Orientador: Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati / Coorientadora: Jaqueline Dalbello Biller Takahashi / Banca: Luis Henrique Montrezor / Banca: Marisa Narciso Fernandes / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se o sistema imune inato e o sistema antioxidante hepático são mediados pelo cortisol circulante, em condições de elevação exógena e endógena do hormônio em pacu. Os peixes foram submetidos aos tratamentos: alimentados com ração comercial RC controle (C); alimentados com RC contendo 400 mg de hidrocortisona / kg (HC); expostos a captura por 2 minutos seguida de exposição aérea por 4 minutos (E). No dia da amostragem, os grupos C e HC foram alimentados com a respectiva ração e amostrados 1, 3, 6, 24 e 72 horas depois (n=9), enquanto o grupo E foi alimentado com RC, no mesmo horário dos outros grupos, em seguida exposto ao estressor e amostrado 1, 3, 6, 24 e 72 horas depois. Os peixes tiveram sangue, fígado e baço coletados. No sangue foram determinadas: a concentração de cortisol, glicose, atividade respiratória de leucócitos ARL, concentração sérica de lisozima (CSL) e atividade hemolítica do sistema complemento (AHC). O fígado foi utilizado para determinação da atividade das enzimas catalase (CAT) e glutationa peroxidase (GPx). O baço foi utilizado para cálculo do índice esplenossomático e análise histológica para observação de polpa branca, polpa vermelha, melanomacrófagos e centros de melanomacrófagos. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o estresse exógeno e endógeno, de modo geral, elevaram as concentrações sanguíneas de cortisol e glicose. Inicialmente (3 horas), o estresse de manejo aumentou a ARL, mas de modo geral a elevação do... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate if the innate immune system and the hepatic antioxidant system are mediated by circulating cortisol, under conditions of exogenous and endogenous elevation of the hormone in pacu. The fish were submitted to the treatments: fed with commercial RC fed control (C); fed with RC containing 400 mg hydrocortisone / kg feed (HC); exposed to capture for 2 minutes followed by air exposure for 4 minutes (E). On the sampling day, the groups C and HC were fed with the respective feed and sampled 1, 3, 6, 24 and 72 hours later (n= 9), while group E was fed as the other groups, then exposed to the stressor and sampled 1, 3, 6, 24 and 72 hours later. The fish had blood, liver and spleen collected. In the blood it were determined: the concentration of cortisol, glucose, respiratory activity of leukocytes ARL, serum concentration of lysozyme (CLS) and complement haemolytic activity (ACH). The liver was used to determine the activity of the enzymes catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The spleen was used to calculate the splenosomatic index and histological analysis for observation of white pulp, red pulp, melanomacrophages and melanomacrophage centers. The results obtained demonstrated that exogenous and endogenous stress, in general, increased blood concentrations of cortisol and glucose. Initially (3 hours), the stressful handling increased ARL, but in general the elevation of cortisol was associated with a reduction of ARL and AHC, as well as the activity of the GPx and CAT enzymes. The stressful handling additionally caused the appearance of melanomacrophages and melanomacrophage centers in the spleen, suggesting cellular damage in this lymphoid organ. / Mestre

Orientador: João Alberto Negrão / Banca: Luis Felipe Prada e Silva / Banca: Lenira El Faro Zadra / Banca: Kênia Cardoso Bícego / Banca; Márcia Helena Machado da Rocha Fernandes / Resumo: O aumento da produção leiteira no início de lactação depende do número e capacidade de síntese das células epiteliais mamárias. Porém, alguns estudos indicam que a partir do pico da lactação, o processo de apoptose das células mamárias aumentam gradualmente até o final da lactação, reduzindo progressivamente o número de células epiteliais bem como sua capacidade de síntese de leite. Alguns estudos sugerem que as alterações metabólicas causadas pelo estresse durante a lactação, podem via ação do cortisol, intensificar o processo de apoptose na glândula mamária.Inicialmente presumimos que o cortisol reduz a liberação de IGF-1 (que tem sido visto como hormônio anti-apoptótico, prolongando assim a lactação) e acelera o processo apoptose das células epiteliais. Neste contexto, o estudo da liberação do cortisol e sua relação com o IGF-1 são ferramentas importantes para avaliar o efeito do estresse na apoptose das células mamárias durante a lactação. Ao estudar via respostas zootécnicas e fisiológicas a associação entre o cortisol e IGF-1 será possível entender as relações entre a apoptose e proliferação celular durante a lactação. Utilizando como modelo experimental cabras Saanen em lactação, esse projeto propõe estudar se o aumento de cortisol reduz a liberação de IGF-1 acelerando a apoptose das células epiteliais bem como, se o IGF-1 realmente possui efeito anti-apoptótico nas células epiteliais.Os estudos foram realizadosin vivo(Experimento I) e in vitro (Experimento II). Para t... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The increase in milk production in early lactation depends on the number and capacity of synthesis of mammary epithelial cells. However, some studies indicate that from the peak of lactation the process of apoptosis of mammalian cells gradually increases until the end of the same progressively reducing the number of epithelial cells as well as their milk synthesis capability. Some studies suggest that the metabolic alterations caused by stress during lactation can via cortisol action to intensify the process of apoptosis in mammary gland. At first, we assume that cortisol reduces the release of IGF-1 (which has beenseen as antiapoptotic hormone, thus prolonging lactation) and accelerates the apoptosis of epithelial cells. In this context, the study of the release of cortisol and its relationship with the IGF-1 are important tools to evaluate the effect of stress on apoptosis of mammalian cells during lactation. By studying via zootechnical and physiological responses to the association between cortisol and IGF-1, it will be possible to understand the relationship between apoptosis and cell proliferation during lactation. Using an experimental Saanen goats lactating model, this project proposes to study the increase of cortisol reduces the release of IGF-1 accelerating the apoptosis of epithelial cells as well as IGF-1 actually has anti-apoptotic effect on epithelial cells, studies will be conducted in vivo (Experiment I) and in vitro (Experiment II). Therefore, the experimental goats will bechalleng via exogenous administration of ACTH (standard physiological stress) / Doutor

Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar os níveis de atividade da alfa-amilase, de cortisol salivar e avaliar o comportamento durante o tratamento odontológico, de pacientes portadores de retardo do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor (rdnpm), participantes da dinâmica de arte, comparando seus valores segundo os procedimentos odontológicos realizados (cirurgia, dentística e prevenção), o gênero, a idade, estímulo artístico, odontopediatria e comportamento. Participaram 71 crianças, sendo 52 portadoras de rdnpm assistidos no Centro de Assistência Odontológica a Portadores de Necessidades Especiais (CAOE), e 19 crianças neurologicamente saudáveis, assistidas na clínica de Odontopediatria, da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba-FOA-UNESP; todos na faixa etária de 6 a 12 anos e de ambos os sexos. Os pacientes selecionados foram divididos em grupos, de acordo com a necessidade de tratamento odontológico (cirurgia, dentística, e prevenção). Esses mesmos pacientes foram analisados segundo o gênero (masculino e feminino) e a idade, agrupados em dois blocos, um de 6 a 9 anos e outro de 10 a 12 anos. Os níveis de alfa-amilase e cortisol salivar foram avaliados em 3 situações: inicialmente os pacientes foram calibrados por meio de análise de seus níveis habituais de cortisol e alfa amilase, através da coleta de saliva, no período da manhã, na situação SEST (sem estímulos odontológicos ou artísticos). Os mesmos pacientes foram atendidos nos consultórios, na situação TO, onde receberam tratamentos odontológicos e as coletas de saliva foram realizadas após as assistências, para se analisar os níveis de cortisol e alfa-amilase, sem a participação deles nas atividades do projeto da arte. Na situação EATO, os pacientes participaram das atividades... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The purpose of this study was to analyze the levels of alpha-amylase and salivary cortisol and to assess the behavior during dental treatment of patients with neuro-psychomotor development retardation (NPDR), who received art's dynamics, comparing their values according to the accomplished dental procedures (surgery, dentistry and prevention), gender, age, artistic stimulus, pediatric dentistry and behavior. The study included 71 children aging from six to twelve years old, from both genders: 52 with NPDR assisted at the Dental Care Center for Patients with Special Needs (CAOE - Centro de Assistência Odontológica ao Excepcional, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil), and 19 neurologically healthy children, assisted at the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic, both from Araçatuba School of Dentistry, UNESP. These patients were divided into groups, according to the dental treatment necessity (surgery group, dentistry group and preventive group), and analyzed according to gender (male or female) and age (grouped into two sub-groups: from 6 to 9 years old and from 10 to 12 years old). Alpha-amylase and salivary cortisol levels were evaluated in three situations. Initially, the patients were calibrated through the normal cortisol and alpha-amylase levels, in the morning, in the situation called WDAS (without dental treatment and without artistic stimulus). The same patients were attended at the Clinics, in the situation called DT (dental treatment), where they received dental treatments and, following, saliva collection, in order to analyze the levels of cortisol and alpha-amylase, without receiving activities from the arts project. In the situation called DTAS (with dental treatment and artistic stimulus), previously to the dental treatments, patients took part in art's dynamics activities, and saliva collection was accomplished... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Sandra Maria Herondina Coelho Ávila de Aguiar / Coorientador: Sandra Helena Penha de Oliveira / Banca: Wilson Roberto Poi / Banca: Cíntia Megid Barbieri / Banca: Robson Frederico Cunha / Banca: Ruy Cesar Camargo Abdo / Doutor

Os glicocorticóides são muito utilizados na clínica veterinária por serem potentes inibidores da resposta inflamatória. São encontrados em muitas preparações tópicas, sozinhos ou combinados com outros medicamentos e estão presentes, principalmente, em produtos destinados ao uso otológico. Mesmo quando aplicados topicamente, sabe-se que existe certo grau de absorção. Com a disponibilidade de novos glicocorticóides sintéticos mais potentes, vem sendo sugerido recentemente, a ocorrência de hiperadrenocorticismo iatrogênico em pequenos animais. Com a finalidade de se testar a hipótese que a utilização de preparações otológicas contendo glicocorticóides podem ocorrer em efeitos sistêmicos, o presente estudo avaliou três antiinflamatórios esteroidais comumente utilizados no tratamento de otite em cães e gatos, quais sejam a hidrocortisona, a betametasona e a triancinolona. Para tanto, ratos foram tratados tópicamente, via auricular, a cada 12 horas, durante 7, 14 e 21 dias, com os fármacos descritos acima. Utilizamos o edema de pata induzido pela injeção de carragenina como forma de avaliar a existência de níveis efetivos de antiinflamatórios circulantes. Ainda, foram avaliados vários parâmetros tais como variação de peso corpóreo, peso relativo de baço e adrenais, hemograma completo, índice de proliferação de linfócitos e fagocitose e burst oxidativo realizados por neutrófilos circulantes. Além disso, foi avaliado o nível de corticosterona plasmática nos animais tratados com glicocorticóides tópicos. O tratamento tópico com antiinflamatórios esteroidais levou a redução no volume de edema inflamatório, mais evidente com a triancinolona. De forma geral, houve queda no ganho, ou mesmo perda de peso corpóreo durante o tratamento tópico com os antiinflamatórios esteroidais empregados. Em alguns casos, essa redução de peso corpóreo foi acompanhada de diminuição do peso relativo do baço e adrenais, particularmente com a betametasona. A principal alteração observada no hemograma foi leucopenia, mais evidente com a triancinolona. Houve redução dos níveis plasmáticos de corticosterona, mais duradoura com a betametasona. Os tratamentos tópicos causaram discreta redução na intensidade e percentual de fagocitose realizada por neutrófilos circulantes, bem como na produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio. O estudo aponta que glicocorticóides tópicos comumente empregados na terapêutica veterinária podem ser absorvidos, na dependência da molécula empregada e de seu tempo de utilização, causando alterações sistêmicas relevantes já após 7 dias de tratamento. Sugerimos uma maior cautela e acompanhamento veterinário dos pacientes nos casos que haja necessidade de emprego de tais medicamentos por períodos prolongados. / Glucocorticoids are commonly employed in veterinary practice because they are potent inhibitors of the inflammatory response. They are present in many topical formulations, alone or combined with other active compounds, particularly in otic ointments. Even when applied topically, certain degree of absortion is known to occur. Following the availability of novel, more potent synthetic steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cases of iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism have been suggested. Aiming on testing the hypothesis that glucocorticoid-containing otic ointments may lead to systemic effects, we employed three different synthetic glucocorticoids widely used for the treatment of otitis in small animals (hydrocortisone, betamethasone, and triamcinolone) our study Rats were treated topically on their ears, every 12 hours, for 7, 14, or 21 days with the drugs described above. We first employed carrageenan-induced paw edema in order to evaluate the presence of effective levels of circulating anti-inflammatory drugs. We also evaluated several parameters such as change in body weight, relative weight of spleen and adrenal glands, complete hemogram, proliferation index of lymphocytes, and phagocytosis and oxidative burst performed by circulating neutrophils. Moreover, we assessed the plasmatic levels of corticosterone in rats treated topically with anti-inflammatory steroids. Topical treatment led to a reduction on the volume of the inflammatory edema induced by carrageenan, more evident following triamcinolone. Altogether, rats treated with these molecules ceased to gain, or lost weight on the course of the experiment. In some cases, such reduction was accompanied by a decrease on the relative weight of the spleen and adrenal glands, particularly after betamethasone. The most commonly observed change in the hemogram was leucopenia, evident following triamcinolone. We found reduced levels of circulating corticosterone, more persistent after betamethasone. Topically applied glucocorticoids caused a discrete reduction in the intensity and percentage of phagocytosis by circulating neutrophils, and a reduction on the oxidative burst performed by these cells. This study shows that topical steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, so commonly employed in veterinary practice, can be absorbed, depending on the molecule and duration of treatment, leading to systemic effects, which are already relevant after 7 days. Based on our findings, we suggest caution and a close follow-up by a qualified veterinarian whenever a long-term therapy based on these molecules and route of administration is required.

The field of psychoneuroimmunology seeks to examine the impact of stress and other psychological processes on physical health. While some theories suggest that processes such as worry may have a significant impact on prolonging the physiological stress response and subsequently increasing risk for long-term health issues, to date, this research has not yet thoroughly examined the impact of worry on physical health processes. The current study sought to combine theories from clinical and health psychology to investigate the impact of experimentally-induced worry and relaxation on cortisol, heart rate variability (HRV), and inflammation. Participants (N = 85) were community members from the New York City area. They completed worry and relaxation inductions within the laboratory while HRV was collected continuously. Three blood samples were taken throughout the study to test for inflammation and cortisol. Results indicated changes in HRV, IL-6, and IFN-γ throughout the study conditions that were not moderated by levels of trait worry. HRV, cortisol, and inflammation did not covary throughout the different experimental conditions and changes in cortisol and/or HRV did not temporally precede changes in inflammation throughout the study. Overall, the findings from the current study offer insight into the contrasting impact that worry and relaxation have on physiological biomarkers and highlights important directions for future research in the field of psychoneuroimmunology.

Repeated cannulation of children during the course of treatment is distressing for the child, their family and to their nurses. Some paediatric units endeavour to minimise recannulation by employing strategies to reduce complications such as phlebitis and thrombosis formation. One strategy is to infuse low dose heparin and hydrocortisone (HEPHC). However, its effectiveness in prolonging cannula survival is inconclusive. There is also concern about the potential risks of administering these preparations to children. A randomised, controlled, blinded trial was conducted that examined the effectiveness of continuous infusion of low dose HEPHC in a group of children requiring long term intravenous antibiotics in a general paediatric unit. Comparisons of cannula complications and cannulae survival times were made in children receiving either continuous infusions of clear fluids or low dose HEPHC. The results demonstrated that there was no statistically significant difference (Logrank statistic=l.l, p=0.3) in cannula survival times between the two groups. It was also found that the bacterial and fungal colonisation of cannula for these children was extremely low. Based on these findings it is recommended that routine administration of low dose HEPHC to extend cannula survival time be discontinued. The findings also support current practice of removing cannula in children only when a complication occurs on completion of treatment.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Abdominal obesity is a part of insulin resistance syndrome that is closely linked to increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Because fat tissue acts as an endocrine target and source of hormone production, increased metabolism or production of chemical messengers in fat tissue may result in metabolic perturbations that contribute to occurrence and recurrence of coronary events. This dissertation research entails two separate approaches. The first study, a cross-sectional analysis, sought to determine whether serum cortisol responses to oral glucose loading are associated with abdominal obesity, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) suppression, and self-reported symptoms of depression in 26 non-diabetic coronary patients. We conclude that lower cortisol responses to oral glucose loading are associated with abdominal obesity, reduced NEFA suppression, and fewer symptoms of depression (P���0.028). Future prospective studies should determine whether psychosocial risk factors, such as depression and anxiety, increase cortisol production, whether increases in cortisol production act synergistically with a positive energy balance in the development of abdominal obesity, and whether increases in abdominal obesity lead to increases in cortisol metabolism and insulin resistance. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of low-grade inflammation that is associated with increased risk for recurrent events in coronary patients. Fat tissue also secretes proinflammatory cytokines that stimulate hepatic production of CRP. Thus, the second study, an intervention study, sought to determine whether the first three months of cardiac rehabilitation could reduce serum concentrations of CRP and the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-�� (TNF-��), in our non-diabetic coronary patients (N=26). Results from the intervention study showed significant reductions in serum CRP levels (P=0.012) that were associated with reductions in waist circumferences after cardiac rehabilitation (r=0.39, P=0.049). However, changes in serum TNF-�� levels after cardiac rehabilitation were nonsignificant (P=0.869). Thus, we conclude that cardiac rehabilitation may reduce the severity of low-grade inflammatory conditions, in part, through reductions in waist circumference in non-diabetic coronary patients. / Graduation date: 2001

Depuis ces dernières années, un nombre croissant d'études se sont intéressées à la variabilité interindividuelle et à la consistance individuelle des comportements et explorent les implications écologiques et évolutives de cette variation. En fonction de l'approche utilisée, la variation individuelle des comportements a été appelée débrouillardise, tempérament, personnalité ou encore syndrome comportemental. Une étape importante dans le développement d'une approche évolutive et écologique de l'étude du tempérament est le développement de méthodes appropriées pour réaliser des mesures de tempérament directement sur le terrain. L'acquisition de connaissances et une meilleure compréhension des variations de tempérament dans des populations animales pourraient avoir un impact important en écologie et en conservation. Les deux premiers objectifs de cette étude étaient de mettre au point un moyen de mesurer des traits de tempérament dans une population sauvage de tamias rayés (Tamias striatus) en répétant directement sur le terrain des tests de la planche à trous sur chaque individu et d'explorer l'utilisation des modèles mixtes pour analyser la variation individuelle des comportements et de l'habituation aux tests expérimentaux. Nous avons mis en évidence une consistance individuelle pour l'exploration, l'émotivité et la docilité, ainsi qu'un transfert individuel de comportement avec un gradient de nouveauté. Le troisième objectif était de voir l'effet des variations de tempérament sur la distribution spatiale des individus en réponse à la perturbation humaine. L'étude s'étant déroulée dans une zone fortement fréquentée par les humains, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'effet de la perturbation humaine sur la réponse au stress des tamias (concentration de cortisol). Les tamias les plus explorateurs et les moins farouches étaient localisés dans les zones de perturbation humaine élevée. De plus, seul le tempérament affectait les taux de cortisol. La répartition non-aléatoire du tempérament selon la perturbation pourrait se traduire par la mise en évidence de différences comportementales et hormonales entre des individus localisés sur des zones perturbés et non-perturbés, différences qui ne seraient pas dues à la perturbation. L'intégration de mesures du tempérament pourrait donc avoir un effet important sur l'estimation de l'impact des activités humaines sur la faune sauvage. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Tamias rayés, Tempérament, Syndrome comportemental, Test du holeboard, Cortisol.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-119).