie produite par les vagues. / A fully Eulerian method is developed to solve the problem of fluid-elastic structure interactionsbased on a 1-fluid method. The interface between the fluid and the elastic structureis captured by a level set function, advected by the fluid velocity and solved with a WENO5 scheme. The elastic deformations are computed in an Eulerian framework thanks to thebackward characteristics. We use the Neo Hookean or Mooney Rivlin hyperelastic modelsand the elastic forces are incorporated as a source term in the incompressible Navier-Stokesequations. The velocity/pressure coupling is solved with a pressure-correction methodand the equations are discretized by finite volume schemes on a Cartesian grid. The maindifficulty resides in that large deformations in the fluid cause numerical instabilities. Inorder to avoid these problems, we use a re-initialization process for the level set and linearextrapolation of the backward characteristics. First, we verify and validate our approachon several test cases, including the benchmark of FSI proposed by Turek. Next, we applythis method to study the wave damping phenomenon which is a mean to reduce thewaves impact on the coastline. So far, to our knowledge, only simulations with rigid orone dimensional elastic structure has been studied in the literature. We propose to placeelastic structures on the seabed and we analyse their capacity to absorb the wave energy

Previous research has shown a post-disaster increase of Gender Based Violence [GBV], suggesting a need for further investigation of the phenomena and its causes. This research draws together a wide-ranging collection of secondary data sets concerning disasters and gender based violence. It analyses the social environment in post-disaster settings that breeds an increase in GBV with focus on Sexual Gender Based Violence[SGBV] and Intra Personal Violence [IPV]. Through a comparison of two case studies: (a) post-earthquake Haiti and (b) post-hurricane Katrina. The cases are analysed through an analytical framework constructed out of three theories, Eco-feminism, Hyper-masculinity and Situational Theory, which together could give a trustworthy explanation of the phenomena. The findings show that similar factors were prevalent in both cases, and in turn provides insights for the abductively derived framework that relates the causal mechanisms behind the phenomena of post-disaster gender-based violence, building on the commonalities between social environments and structures in the cases. In particular, it was found that a patriarchal root structure and high rates of frustration both provided explanatory causal mechanisms for increased GBV. Though changes in environments can affect the prevalence of GBV as it can provide easier access of victims and lower the risk of penalties in relation to the crimes. In order to address GBV associated with future disasters, post-disaster plans need to adapt a gender mainstreamed approach with focus on safe housing and rapid rebuilding processes for the grass root level.